大肠杆菌ptsG和ptsM突变体的构建及特性研究

目的：敲除大肠杆菌DH5α中与葡萄糖磷酸化转运相关的ptsG、ptsM基因,考察缺陷株生长特性及其可能的应用。方法：PCR扩增靶基因,构建两翼带有靶基因序列并嵌合抗药基因标记的线性片段,利用Red同源重组技术敲除靶基因。结果：成功敲除了大肠杆菌DH5α的ptsG和ptsM基因;在含有葡萄糖的LB培养基中,DH5αΔptsG最高菌密度是亲本的2.8倍,添加吡咯喹啉醌或导入其生物合成基因后能够产酸;DH5αΔptsM最高菌密度是亲本的4/10,有明显的产酸现象。结论：DH5αΔptsG可用于大肠杆菌高密度发酵和吡咯喹啉醌生物合成基因缺陷株筛选。     

甲基营养菌MP688甲醇脱氢酶基因mpq1818的敲除及功能研究

目的:研究甲醇脱氢酶基因mpq1818在甲基营养菌MP688生长代谢中的作用。方法:利用同源重组原理构建中间为庆大霉素抗性基因Gmr、两侧mpq1818基因上下游序列同源的敲除载体pAK0-up-Gmr-down,接合转移导入MP688,通过庆大霉素抗性和组合PCR方法筛选基因敲除菌,并检测其生长、甲醇脱氢酶活性、甲醇利用及吡咯喹啉醌(PQQ)生物合成能力等方面的差异。结果:抗性和PCR验证显示mpq1818缺失株构建成功;与野生菌相比,缺失株的甲醇脱氢酶活力及利用甲醇的能力降低,而且菌株的生长和PQQ产量也有显著下降。结论:基因mpq1818的缺失影响菌株前期生长与PQQ合成。     

食甲基杆菌J1-1吡咯喹啉醌生物合成突变株的筛选和鉴定

目的:通过Tn5转座诱变筛选食甲基杆菌J1-1吡咯喹啉醌(PQQ)生物合成相关基因。方法:构建食甲基杆菌J1-1 Tn5转座突变体库,筛选PQQ合成水平差异明显的突变株,利用质粒拯救法鉴定突变基因,通过基因敲除、回补及过表达进一步研究该基因与PQQ合成的关系。结果:构建了J1-1的Tn5转座突变体库,筛选得到一株PQQ合成水平显著下降的突变株,经鉴定Tn5插入位点为mpq0056基因,该突变株在以甲醇为惟一碳源的培养基中生长速度略慢;敲除J1-1中mpq0056基因后,PQQ的合成水平下降,与Tn5诱变结果一致;回补该基因后,PQQ产量恢复到野生菌水平。结论:mpq0056基因参与了PQQ的生物合成,该基因可能编码分支酸盐裂合酶,并在PQQ生物合成中起重要作用。     

甲醇利用型吡咯喹啉醌产生菌的筛选及鉴定

从虎杖内生细菌和黏细菌中筛选吡咯喹啉醌(PQQ)产生菌。采用3种以甲醇为唯一碳源的培养基对160株供试菌株进行摇瓶培养发酵,发酵产物采用光谱学分析法及HPLC法筛选。结果显示,通过初筛和复筛共得到甲醇利用型菌134株,PQQ产生菌4株,其中菌株083114的PQQ产量为64.34 mg/L。菌株083114的16S rRNA基因序列分析结果显示,其序列与酸快生芽孢杆菌(Bacillus acidiceler)的系统发育关系最近。虎杖内生细菌及黏细菌中存在PQQ产生菌。     

吡咯喹啉醌生物合成研究进展

吡咯喹啉醌(PQQ)是一种较新近发现的氧化还原酶的辅酶,对微生物及动植物均具有重要生理作用。已知能产生PQQ的生物仅限于某些革兰阴性细菌,已分离得到几种不同来源的PQQ生物合成基因,其序列具有一定的保守性。PQQ的生物合成涉及4～7个基因,这些基因一般成簇排列。业已证明,谷氨酸和酪氨酸是PQQ合成的前体物质。对各个基因的功能已有不同程度的了解,但PQQ的生物合成途径还尚未阐明。     

