中国林蛙性腺的发育及温度对其性别分化的影响

为探讨幼蛙性别分化与温度的关系,在恒温和变温条件下培养中国林蛙（Rana chensinensis)受精卵至变态完成,结果表明：（1）胚胎发育到24期时生殖嵴开始出现,25期个别原始生殖细胞（PGCs)已迁移到生殖嵴中,生殖细胞与生殖嵴共同发育成生殖腺;（2）胚胎发育到31期生殖腺出现性别分化,卵巢分化初期较易识别,而精巢分化不明显;…（3）卵巢分化完成于37期,精巢分化完成于变态之后,两侧生殖腺等大;（4）胚胎发育从30期开始,性别分化对温度较为敏感,低温利于雌性化,高温利于雄性化;（5）15－25℃为变温培养时性比发生变化的敏感温度区,缓慢升温雄性比较显著增加,缓慢降温雌性比例显著增加。     

邻苯二甲酸酯类物质对萼花臂尾轮虫种群增长和有性生殖的影响

以萼花臂尾轮虫(Brachionus calyciflourus)为受试动物,以17β-雌二醇(E2)为阳性对照,运用3d种群增长和4d休眠卵产量实验方法研究了不同浓度的邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)、邻苯二甲酸二异辛酯(DEHP)和邻苯二甲酸丁苄酯(BBP)对轮虫种群增长和有性生殖的影响。结果显示,与空白对照组相比,0.05-5000μg/L的E2和500μg/L的BBP显著提高了轮虫种群增长率,而0.5和5000μg/L的DBP以及0.05和0.5μg/L的BBP使轮虫种群增长率显著降低;0.5-500μg/L的E2、50和500μg/L的DBP、0.005和500μg/L的DEHP和500μg/L的BBP显著提高了轮虫的休眠卵产量,而5000μg/L的DBP和0.05μg/L的BBP却与其相反;5和500μg/L的E2、50和500μg/L的DEHP以及500μg/L的DBP和BBP均使轮虫混交率显著上升,而0.005和0.05μg/L的E2、5000μg/L的DBP和DEHP及0.5μg/L的BBP显著降低了轮虫种群中混交雌体受精率;除5000μg/L的E2显著降低轮虫种群中的混交雌体数/非混交雌体数之外,其它所有处理组均对其无显著性影响;5、500和5000μg/L的E2、5000μg/L的DBP和5-5000μg/L的DEHP均使轮虫种群中的带卵雌体数/不带卵雌体数显著升高,而BBP对其无显著影响。在实验设置浓度范围内,轮虫种群中的混交雌体数/非混交雌体数与E2浓度间、轮虫种群中的混交雌体受精率和种群增长率与DBP浓度间、轮虫休眠卵产量与DEHP浓度间、轮虫混交率与BBP浓度间均具有显著的效应-剂量关系     

基于氧化应激与细胞凋亡探究双酚A慢性暴露致小鼠肾毒性作用机制

双酚A (bisphenol A, BPA)被广泛应用于生产环氧树脂和聚碳酸酯塑料等制品,在强酸、强碱或高温条件下,BPA被释放出来,然后渗入环境中。在大多数生物液体中都检测到了不同浓度的BPA,BPA的存在已被证明与许多慢性疾病密切相关,包括慢性肾病(chronic kidney disease,CKD)。然而,关于BPA的有害作用及其对CKD的不良影响知之甚少。为了探讨BPA对动物肾毒性的作用机制,本研究通过向饮水中加入0.01、0.1和1 mg/L的BPA,暴露于雌性小鼠4周后,交配和怀孕的雌性小鼠持续接触BPA,直到断奶;F1代3周龄雄性仔鼠继续口服相同剂量的BPA,持续10周。结果表明,0.1mg/L和1mg/LBPA处理组小鼠的肾脏损伤严重,血清中肾脏功能指标尿素氮(urea nitrogen,UN)、肌酐(creatinine,CR)和尿酸(uric acid,UA)的含量均发生显著升高(P<0.05);肾脏组织形态结构被损害;肾脏抗氧化相关基因在mRNA和蛋白水平上的表达显著降低(P<0.05),包括谷胱甘肽硫转移酶(glutathione-S-transf...     

