Pollution Breaks Down the Genetic Architecture of Life History Traits in Caenorhabditis elegans

When pollution occurs in an environment, populations present suffer numerous negative and immediate effects on their life history traits. Their evolutionary potential to live in a highly stressful environment will depend on the selection pressure strengths and on the genetic structure, the trait heritability, and the genetic correlations between them. If expression of this structure changes in a stressful environment, it becomes necessary to quantify these changes to estimate the evolutionary potential of the population in this new environment. We studied the genetic structure for survival, fecundity, and early and late growth in isogenic lines of a Caenorhabditis elegans population subject to three different environments: a control environment, an environment polluted with uranium, and a high salt concentration environment. We found a heritability decrease in the polluted environments for fecundity and early growth, two traits that were the most heritable in the control environment. The genetic structure of the traits was particularly affected in the uranium polluted environment, probably due to generally low heritability in this environment. This could prevent selection from acting on traits despite the strong selection pressures exerted on them. Moreover, phenotypic traits were more strongly affected in the salt than in the uranium environment and the heritabilities were also lower in the latter environment. Consequently the decrease in heritability was not proportional to the population fitness reduction in the polluted environments. Our results suggest that pollution can alter the genetic structure of a C. elegans population, and thus modify its evolutionary potential.     

The importance of growing up: juvenile environment influences dispersal of individuals and their neighbours

Dispersal is a key ecological process that is strongly influenced by both phenotype and environment. Here, we show that juvenile environment influences dispersal not only by shaping individual phenotypes, but also by changing the phenotypes of neighbouring conspecifics, which influence how individuals disperse. We used a model system (Tribolium castaneum, red flour beetles) to test how the past environment of dispersing individuals and their neighbours influences how they disperse in their current environment. We found that individuals dispersed especially far when exposed to a poor environment as adults if their phenotype, or even one‐third of their neighbours’ phenotypes, were shaped by a poor environment as juveniles. Juvenile environment therefore shapes dispersal both directly, by influencing phenotype, as well as indirectly, by influencing the external social environment. Thus, the juvenile environment of even a minority of individuals in a group can influence the dispersal of the entire group.     

Telomere dysfunctional environment induces loss of quiescence and inherent impairments of hematopoietic stem cell function

Previous studies have shown that telomere dysfunction induces alteration in the systemic (circulatory) environment impairing the differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) but these defects can be reverted by re-exposing HSCs to an environment with functional telomeres. In contrast, HSC intrinsic telomere dysfunction induces permanent and irreversible limitations in the repopulation capacity partially depending on the induction of checkpoints such as cell cycle arrest, differentiation, or apoptosis. It is currently unknown whether telomere dysfunctional environment can induce irreversible, cell intrinsic defects impairing the function of HSCs. Here, we analyzed the functional reserves of murine, wild-type HSCs with intact telomeres that were transiently exposed to a telomere dysfunctional environment (late generation telomerase knockout mice) or to an environment with functional telomeres (wild-type mice). The study shows that the telomere dysfunctional environment leads to irreversible impairments in the repopulation capacity of wild-type HSCs. The telomere dysfunctional environment impaired the maintenance of HSC quiescent. Moreover, the study shows that alterations in the systemic (circulatory) environment rather than the bone stromal niche induce loss of stem cell quiescence and irreversible deficiencies of HSCs exposed to a telomere dysfunctional environment.     

