棕背(鼠平)和红背(鼠平)种间区分的分子方法

棕背鼠平(Myodes rufocanus)和红背鼠平(M.rutilus)的分布有重叠区且外形相似,在特定情况下存在种间区分困难,给两种鼠的数量调查带来不便和误判.本研究通过mtDNA控制区构建系统树、mtDNA控制区电泳和RAPD 3种分子生物学方法有效地对棕背(鼠平)和红背(鼠平)已知的8个样本和16个待定样本进行了准确鉴定.其中,mtDNA控制区电泳进行种问区分的方法具有简便、准确而又快捷的优点.     

三种鼠针毛表面超微结构的比较研究

利用扫描电镜技术对棕背(鼠平)Clethrionomys rufocanus、大林姬鼠Apodemus sylvatics和花鼠Eutaraias sibiricus 3种森林害鼠针毛的表面结构进行观察.研究结果认为:3种鼠针毛在鳞片类型、游离缘平滑度、高度、密度等因素上存在一定的差异,其中棕背(鼠平)和大林姬鼠差异不显著,而花鼠与其它两种鼠差异显著,在鼠的分类上具有一定的参考意义.     

棕背(鼠平)、红背(鼠平)栖息地选择的研究

棕背(鼠平)(Clethrionomys rufocanus)与红背(鼠平)(Clethrionomys rutitus)是吉林省林木主要害鼠,本文应用数量化方法,分析野外调查数据,阐明它们对栖息地选择的生物学特性,为森林鼠害防治工作提供依据。 1.研究方法 1983年9月15日至10月15日,吉林省林业厅在全省43个县同时对森林害鼠的种类、分布密度和危害进行调查,共布41376铗日,捕鼠2271只。本文选择东部山区樟子松人工林31块、红松人工林50块、落叶松人工林78块、人工针叶混交林15块、天然次生林42块样地,对棕背(鼠平)与红背(鼠平)的铗日捕获     

纤恙螨属一新种：真螨目：恙螨科

本文报道1983年采自吉林省和龙县棕背(鼠平) Clethrionomys rufocanus 体上的一种新恙螨,棕(鼠平)纤恙螨 Leptotrombidium rufoconum sp.nov,模式标本分别存放福建医学院寄生虫学教研室和沈阳军区后勤部军事医学研究所。     

棕背■在不同坡度林地的数量及预防幼林鼠害的意义

棕背(鼠平)(Clethrionomys rufocanus)是东北林区的优势鼠种,由于啃食树皮危害林木生长,在数量大发生年的秋末冬初更加严重,因此了解林地棕背(鼠平)数量变化规律,以便更有效地防治幼林鼠害,是很有意义的工作。棕背(鼠平)数量变化不仅与林分郁闭度有关(舒凤梅,1981),而且与林地坡度也有关。本文着重探讨不同坡度林地的棕背(鼠平)数量     

中国高山鼠平亚属(Subgenus Alticola)的系统分类与分布

高山鼠平亚属(Alticola)广布于中亚山地,即从喜马拉雅山、兴都库什经帕米尔、天山、西藏而至图瓦、抗爱山和贝加尔湖一带。中国过去仅记录2种：银色高山鼠平(Alticola argentatus Severtsov;有时定作劳氏高山鼠平A.roylei的一亚种)和斯氏高山鼠平(A.stoliczkanus Blanford).本文主要依据形态学资料和采用判别函数分析的方法,对该亚属进行了研究。我们认为中国高山鼠平至少有3个以上的物种存在,现概述于后。     

带岭林区小形鼠类数量动态的研究——Ⅱ.气候条件对种群数量的影响

在鼠类数量动态的第一篇报导中(夏武平1964),已将带岭林区小形鼠类数量变动情况加以描述,现在再来探讨气候条件对它们数量的影响。有关研究方法、环境条件、工作时间等于此就不再重复了。主要研究对象仍是红背(鼠平)(Clethrionomys rutilus)、棕背(鼠平)(C.rufocanus)和大林姬鼠(Apodemus speciosus)。 一、工作期间的气候概况 第一篇报导中已经指出带岭林区,地处寒温带,冬季很长,真正的夏季极短,气候比较潮湿,年降水量为733.7毫米(1956—1958年平均值),多集中在6—9月。今将1955—     

黑龙江省三县山区蚤类生态学初步观察

1980～1982年5—9月于黑龙江省东宁、萝北、爱辉三县山区选择阔叶次生林、山间湿草地、耕地等生境,进行蚤类生态学观察,共捕鼠1328头,检蚤2415只,所得结果如下:一、由三个地区11个鼠种看出:染蚤率和蚤指数最高为耕地的大仓鼠Cricetulus triton,其次为黑线仓鼠C.barabensis、褐家鼠Rattus norvegicus及阔叶次生林中黑线姬鼠Apodemus agrarius、大林姬鼠A.speciosus及棕背Clethrionomys rufocanus。二、生境相同,但地区不同,蚤类分布及组成亦不同。如长白山地区东宁县阔叶次生林中,同源栉眼蚤Ctenophthalmus congeneroides为优势种(占37%…     