基于重组大肠杆菌无细胞体系生产吡咯喹啉醌

采用无细胞体系生产吡咯喹啉醌(pyrroloquinoline quinone,PQQ)。首先将肺炎克雷伯氏菌PQQ基因簇pqqABCDEF置于半乳糖苷酶启动子之下,构建表达载体,经转化筛选获得重组大肠杆菌。制备重组菌的细胞匀浆,体外反应后测定PQQ产量。结果显示,与活体重组菌相比,无细胞体系的PQQ产量提高约30%,表明胞内存在PQQ合成的限速反应,而无细胞体系可解除此限速反应。     

VC二步发酵产酸菌氧化葡萄糖酸杆菌的选育

实验通过紫外线两轮诱变的方法诱变选育氧化葡萄糖酸杆菌（Gluconobacter oxydans）,以实现提高2-酮基-L-古龙酸（2-KLG）产量的目的,获得1株高产2-KLG的菌株G5。结果证明该突变菌株在pH6．5—6．7的发酵培养基中与蜡质芽孢杆菌（Bcillus cereus）混合发酵,G5的平均糖酸转化率提高了13．49％,酸量达到83．6mg／mL,发酵周期缩短了2—3h。经连续10代转接发酵实验,证明其产酸稳定性较好。结论：氧化葡萄糖酸杆菌（Gluconobacter oxydans）的突变体G5提高了糖酸转化率,缩短了发酵周期。     

吡咯喹啉醌合成及生产工艺研究进展

吡咯喹啉醌(pyrroloquinoline quinone, PQQ)是继烟酰胺和核黄素之后发现的第三类氧化还原酶辅因子,普遍存在于生物体中参与呼吸链电子传递,具有促进线粒体产生、清除自由基、增强细胞代谢和预防心肌损伤等生理功能,在医药、食品和农业领域具有广泛的应用前景。微生物发酵法是PQQ生产的主要方式,解析PQQ生物合成途径及其调控机制,通过代谢工程选育短周期、高产量的生产菌是PQQ工业化的研究方向之一。本文综述了PQQ的合成途径、高产菌株选育以及微生物发酵生产与分离纯化的研发工作,为深入阐释PQQ的生物合成机制和工业化生产菌株的选育提供参考。     

吡咯喹啉醌产生菌筛选方法建立及菌种筛选

吡咯喹啉醌(PQQ)是一种氧化还原酶的辅酶,具有多种生理功能。扩增得到大肠杆菌葡萄糖脱氢酶(GDH)基因,并利用表达载体pET28a在E.coli BL21(DE3)中进行了表达。纯化了可溶性表达产物,并建立了基于GDH的重组酶法分析PQQ的方法。确定了甲基营养菌筛选模型,从2000余份土样中分离得到一株PQQ高产生菌MP606,在未经培养条件优化及诱变选育的条件下PQQ产量达113mg/L。从该菌培养液中制备得到了产物的结晶,HPLC分析、特征光谱分析以及酶法分析均证实该产物为PQQ。扩增并分析了MP606的16S rDNA序列,结果显示该菌16S rDNA序列与12种甲基营养菌都具有95%以上同源性,其中与食甲基菌属两菌株的16S rDNA序列同源性达99%。     

吡咯喹啉醌研究进展

吡咯喹啉醌（PQQ）是继烟酰胺和黄素核苷酸之后发现的氧化还原酶的第3种辅酶,具有多种生理功能,在食品、医药及农业等行业有广泛的应用前景。我们简要综述了PQQ参与醌酶电子传递、增强微生物对极端环境的适应能力、促进植物生长、刺激神经生长因子生成等生物学功能及相关作用机制,介绍了PQQ生产菌、PQQ合成基因及PQQ生物合成的调控等方面的研究进展。     