杭州市主城区居住生态环境评价

随着社会经济的快速发展和工业化、城市化的快速推进,城市生态环境日益恶化,城市生活诉求逐渐转向对居住生态环境的关注。对居住生态环境进行评价,有助于为城市发展规划、环境规划,以及城市房地产的区域开发模式和开发方向提供科学依据。采用主成分分析方法,定量研究了杭州市主城区居住生态环境质量及其空间格局。结果表明:杭州市主城区居住生态环境质量基本呈从风景旅游区向城市中心区和北部工业区递减的梯度结构;植被、交通、地表温度、人口密度和空气质量是影响居住生态环境的关键因素,决定了杭州市主城区居住生态环境的总体格局,而工业密度和水体覆盖率对少数区域的居住生态环境有着重要影响。良好的居住生态环境是未来杭州市不断增强城市竞争力的重要资本,应根据不同城市区域居住生态环境限制因素的特点,因地制宜地采取相应措施,加大居住生态环境脆弱区的保护和建设。     

湿地环境累积效应

近年来,湿地环境开发过程中出现了多种生态环境问题,由于多种开发方式和多种影响因素的共同作用,对湿地环境产生明显的累积效应,单一要素的环境评价和分析已满足不了湿地利用和保护的要求,亟需加强湿地环境累积效应研究。本文从累积效应研究的基础出发,提出湿地累积效应的概念和研究内容,界定湿地环境累积效应研究范围(空间和时间),并综述环境累积效应研究方法,阐明了目前研究的不足,最后指出了湿地环境累积效应的未来研究方向为:环境累积效应的途径、环境累积效应的长期监测和累积效应预测模型的建立。     

舟曲藏文化生态环境观对比分析

采用资料分析和指数分析两种方法对舟曲县3个藏汉村寨的生态环境进行了差异分析,从生态观的角度分析了导致这种差异性的原因,说明舟曲县3个村寨村民不同的生态观是决定其生态环境质量差异的关键因素。分析了舟曲藏文化的生态环境观与当地生态环境之间良性循环、相互影响的作用机理,并挖掘了这种生态观背后特定的文化内涵,总结了舟曲藏族生态文化主要包括苯教生态文化和藏传佛教生态文化。从地理学角度进行了思考,阐述了舟曲藏族生态文化与当地地理环境之间相互作用、相互影响的关系,指出要从根本上解决当前生态危机,应当将藏族传统生态文化与现代文化有机结合,树立合理的生态观。     

生态环境恢复重建与农村妇女受教育程度的关联性分析

搞清影响农村生态环境的因素,可以为防止农村生态环境的进一步恶化,为农村生态环境恢复和重建奠定基础。调查结果表明农村妇女受教育程度与农村生态环境的恢复与重建呈正相关,并且农村生态环境恶化与农业生产有明显联系;农村妇女受教育程度和农业生产是影响农村生态环境恢复与重建的直接原因。搞好农村生态环境保护与建设必须以发展农村经济为前提,以提高农村的教育投资和农村妇女受教育程度为基础,落实具体的科技措施,重视农业生产引导与管理。     

沙漠干热环境腹部肠管火器伤后肝脏COX-2的表达与肝细胞凋亡的关系研究

目的：探讨沙漠干热环境下猪腹部肠管火器伤后肝脏环氧化酶-2（COX-2）的表达与肝细胞凋亡之间的关系。方法：沙漠干热环境组和常温环境组各42头长白仔猪随机等分为对照组和伤后1h、2h、4h、8h、12h和24h组7个时间组,实验各组在建立腹部肠管火器伤模型后,用免疫组化图像分析法测定各组肝组织COX-2的表达,采用TUNEL法观察肝细胞凋亡情况,并检测血清ALT的变化。结果：沙漠干热环境组和常温环境组中各实验组COX-2表达水平及肝细胞凋亡率均明显高于对照组（P〈0．01）;在沙漠干热环境组,各实验组肝脏COX-2表达水平明显高于相对应的常温组（P〈0．01）,肝细胞凋亡率在1h、2h、4h、8h明显高于相对应的常温组（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）;肝脏COX-2的表达水平和肝细胞凋亡率在沙漠干热环境组和常温组中的第1个高峰值均出现在伤后2h组,沙漠干热环境组的第2个高峰值出现在伤后8h组,而常温环境组的第2个高峰出现在伤后12h组;血清ALT的变化趋势与COX-2的表达及细胞凋亡的趋势相似,肝脏COX-2表达水平和肝细胞凋亡率在沙漠干热环境组和常温环境组均具有相关性,相关系数分别为0．973和0．945,（P〈0．01）。结论：沙漠干热环境腹部肠管火器伤后肝脏COX-2的水平明显高于常温组,COX-2的表达与肝细胞凋亡的变化趋势一致,且密切相关,提示在沙漠干热环境腹部肠管火器伤后COX-2可能通过促进肝细胞凋亡在继发性肝脏损害过程中起重要作用。     