苏联欧洲疫区有肾综合征出血热病毒对实验动物和野生动物的适应

<正>来自朝鲜HFRS疫区啮齿动物中的HFRSV(H-aemorrhagic Fiver with Renal Syndrome Virus)已在自然宿主野鼠类——黑线姬鼠(Apodemus agrarius)群中适应成功,并能连续传代。在苏联欧洲HFRS疫区发现的几种啮齿动物中,已检测出有肾综合征出血热病毒抗原,可是这种病毒主要是贮藏于保存宿主的棕背(鼠平)(Clethrionomys glareolus)野鼠中。本文试图介绍以实验室纯系化的棕背(鼠平)、西伯利亚旅鼠——草原兔尾鼠(Lagurs Laurs)、欧洲大鼠——纹背毛(足庶)鼠(Phodopus Sungorus)黑线姬鼠、Wistar大白鼠以及无胸腺的小鼠对HFRS苏联欧洲地区株适应的结果。实验室纯系化的棕背(鼠平)系从1968年以来,尚未发现有HFRSV自发感     

鼠平属(啮齿目,仓鼠科)同域分布物种形态学鉴别特征组的筛选

现有的分类系统尚缺乏可用于减少鼠平属物种种间鉴定不确定性的形态学鉴别特征。鉴于此,本研究旨在筛选出能够对同域分布的棕背鼠平(Myodes rufocanus)、红背鼠平(M.rutilus)和堤岸鼠平(M.glareolus)进行可靠鉴定的头骨形态指标和方法。为了达到以上目的,本文一方面筛选出能够用于种间鉴别的头骨和齿列形态特征,另一方面提出可用于鉴别以上3个物种的计算公式。对不同研究者提出用于鉴别以上3个同域分布物种的35个特征进行筛选。头骨形态测量数据的获取需要花费较长的时间,而且结果变异很大。在本研究中,剔除15个形态特征,20个相对保守的特征(包括来自头盖骨、牙齿和头骨其他部位的特征)被选择用于分析。在20个特征中,有8个特征被选择出来,并使用Statistica 10计算出判别公式。这些特征使准确鉴定不同个体各自所属种类成为可能。     

绒属Caryomys（Thomas，1911）地位的恢复（啮齿目：仓鼠科：田鼠亚科）

绒属Ｃａｒｙｏｍｙｓ原为Ｔｈｏｍａｓ（１９１１）命名的Ｍｉｃｒｏｔｕｓ属中的一个新亚属,Ｈｉｎｔｏｎ（１９２３）将它升格为独立属,但很快又于１９２６年否定了此属的存在,从此各国学者或认为它是属Ｃｌｅｔｈｒｌｏｎｏｍｙｓ的同物异名,或认为它是绒鼠属Ｅｏｔｈｅｎｏｍｙｓ的亚属,近７０年间再无人承认此属名。本文通过对Ｃａｍｐｍｙｓ所包含的ｉｎｅｚ和ｅｖａ两种的形态学及染色体核型进行研究,并与绒鼠属Ｅｏｔｈｅｎｏｍｙｓ和属Ｃｌｅｔｈｒｉｏｎｏｍｙｓ代表种类的相关特征进行了比较分析,结果表明,ｉｎｅｚ和ｅｖａ除在形态上与绒鼠属及属种类有一些明显差异外,在染色体核型上也有显著不同,主要表现在：ｉｎｅｚ及ｅｖａ的染色体数目２ｎ＝５４,且在常染色体中,其最大的一对染色体均为亚端部着丝粒染色体;而绒鼠属和属的染色体数目则为２ｎ＝５６,且在常染色体中无此对端部着丝粒染色体。为此,作者认为应恢复Ｃａｒｙｏｍｘｓ属的分类地位。     

棕背的核型分析

本文利用骨髓染色体制片法,对棕背Ｃｌｅｔｈｒｉｏｎｅｍｙｓｒｕｆｏｃａｎｕｓ的核型进行了研究。结果表明,其二倍体数目为５６,常染色体由２个中着丝粒染色体和５２个端着丝粒染色体组成,Ｘ染色体为端着丝粒染色体。核型公式为：２Ｍ＋５２Ａ＋ＸＸ（Ａ,Ａ）。结合前人的报道,属动物的核型在进化中显示出其保守性。     

SHORT-TERM DEMOGRAPHIC RESPONSE OF THE RED-BACKED VOLE TO SPRUCE BEETLE INFESTATIONS IN ALASKA

Abstract: How small mammals are affected by habitat changes caused by forest insect epidemics is largely unknown. Our objective was to determine the influence of spruce beetle (Dendroctonus rufipennis) epidemics on the dynamics of northern red-backed vole (Clethrionomys rutilus) populations approximately 10 years post-infestation. We conducted a mark-recapture study on northern red-backed voles for 2 field seasons in the Copper River Basin, Alaska, USA, where recent beetle infestations were widespread. Using the robust sampling design, we produced estimates of vole abundance, survival, and recruitment in 3 locations that varied in their degree of beetle-induced spruce mortality. Vole abundance inversely related to the level of spruce mortality. Vole recruitment showed a larger contribution from both immigration and in situ reproduction in the low infestation site than in the medium and heavy infestation sites. No differences in vole survival were detectable across the 3 locations with varied beetle-induced spruce mortality levels. Measured vole food resources and protective vegetative cover did not vary greatly across infestation levels. Abundance and recruitment parameters indicate a negative change induced by spruce beetle infestations. However, the effect of beetles was not large enough to cause the variation in vole survival. Spruce mortality levels may need to be over 50% before greatly influencing the habitat and the demographics of northern red-backed voles.     