以甘油为唯一碳源的氧化葡糖杆菌适应性驯化及催化合成米格列醇中间体6NSL

氧化葡糖杆菌(Gluconobacter oxydans)来源的山梨醇脱氢酶可催化N-羟乙基葡萄糖胺合成6-脱氧-6-氨基(N-羟乙基)-α-L-呋喃山梨糖,即合成降血糖药物米格列醇的关键中间体。本文采用适应性驯化策略,以甘油为唯一碳源,通过40 g/L、60 g/L、80 g/L和100 g/L甘油梯度连续传代培养,筛选获得了一株以甘油为碳源的高活力菌株G.oxydans A-3-D,扫描电镜结果表明该细胞表面褶皱较原始菌株有显著增加。在80 g/L甘油培养基摇瓶培养24 h后,菌体浓度为4.58 g DCW/L,山梨醇脱氢酶的发酵体积酶活与比酶活分别为原始菌株G.oxydans ZJB-605的1.3倍及1.5倍。此外,在摇瓶培养条件下对影响催化反应进程的关键因素进行了考查,结果表明在摇瓶体系中,G.oxydans A-3-D的最适催化反应条件为80.0 g/L底物、2.0 g DCW/L菌体细胞、20 mmol/L Mg~(2+)浓度,15℃反应48 h后底物转化率达到90.8%,6NSL累积浓度为72.6 g/L,较G.oxydans ZJB-605有显著提升。     

Cloning of the xylitol dehydrogenase gene from Gluconobacter oxydans and improved production of xylitol from D-arabitol

Xylitol dehydrogenase (XDH) was purified from the cytoplasmic fraction of Gluconobacter oxydans ATCC 621. The purified enzyme reduced D-xylulose to xylitol in the presence of NADH with an optimum pH of around 5.0. Based on the determined NH2-terminal amino acid sequence, the gene encoding xdh was cloned, and its identity was confirmed by expression in Escherichia coli. The xdh gene encodes a polypeptide composed of 262 amino acid residues, with an estimated molecular mass of 27.8 kDa. The deduced amino acid sequence suggested that the enzyme belongs to the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase family. Expression plasmids for the xdh gene were constructed and used to produce recombinant strains of G. oxydans that had up to 11-fold greater XDH activity than the wild-type strain. When used in the production of xylitol from D-arabitol under controlled aeration and pH conditions, the strain harboring the xdh expression plasmids produced 57 g/l xylitol from 225 g/l D-arabitol, whereas the control strain produced 27 g/l xylitol. These results demonstrated that increasing XDH activity in G. oxydans improved xylitol productivity.     

氧化葡糖杆菌sndh-sdh基因簇的克隆表达

目的:从氧化葡糖杆菌H763中克隆sndh-sdh基因簇,在大肠杆菌和氧化葡糖杆菌621H中分别表达山梨酮脱氢酶-山梨糖脱氢酶(SNDH-SDH),并检测其活性。方法与结果:以氧化葡糖杆菌H763基因组DNA为模板,PCR扩增包括启动子、结构基因及终止序列在内的sndh-sdh基因簇,回收3533 bp的扩增产物,连入pMD18T载体,转化至大肠杆菌DH5α中表达;以山梨糖或木糖为底物,DCIP法检测菌体裂解液,DCIP检测液颜色由蓝绿色变为黄色,表明大肠杆菌表达产物具有脱氢酶活性。构建pBBR1MCS2-sndh-sdh载体,通过接合转移导入氧化葡糖杆菌621H,重组葡糖杆菌在以山梨醇或山梨糖为底物的培养基中培养,采用薄层层析检测法检测其培养上清中的代谢产物,层析板上显示了2-酮基-L-古龙酸斑点。结论:重组大肠杆菌DH5α和氧化葡糖杆菌621H中均表达了有脱氢酶活性的SNDH-SDH。     

Sequence analysis of the Gluconobacter oxydans RecA protein and construction of a recA-deficient mutant.