秦岭生态地质环境系统研究关键思考

生态地质环境系统研究应以地质学为基础，以生态学为指导，研究岩石、土壤、水、生物等在地质作用下产生的生态问题。秦岭生态地质特色鲜明，是催生生态地质基础理论、形成生态地质保护对策的理想实践地，迫切需要对秦岭生态地质环境角色地位予以系统剖析，梳理秦岭生态地质环境系统面临的主要挑战，构建秦岭生态地质环境系统框架体系。研究提出秦岭生态地质环境系统研究要把握以下关键思考：一是秦岭生态地质环境要素多元、圈层互馈过程复杂、灾害叠加影响效应突出、人-地-生相互作用强烈，立足生态秦岭面临的现实挑战，需认知秦岭生态地质环境系统的要素构成及家底，构建秦岭生态地质环境系统要素互馈演化模型，探索生态退化、水土流失和地质灾害共存递进关系，进而提出地质环境-生态环境-人类环境动态平衡调控对策；二是秦岭生态地质环境系统框架体系应以地质环境认知为基础，将生态环境充分融入地质环境之中整体考虑，并对各要素对生态环境影响进行梳理；其中，构造、地貌地质环境是“生态容器”,岩石、土壤及水文地质环境是“生态载体”,灾害地质环境是引起“生态损害”的重要因素，人类活动环境则为造成“生态扰动”的外在驱动；三是秦岭林体-土体-岩体-山体-水...     

生态环境大数据面临的机遇与挑战

随着大数据时代的到来和大数据技术的迅猛发展,生态环境大数据的建设和应用已初露端倪。为了全面推进生态环境大数据的建设和应用,综述了生态环境大数据在解决生态环境问题中的机遇和优势,并分析了生态环境大数据在应用中所面临的挑战。总结和概括了大数据的概念与特征,又结合生态环境领域的特点,分析了生态环境大数据的特殊性和复杂性。重点阐述了生态环境大数据在减缓环境污染、生态退化和气候变化中的机遇,主要从数据存储、处理、分析、解释和展示等方面阐述生态环境大数据相较于传统数据的优势,通过这些优势说明生态环境大数据将有助于全面提高生态环境治理的综合决策水平。虽然生态环境大数据的应用前景广阔,但也面临着重重挑战,在数据共享和开放、应用创新、数据管理、技术创新和落地、专业人才培养和资金投入等方面还存在着许多问题和困难。在以上分析的基础上,提出了生态环境大数据未来的发展方向,包括各类生态环境数据的标准化、建设生态环境大数据存储与处理分析平台和推动国内外生态环境大数据平台的对接。     

基于协整理论的经济增长与生态环境变化关系分析——以重庆市渝东南地区为例

许多研究文献忽略了经济增长和生态环境质量的双向作用机制,从而导致了变量之间的内生性偏差。与以往研究相比,主要在以下几方面进行分析:1)采用脉冲响应函数来分别考察生态环境与经济增长这两类变量之间的动态冲击反应。2)运用预测方差分解技术来考察经济增长与生态环境变化在解释因素变动时的相对重要性。结论:经济增长与生态环境之间存在长期的均衡关系,非平稳序列的经济增长指标、生态环境因子经过一阶差分后变得平稳,均为一阶单整,存在协整统计关系。从长期来看,人均GDP与废气排放量、固废排放量呈现负相关,而与矿产开采总量、化肥使用强度呈现正相关。其高度正相关性实证了该地区主要靠资源开发拉动经济增长。脉冲响应分析表明,快速经济增长是影响生态环境质量的重要原因,生态环境质量变化对经济增长存在着反作用力。就响应效果而言,生态环境对经济增长的负向响应表明生态环境退化将导致人们对生态环境质量需求偏好的改变,从而对经济增长进程的变化产生外在压力,但生态环境对经济增长的反馈效应具有滞后性。     