棕背(鼠平)昼夜活动节律的研究

The diurnal activity rhythm of Clethrionomys rufocanus was studied under three different food conditions in a laboratory. The activity occurred both in the daytime and at night, but mainly at night (19:00～4:00). The mice fed with Mouse food exhibited six small peaks in their daily activity, and those fed with grass or hay exhibited seven, but the peak of the out nest night activity was 2～3 hours earlier.The activity amount of out nest was 30518.0 ±3694.9 s for those fed with grass, the next was 21811.7± 2288.0 s for those fed with hay, and the least was 15038.0±666.0 s for those fed with mouse food. The activity amount of feeding was 10867.3±1612.1 s for those fed with grass, much more than those fed with mouse food and hay. The activity amount for drinking was 988.5±79.1 s (fed with hay),568.9±60.9 s (fed with mouse food) and 139.3±47.2 s (fed with grass).     

棕背昼夜活动节律的研究

1　引　　言棕背鼠平 (Clethrionomysrufocanus)是我国北方森林小型哺乳动物的重要成分 ,也是主要的林木害鼠之一 .目前 ,国内外对该鼠的生态学已有许多研究 ,太田嘉四夫[6] 在活动节律研究方面有所报道 .作者在室内不同食物条件下 ,对棕背鼠平昼夜活动节律进行了观察研究 ,现将初步结果做一报道 .2　材料与方法2 1　供试动物2 0 0 1年 8～ 10月在黑龙江省海林市林区捕获棕背鼠平带回实验室驯养 .单鼠饲养于 35cm× 30cm× 2 0cm铁丝笼中 ,供给小鼠用颗粒饲料、胡萝卜和水 ,提供棉花供鼠做巢 ,实验室温度为 2 0～ 2 5℃ ,自然光照 .2 2　…     

Highly polymorphic microsatellite loci in the bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus)

We describe seven polymorphic, dinucleotide microsatellite loci isolated from bank voles (Clethrionomys glareolus, Rodentia: Muridae) collected from the Wirral Peninsula, United Kingdom. Microsatellites were isolated as part of a long‐term study on the wider effects of host–pathogen interactions of an endemic viral disease. These microsatellites showed between five and 13 alleles per locus in these populations. Observed and expected heterozygosities varied between 0.275 to 0.777 and 0.487 to 0.794, respectively. These markers will allow us to investigate the structure of this bank vole population.     

Autocorrelated data in telemetry studies: time to independence and the problem of behavioural effects

Independence of locational fixes, to reduce the effects of autocorrelation, is often deemed a prerequisite for estimation of home range size and utilization when using data derived from telemetric studies. Three methods of estimating times to independence using movement estimates, along with a statistical method of estimating the level of autocorrelation of locational data, were examined for two species of mammal. Attempts to achieve statistically independent data by subsampling resulted in severe redundancy in the data and significant underestimation of range size and rates of movement. Even a sample interval of one fix per week did not guarantee independence and also resulted in underestimation of range size despite range asymptotes being reached. It would appear that the correct strategy for the best possible estimation of range size and use from telemetry would be the repeated use of as short a sampling interval as is possible over an extended period of time. Statistical methods to measure levels of autocorrelation in locational data may be useful for comparing rates of range use between different populations of the same species or between species, as long as the same sample interval is used.     

Evolutionary history of the bank vole Myodes glareolus: a morphometric perspective

The bank vole experienced a complex history during the Quaternary. Repeated isolation in glacial refugia led to the differentiation of several lineages in less than 300 000 years. We investigated if such a recent differentiation led to a significant divergence of phenotypic characters between European lineages, which might provide insight into processes of intraspecific differentiation. The size and shape of the first and third upper molars, and first lower molar, of bank voles genetically attributed to different lineages were quantified using an outline analysis of their occlusal surface. The three teeth present similar trends of decreasing size towards high latitudes. This trend, the inverse of Bergmann's rule, is interpreted as the result of a balance between metabolic efficiency and food availability, favouring small body size in cold regions. Molar shape appeared to differ between lineages despite genetic evidence of suture zones. A mosaic pattern of evolution between the different teeth was evidenced. The analysis of such phenotypic features appears as a valuable complement to genetic analyses, providing a complementary insight into evolutionary processes, such as selective pressures, that have driven the differentiation of the lineages. It may further allow the integration of the paleontological dimension of the bank vole phylogeographic history. © 2010 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2010, 100 , 681–694.