The deduced amino acid sequence of Gluconobacter oxydans RecA protein shows 75.2, 69.4, and 66.2% homology with those from Aquaspirillum magnetotacticum, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, respectively. The amino acid residues essential for function of the recombinase, protease, and ATPase in E. coli recA protein are conserved in G. oxydans. Of 24 amino acid residues believed to be the ATP binding domain of E. coli RecA, 17 are found to be identical in G. oxydans RecA. Interestingly, nucleotide sequence alignment between the SOS box of G. orphans recA gene and those from different microorganisms revealed that all the DNA sequences examined have dyad symmetry that can form a stem-loop structure. A G. oxydans recA-deficient mutant (LCC96) was created by allelic exchange using the cloned recA gene that had been insertionally inactivated by a kanamycin-resistance cassette. Such replacement of the wild-type recA with a kanamycin resistance gene in the chromosome was further verified by Southern hybridization. Phenotypically, the recA-deficient mutant is significantly more sensitive to UV irradiation than the wild-type strain, suggesting that the recA gene of G. oxydans ATCC9324 plays a role in repairing DNA damage caused by UV irradiation. Moreover, the mutant strain is much more plasmid transformable than its parent strain, illustrating that G. oxydans LCC96 could be used as a host to take up the recombinant plasmid for gene manipulation.     

适应性驯化选育高产吡咯喹啉醌的生丝微菌突变株

吡咯喹啉醌(PQQ)广泛存在于生物体内,具有促进机体生长、维护线粒体功能、促进神经生长因子合成和调节机体自由基水平等生理功能,在医药、食品和化妆品领域具有广阔的应用前景。为提高脱氮生丝微菌Hyphomicrobium denitrificans FJNU-6的PQQ生产性能,文中以高浓度甲醇为拮抗因子进行实验室适应性定向驯化,通过光谱法快速筛选体系,选育PQQ高产正突变株。6轮适应性驯化后,每轮驯化的正向突变率达到90%以上,产量提高1倍的突变株达到10%左右。最后,利用5L发酵罐对突变株FJNU-R8进行分批补料培养,相较于出发菌株,突变株在不同甲醇浓度下pqq和moxF基因簇的表达量较高且差异较小,甲醇消耗和生长速度较慢,PQQ产量达到1 087 mg/L (143 h),单位细胞产量提高了1.42倍,展现出良好的工业应用潜力。文中所述的适应性定向驯化结合快速筛选体系能简单、快速地获得高产PQQ的生丝微菌突变菌株,对其他甲基营养菌高产PQQ突变株的高通量筛选具有借鉴作用。     

枯草芽孢杆菌L-脯氨酸合成途径中glnA、proB、proA基因功能探究

【目的】从基因水平探究枯草芽孢杆菌渗透压调节因子L-脯氨酸合成途径中glnA、proB、proA基因的功能,通过分子改造实现对代谢途径的人工扰动。【方法】从枯草芽孢杆菌WB600出发,通过向胞内引入一系列基因敲除或过表达,分别构建了proB和proA基因过表达的重组菌WB601和WB602、glnA基因缺失的重组菌WB603以及在此基础之上过表达proB基因的重组菌WB604。借助菌株胞外和胞内游离脯氨酸积累的表型分析影响途径的关键节点。【结果】在非胁迫条件下,重组菌WB601和WB602胞外脯氨酸含量分别是原始菌的2.21倍和2.82倍,单位细胞胞外脯氨酸得率分别是原始菌的4.09倍和9.80倍,胞内游离脯氨酸含量分别是原始菌的1.91倍和3.34倍;重组菌WB603胞外脯氨酸含量上升至1221.43 mg/L,是原始菌的6.28倍,单位细胞胞外和胞内游离脯氨酸得率分别为原始菌的9.13倍和3.66倍;而重组菌WB604胞外脯氨酸含量最高达1391.65 mg/L,相比菌株WB603,其胞外脯氨酸含量及单位细胞得率分别提高了13.94%和14.10%,且胞内游离脯氨酸含量提高了32.60%。在5%Na Cl胁迫条件下,重组菌WB601和WB602的胞外脯氨酸含量分别是原始菌的1.94倍和1.54倍,单位细胞胞外脯氨酸得率分别是原始菌的2.15倍和2.19倍;重组菌WB603胞外脯氨酸含量及其单位细胞得率分别是原始菌的4.16倍和7.29倍;相同条件下,相比于重组菌WB603,重组菌WB604的胞外脯氨酸含量及其单位细胞得率分别提高了32.61%和5.54%。此外,实验组菌株的胞内游离脯氨酸含量均高于非胁迫时,并达到相对平衡状态。【结论】proB和proA基因的过表达均能显著提升细胞合成脯氨酸的能力,并且能增强细胞的耐盐性;glnA基因的缺失能增强脯氨酸合成途径,提高脯氨酸的积累;两种效应的正向叠加可进一步提升细胞脯氨酸合成能力。     

