一氧化氮合酶（NOS）在膀胱移行细胞癌中的表达及其意义

目的检测膀胱移行细胞癌中一氧化氮合酶（nitric oxide synthase,NOS）的表达,并分析其表达与肿瘤病理特性的关系.方法采用免疫组织化学技术检测35例膀胱移行细胞癌标本、12例癌旁粘膜标本及8例正常膀胱粘膜标本中一氧化氮合酶三种亚型的表达情况.结果 35例肿瘤标本中nNOS、iNOS、eNOS阳性表达率分别为74.3%、85.7%、42.9%,膀胱移行细胞癌中iNOS表达较正常膀胱粘膜增高.但移行细胞癌、癌旁粘膜、正常粘膜三组间nNOS及eNOS表达无差别.nNOS、iNOS、eNOS表达与膀胱移行细胞癌分期分级可能无相关性.结论 iNOS在膀胱移行细胞癌中表达增高,可能参与膀胱移行细胞癌的发生发展.     

CXCR4 和MMP-9 在膀胱移行细胞癌中的表达

目的:探讨CXCR4与MMP-9在膀胱移行细胞癌中表达的相关性及其临床意义.方法:采用免疫组化SP法与半定量RT-PCR检测40例膀胱移行细胞癌组织及10例正常膀胱粘膜组织中CXCR4和MMP-9蛋白及mRNA的表达情况,分析膀胱移行细胞癌组织中CXCR4和MMP-9表达的相关性,分析二者与临床病理特征的关系.结果:膀胱移行细胞癌组织中CXCR4蛋白表达率为77.5％,mRNA相对含量为0,777±0.044;其中浸润深度达肌层者表达率为100％,mRNA相对含量为0.790± 0.049;局限在粘膜下层者表达率为50％,mRNA相对含量为0.660± 0.052;二者之间差异有统计学意义.MMP-9在膀胱移行细胞癌组织中的表达率为80.0％,mRNA相对含量为0.850± 0.079,其中浸润深度达肌层者表达率为95.5％,mRNA相对含量为0.854±0.070,局限在粘膜下层者表达率为61.1％,mRNA相对含量为0.758±0.092,二者之间差异有统计学意义.膀胱移行细胞癌组织中CXCR4及MMP-9蛋白阳性表达呈正相关关系(γ=0.479,P＜0.05).MMP-9与肿瘤组织学分级有关,与患者的性别、年龄无关;而CXCR4的表达与肿瘤组织学分级及患者的性别、年龄均无关.结论:CXCR4和MMP-9表达与膀胱移行细胞癌的发生和浸润密切相关,通过干预CXCR4和MMP-9的活性可能成为治疗膀胱移行细胞癌的新靶点.     

膀胱移行细胞癌中EphA2的表达和肿瘤MVD计数的关系

目的:探讨膀胱移行细胞癌中EphA2的生物学意义以及EphA2与微血管密度(MVD)的关系。方法:应用免疫组织化学技术检测85例膀胱移行细胞癌及10例正常膀胱粘膜中EphA2的表达,采用CD31染色标记微血管,行肿瘤微血管密度计数。结果:膀胱移行细胞癌和正常膀胱粘膜EphA2表达阳性率分别为89.4%(76/85)、40%(4/10),两组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);EphA2表达程度与膀胱癌的病理分级、临床分期和淋巴结转移均有相关性(P<0.05);膀胱移行细胞癌EphA2阴性组与EphA2阳性纽间肿瘤微血管密度(MVD)计数差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),EphA2不同阳性程度组之间MVD计数差异没有统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:EphA2可作为判定膀胱癌恶性程度的参考指标,与肿瘤微血管生成相关,有望成为膀胱癌治疗的新靶向。     