生态旅游景区环境容量研究

对五指山生态旅游区游客量、服务环境容量与生态环境容量及其相互关系的定量分析表明,王指山山上游览区正常游客量为１９１８游客时,极端游客量为２３０１游客时,其生态环境容量为２４００游客时,服务环境容量６０００游客时,由于景区生态脆弱,生物群落对游客可能的干扰承载力弱、生态系统退化后复缓慢等原因生态环境容量小于服务环境容量,会首先为游客量逐年增加的限制因素。     

旅游环境系统研究进展与展望

旅游环境系统是旅游发展的基础,其协调性与完整性对旅游目的地的可持续发展具有重要推动作用。旅游环境系统具有复杂性、动态性与综合性,对人地关系的关注与研究为改善旅游环境系统的功能提供了科学依据,对旅游环境系统的研究体现了众多学者对旅游可持续发展领域达成的科学共识。文章从旅游环境系统的内涵、指标体系、量化模型、管理工具、应用研究等角度,对国内外学者的旅游环境系统的研究现状分析;根据其研究的不足,提出旅游环境系统研究展望,以期对提升旅游环境系统质量的进一步研究提供理论参考。     

近二十年来罗布泊地区生态环境研究综述

随着近期我国"一带一路"生态文明建设以及生态文明建设的提出与实施,生态类型丰富但自然环境脆弱的西北地区再度引发学界关注。历史上罗布泊地区作为陆上丝绸之路交通重要节点,在中外文明交往与民族融合进程中发挥着重大作用,但如今罗布泊干涸以及罗布泊地区生态环境恶化的现实促使学界对该区域的生态环境演变历史进行反思。为进一步了解当前罗布泊地区生态环境研究的整体概况、热点议题及学术前沿趋势,从自然环境与人文环境两大方面对近二十年来罗布泊地区生态环境研究做出阶段性总结,以期为后续深入探讨区域生态环境变化与社会文明演进互动提供参考。     

A Switching Controller System for a Wheeled Mobile Robot

A wheeled mobile mechanism with a passive and/or active linkage mechanism for rough terrain environment is developed and evaluated. The wheeled mobile mechanism which has high mobility in rough terrain needs sophisticated system to adapt various environments.We focus on the development of a switching controller system for wheeled mobile robots in rough terrain. This system consists of two sub-systems: an environment recognition system using link angles and an adaptive control system. In the environment recognition system, we introduce a Self-Organizing Map (SOM) for clustering link angles. In the adaptive controllers, we introduce neural networks to calculate the inverse model of the wheeled mobile robot.The environment recognition system can recognize the environment in which the robot travels, and the adjustable controllers are tuned by experimental results for each environment. The dual sub-system switching controller system is experimentally evaluated. The system recognizes its environment and adapts by switching the adjustable controllers. This system demonstrates superior performance to a well-tuned single PID controller.     

Research on office environment evaluation and worker fatigue

1. 1. The purpose of this research was to study the relationship between indoor environment and fatigue by analyzing office workers' fatigue and evaluation of indoor environment according to occupation.

2. 2. This study concerned office workers' fatigue (before and after work), questionnaires on indoor environment, and measurement of the physical environment. The subject (562 people) were businessmen, interior designers, and salesmen.

3. 3. The result of this study showed that there was a high correlation between the office workers' feeling of fatigue and the office environment.