Molecular properties of membrane-bound FAD-containing D-sorbitol dehydrogenase from thermotolerant Gluconobacter frateurii isolated from Thailand

There are two types of membrane-bound D-sorbitol dehydrogenase (SLDH) reported: PQQ-SLDH, having pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ), and FAD-SLDH, containing FAD and heme c as the prosthetic groups. FAD-SLDH was purified and characterized from the PQQ-SLDH mutant strain of a thermotolerant Gluconobacter frateurii, having molecular mass of 61.5 kDa, 52 kDa, and 22 kDa. The enzyme properties were quite similar to those of the enzyme from mesophilic G. oxydans IFO 3254. This enzyme was shown to be inducible by D-sorbitol, but not PQQ-SLDH. The oxidation product of FAD-SLDH from D-sorbitol was identified as L-sorbose. The cloned gene of FAD-SLDH had three open reading frames (sldSLC) corresponding to the small, the large, and cytochrome c subunits of FAD-SLDH respectively. The deduced amino acid sequences showed high identity to those from G. oxydans IFO 3254: SldL showed to other FAD-enzymes, and SldC having three heme c binding motives to cytochrome c subunits of other membrane-bound dehydrogenases.     

Cloning of genes coding for L-sorbose and L-sorbosone dehydrogenases from Gluconobacter oxydans and microbial production of 2-keto-L-gulonate, a precursor of L-ascorbic acid, in a recombinant G. oxydans strain.

We have purified L-sorbose dehydrogenase (SDH) and L-sorbosone dehydrogenase (SNDH) from Gluconobacter oxydans T-100 that showed an ability to convert D-sorbitol to 2-keto-L-gulonate (2-KLGA). A genomic library of Gluconobacter oxydans T-100 was screened with a probe, a 180-bp PCR product which was obtained from degenerate oligodeoxyribonucleotides based on the elucidated sequence of the purified SDH (used as primers) and the genomic DNA of G. oxydans T-100 (used as a template). From sequencing of the DNA from a clone positive to the probe, the SNDH and the SDH were estimated to be coded in sequential open reading frames with 1,497 and 1,599 nucleotides, respectively, which was confirmed by expression of the DNA in Escherichia coli that showed both enzymatic activities. The DNA was introduced to a shuttle vector which was prepared from a plasmid of G. oxydans T-100 and pHSG298 to obtain an expression vector designated pSDH155. The production of 2-KLGA by pSDH155 in G. oxydans G624, an L-sorbose-accumulating strain, was improved to 230% compared to that of G. oxydans T-100. Chemical mutation of the host strain to suppress the L-idonate pathway and replacement of the original promoter with that of E. coli tufB resulted in improving the production of 2-KLGA. Consequently, high-level production from D-sorbitol to 2-KLGA (130 mg/ml) was achieved by simple fermentation of the recombinant Gluconobacter.