癌-睾丸抗原OY—TES-1蛋白在人肾癌中的表达

OY—TES-1属于癌一睾丸抗原（cancer testis antigen,CTA）,是一种在多种肿瘤组织中表达,在睾丸以外的正常组织几乎不表达的抗原。CTA既可引起体内免疫反应,亦可引起细胞免疫反应,已有部分CTA疫苗用于肿瘤临床治疗。为了解OY-TES-1在肾癌组织中的表达情况,我们运用免疫组织化学方法,检测了肾透明细胞癌、乳头状肾细胞癌、肾盂移行细胞癌等三种共40例肾癌标本。     

p16、survivin、cyclin D1 在膀胱尿路上皮癌中的表达及意义

目的:探讨抑癌基因p16、细胞周期蛋白cyclin D1和凋亡抑制基因survivin在膀胱移行细胞癌中的表达及意义。方法:膀胱移行细胞癌组67例,10例正常正常膀胱粘膜作为对照,采用免疫组织化学方法检测p16和cyclin D1、survivin蛋白表达,然后分析上述三种蛋白在膀胱癌组织中的表达情况,以及随着不同临床分期和病理分级表达的变化。结果:所有膀胱癌患者平均年龄58.16岁,其中男性患者38例。免疫组织化学分析表明,p16和cyclin D1、survivin蛋白均表达在细胞的细胞核。膀胱癌组织中P16表达明显低于正常对照组,而cyclin D1和survivin表达明显高于正常对照组。随着临床分期的进展,p16表达明显下降,cyclinD1表达明显上升;而随着膀胱癌病理分级升高,p16表达明显下降,survivin表达上升。此外,膀胱癌组织中,p16与cyclin D1p16之间存在着明确的负相关。结论:p16、cyclin D1、survivin在膀胱移行细胞癌的生物学行为中起重要作用,p16,cyclin D1和survivin与膀胱移行细胞癌的恶性进展有关。     

β—连接素在膀胱移行细胞癌中表达的意义

目的 探讨β－连接素（β－ctenin）蛋白的表达及其与膀胱移行细胞癌组织学特征和侵袭的关系。方法 采用免疫组化SP法检测46例膀胱移行细胞癌组织中的β－ctenin的表达。结果 正常膀胱粘膜上皮细胞全部表达β－ctenin,膀胱移行细胞癌中β－ctenin的表达率分别是“＋＋＋”为52．1％（24／46）,“＋＋”为32．6％（15／46）,“＋”O 15．2％（7／46）。侵袭型的膀胱移行细胞癌中β－ctenin表达率是“＋＋＋”为11．1％（1／9）,显著低于乳头状型者（P＜0．01）。结论 β－ctenin的表达与膀胱移行细胞组织学特征及侵袭有相关性,可作为判断肿瘤恶笥肿瘤、侵袭、预后的价值指标。     

食管鳞状细胞癌癌组织中hMLH1、hMSH2的表达及其意义

目的:探讨错配修复基因hMSH2、hMLH1在食管鳞癌组织中的表达及其临床意义。方法:采用sP免疫组化的方法检测144例食管鳞癌手术切除标本、30例正常粘膜组织中hMSH2、hMLH1表达情况,并与临床病理参数作相关分析。结果:食管鳞癌组织hMSH2、hMLH1基因阳性表达明显下降,与正常食道粘膜相比相差显著(P<0.01),hMSH2、hMLH1表达缺失与年龄、性别、肿瘤大小、淋巴结转移、浸润深度无显著相关,与肿瘤的分化程度有关(P<0.01)。结论:提示hMLH1和hMSH2基因突变所致的蛋白表达异常缺失与食管鳞状细胞癌发生有关,可能为一种早期事件。     