4. 4. This research demonstrated that the workers of each type of occupation responde differently to similar office environments.

河北省沿海开发活动的生态环境效应评估

通过对河北省沿海开发活动及生态环境的分析,建立了由压力、状态、响应3个子系统28个指标组成的沿海开发活动的生态环境效应综合评估指标体系,采用综合指数法进行定量评价,并在此基础上构建了生态环境综合效应指数及其分级评判标准.结果表明： 1984—2010年,河北省沿海开发活动的生态环境效应呈现较小→一般→较大的变化,接受程度由可接受发展变为不可接受的水平.由于沿海开发利用所造成的资源、环境压力依然严峻,再加上状态对于响应的反应有一定滞后性,响应子系统各种措施的改善对状态的好转并没有表现出积极作用,海域质量状况呈现退化趋势.由于沿海各地开发方式和强度的差异,开发活动的生态环境效应呈现一定的空间差异,表现为秦皇岛沿海开发的生态环境效应最小,其次为沧州,唐山最大,且沧州和唐山都已达到不可接受的水平,需要进一步加强生态环境的恢复和保护工作.
     

杉木不同家系对异质养分环境的适应性反应差异

 构建异质和同质两种养分环境,选择3个杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)优良家系作试验材料,并以马尾松(Pinus massoniana)为参照,通过 量化分析不同养分环境中植株生长量、干物质积累和分配、根系形态、养分吸收和利用效率等,研究杉木家系对异质养分环境的适应性反应差 异。结果表明,3个杉木参试家系对不同养分环境的生长反应差异显著,‘锦屏45’家系在异质养分环境中苗高生长量大、干物质积累量多、根 系发达,而‘龙15’和‘靖398’两个家系则在同质养分环境中表现较好。 杉木不同家系的根系均主要在异质养分环境之贫养斑块中大量增生 ,根系形态可塑性与觅养精确性较低。作为参照的马尾松,对异质养分环境反应敏感,根系广布性大、觅养精确性高。在3个参试杉木家系中, ‘龙15’和‘靖398’对异质养分环境的生长反应敏感度低,根系生理可塑性一般,而‘锦屏45’对异质养分环境的生长反应敏感度较高,根系 生理可塑性较高。试验观测到不同杉木家系在异质养分环境中根系N、P、K吸收效率通常低于同质养分环境。在富养斑块中的根系养分吸收效率 明显低于贫养斑块,这与马尾松在富养斑块中根系养分吸收效率较高有很大的差异。然而杉木家系在富养斑块中根系的养分含量却不同程度地 高于贫养斑块或与之相 近。‘锦屏45’家系在异质环境中生长表现显著地优于同质养分环境,除因其具有较高的根系生理可塑性外,还与较多 比例的干物质和营养元素分配至地上部分、根冠比较少有关。     

Relation between radiation safety criteria of human and the environment

System approach is used for developing of procedures of complex radiation safety of human and the environment. Relation between radiation safety criteria of human and the environment is considered by the example of different strategies of water bodies using. It is demonstrated that as to water bodies (though the methodology and conclusions are correct to terrestrial ecosystems too) observance of human radiation safety standards on condition that environment resources are used unrestrictedly (considering radiation factor) is necessary and sufficient to protection of objects of the environment. It allows reaching compromise between anthropocentric and ecological approaches to radiation protection of the environment from general biospheric principles.     

中国海洋渔业水域环境研究现状及展望

渔业水域环境是水生生物赖以生存、繁衍的最基本条件,优良的渔业水域环境是海洋渔业持续发展的物质载体与必然条件。近年来中国海洋渔业水域环境状况日趋严峻,依据海洋渔业水域监测数据,分析了中国海洋渔业水域环境的现状;概括了中国海洋渔业水域环境面临的主要问题及破坏原因;综述了海洋渔业水域环境保护及修复对策的研究现状,并对今后的研究工作提出了方向与内容上的展望。