Staufen基因在结直肠癌组织中的表达

为研究甲基化差异相关基因Staufen在结直肠癌不同组织中的表达情况,采用RT-PCR和免疫组织化学等方法在结直肠癌病人中检测Staufen基因在腺癌、癌旁粘膜和相应远端切缘正常组织中的表达。研究发现,在mRNA水平上,远端切缘正常组织中Staufen基因的表达水平显著高于癌旁粘膜和腺癌（P<0.05）;从正常组织、癌旁粘膜到腺癌,Staufen基因的表达有降低的趋势;未发现性别、年龄、肿瘤部位（结肠/直肠）、分化程度、淋巴结转移等临床病理因素与Staufen基因的表达有关（P均>0.05）。正常组织与腺癌组织的Staufen蛋白的表达水平显著高于癌旁粘膜（P<0.05）,而正常组织与腺癌组织之间未发现有统计学差别（P>0.05）。结果表明,Staufen基因在癌旁粘膜和肿瘤中有低表达的趋势,该基因可能在结直肠癌的发生、发展中起作用。     

VEGF-D的表达与膀胱移行细胞癌LVD及淋巴结转移有关

目的观察血管内皮生长因子D(vascular endothelial growth factor D,VEGF-D)在人膀胱移行细胞癌组织内的表达,探讨VEGF-D在膀胱移行细胞癌组织淋巴管密度(lymphatic vessel density,LVD)及淋巴结转移之间的关系。方法取人膀胱移行细胞癌组织蜡块30例,免疫组化法观察VEGF-D在膀胱移行细胞癌组织内的表达情况。以淋巴管内皮特异性标记物D2-40标记淋巴管,计数癌组织内淋巴管密度。结果VEGF-D蛋白主要表达于癌细胞胞浆内,VEGF-D在淋巴结转移组膀胱移行细胞癌组织内的表达水平明显高于无淋巴结转移组(P0.05);淋巴结转移组膀胱移行细胞癌组织内的淋巴管密度明显高于无淋巴结转移组(P0.05)。VEGF-D表达与膀胱移行细胞癌淋巴管密度及淋巴结转移之间具有显著的相关性。结论VEGF-D表达在膀胱移行细胞癌组织内淋巴管生成及淋巴结转移中起重要作用。     

细胞周期素G1和G2在膀胱癌中的表达及临床意义

目的探讨细胞周期素G1和G2在膀胱移行细胞癌（尿路上皮癌）中的表达及临床意义。方法收集武汉大学人民医院病理科2000-2006年有完整临床和病理资料的膀胱移行细胞癌存档蜡块50例和5例癌旁组织,采用免疫组织化学S-P法检测50例膀胱移行细胞癌和5例癌旁组织中细胞周期素G1和G2的表达水平。采用HPIAS-1000高清晰度彩色病理图文报告管理系统,对细胞周期素G1和G2的表达进行定量分析,并用SPSS11.5软件对各组免疫组织化学反应阳性颗粒的平均光密度、阳性面积率做单因素方差分析和SNK（q）检验。结果细胞周期素G1在膀胱移行细胞癌中呈高表达,癌旁组织中呈低表达。而细胞周期素G2在膀胱移行细胞癌中呈低表达,癌旁组织中呈高表达。膀胱移行细胞癌与癌旁组织相比,差异有显著性（P〈0.05）。随着移行细胞癌组织中细胞周期素G1表达的增高,周期素G2的表达却显著下降,两者呈显著负相关（P〈0.01）。结论细胞周期素G1和G2在膀胱移行细胞癌与癌旁组织中对细胞周期调控和/或DNA修复起了重要作用,并参与了诱导细胞凋亡的过程。     

Characteristics of the membranes of the pellicle of the ciliatePseudomicrothorax dubius

Summary The membranes of the pellicle of the ciliatePseudomicrothorax dubius are investigated using thin section electron microscopy and freeze-fracture replicas. The plasma membrane is covered by a surface coat and is connected to the outer alveolar membrane by short, sometimes branched, bridges. The inner alveolar membrane is coated on both sides. The epiplasm lies in intimate contact with the cytoplasmic surface of this membrane, and there is a corresponding deposit on the other surface. This deposit is regularly striated.The epiplasmic layer and the alveoli are interrupted at sites of cytotic activity,e.g., the attachment sites of trichocysts, the cytoproct, and the parasomal sacs. The striated deposit ends where the epiplasm ends, indicating a direct relationship between these two epimembranous layers.There is a deposit along the sides of the first part of the tip of the trichocysts, and in this region the trichocyst membrane is free of intramembranous particles.The membrane of the parasomal sacs has a coat on both surfaces. That on the extraplasmic surface is similar to the surface coat of the plasma membrane. The origin of the cytoplasmic coat is unknown. The cytotic activity of these sacs is indicated by their highly irregular profiles.     

The early development of the tail and the transformation of the shape of the nucleus of the spermatid of the domestic fowl,Gallus gallus

Summary The differentiation of the spermatid, especially in reference to the formation of the flagellum, and transformation of the shape of the nucleus was investigated in the domestic fowl.In the early stage of the spermatid, a prominent Golgi apparatus appears around the centrioles. The Golgi vesicles then surround the axial-filament complex which develops from the distal centriole. These vesicles fuse to form continuous membrane at the earliest stage of flagellar formation, and in the succeeding stage Golgi lamellae are attached to the plasma membrane of the developing flagellum. From these observations, it is assumed that Golgi apparatus may be a source of the membrane system of the flagellum.The microtubules distributed around the nucleus form the circular manchette. The anterior region of the nucleus with the manchette is cylindrical in shape and the posterior region without it remains irregular in shape. When the circular manchette has been completed, the whole nucleus acquires a slender cylindrical shape. The circular manchette then changes into the longitudinal manchette. The nuclei of spermatids without a longitudinal manchette are abnormal in shape. In view of these observations it is assumed that the nuclear shaping of the spermatid may be accomplished by circular manchette and the maintenance of shape of the elongated nucleus by longitudinal manchette.The authors wish to thank Mr. Takayuki Mori for his helpful suggestions and technical advices     

Characterization of the composition of the aqueous humor and the vitreous body of the eye of the frog Rana temporaria L

This study aimed to analyze the aqueous humor (AH) and the vitreous body (VB) of the eye of the adult frog Rana temporaria L. as a representative species of amphibians, which lead a semi-terrestrial life. The presence of collagen, albumin, uric acid and electron donors was shown in both media; however, there are slight differences in their concentrations. To determine collagen, a spectral-fluorescent probe, cyanine dye, was used. The presence of collagen in AH of the frog was found at the first time. The total content of electron donors (ascorbic and uric acids, tryptophan, and tyrosine) in VB and HA was roughly estimated at ~ 1.5 × 10^− 4 mol/L. Both VB and AH absorb light in similar UV regions. The total protein and albumin contents in AH were found to be somewhat higher than those in VB. The uric acid content was at an equally low level in both intraocular media. It is supposed that the similarity of VB and AH compositions shown in this work is due to some exchange between VB and AH contents in the course of accommodation. The role of intraocular fluids in physiological functions of the eye and in protecting the retina against UV light is discussed.     

Observations on the permeability of the choriocapillaris of the eye

Summary The choriocapillaris is a fenestrated capillary bed located posterior to the retinal pigment epithelium. It serves as the main source of supply to the photoreceptors, retinal pigment epithelium, and other cells of the outer retina. The permeability of these capillaries to intravenously injected ferritin (MW — approx. 480,000; mol. diam. 11 nm) was examined in the mouse, rabbit, and guinea pig, each of which is characterized by a different type of retinal vascularization. In all three species, the bulk of the ferritin remained in the capillary lumina, where it appeared to be blocked at the level of the diaphragmed fenestrae. Some ferritin was present in endothelial cell vacuoles. The results confirm previous work on the rat choriocapillaris and indicate that the barrier function of the choriocapillary endothelium is present even among species in which the retinal circulation differs significantly.Supported by NIH grant EY03418