蓖麻蚕对鼠生殖系统雌激素样效应的研究

目的研究蓖麻蚕雌蛾乙醇提取物(EEFM)的雌激素效应,以寻找理想的ERT药源并提高蓖麻蚕的综合利用价值.方法根据每日药物及剂量处理,将雌性小鼠随机分为模型对照组,正常对照组,乙烯雌酚组,EEFM低剂量(EEFM-L,0.2 g/kg·d-1)组,EEFM高剂量(EEFM-H,0.4 g/kg·d-1)组.测定实验鼠的子宫、免疫器官脏器指数、阴道角化细胞发生率及POD活性.结果EEFM两个剂量对未成年雌性小鼠、成年去势雌性小鼠子宫作用效应均达到显著或极显著.EEFM对去势成年雌性小鼠角化细胞发生率的影响约为乙烯雌酚(DES)组的2/3(EEFM-H77.20%,DES95.7%),效果极显著.结论EEFM对实验鼠具有显著的雌激素效应,对免疫器官元不良影响(DES组显著降低实验鼠胸腺重量),有可能成为雌激素替代疗法(ERT)的理想药源物质.     

双酚A对中国林蛙生精细胞凋亡和Bax、Bcl-2表达的影响

为探讨双酚A(BPA)对两栖动物生精细胞凋亡及相关蛋白Bax和Bcl-2表达的影响.将雄性中国林蛙(Rana chensinensis)分别暴露于10-7、10-6、10-5 mol/L BPA水体中持续3 d、5 d、7 d,取其精巢组织.用原位末端转移酶法(TUNEL)和甲基绿-派诺宁法(Methyl Green-Pyronine)检测生精细胞凋亡,用免疫组织化学方法检测生精细胞的Bax和Bcl-2表达.结果显示,各BPA处理组中国林蛙生精细胞凋亡指数(Apoptotic index,AI)均显著高于对照组,10-6 mol/L与10-7 mol/L BPA处理组生精细胞的AI差异不显著,10-5 mol/L BPA处理组生精细胞的AI与前两组相比显著增高;在同一BPA浓度处理组,生精细胞AI随处理时间的延长而增高.与对照组相比,各BPA处理组Bax表达上调,Bcl-2表达下调,差异均显著;生精细胞AI与Bax/Bcl-2表达呈正相关.这些结果提示,BPA可导致中国林蛙的生精细胞凋亡,而生精细胞凋亡的发生与Bax/Bcl-2表达比值的变化密切相关.     

胚胎期接触双酚A对雄鼠睾丸内PCNA和p53表达的影响

目的研究胚胎期接触双酚A(Bisphenol A,BPA)对雄性胎鼠睾丸发育的影响及睾丸内增殖细胞核抗原(Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen,PCNA)和p53表达的影响。方法母鼠怀孕后第2天对其灌服双酚A(剂量5,50,100 mg/ml/day),一直持续分娩,F1代雄性小鼠饲养至75日龄,观察BPA对仔鼠成年后睾丸结构和PCNA和p53表达的影响。结果发现BPA处理组睾丸发育受到抑制,曲细精管直径和管腔直径变小(P0.05),管腔内出现大量胞质残余体,部分管腔出现潴留管腔液,支持细胞生长受到抑制,生精细胞排列紊乱,细胞质出现空泡化。免疫组织化学结果显示在BPA处理组,PCNA除了在精原细胞大量表达外,在初级精母细胞中表达量明显升高(P0.05,P0.01),免疫荧光结果显示胚胎期接触BPA导致成年后睾丸内p53蛋白表达量显著升高(P0.05,P0.01)。结论胚胎期接触BPA对雄鼠睾丸发育有着长期的不良影响,可能源于BPA引起细胞的异常增殖和凋亡。     

环境激素邻苯二甲酸丁基苄酯对家蚕生殖的影响

为了探讨环境激素邻苯二甲酸丁基苄酯(Butyl Benzyl Phthalate,BBP)对家蚕(Bombyx mori)等鳞翅目昆虫的生殖损伤,家蚕饲以不同浓度BBP喷洒后的桑叶,调查了BBP对家蚕造卵、产卵等生殖机能的影响。结果表明:BBP影响家蚕的体重增加、存活率及产卵特性,随着BBP浓度的增加,影响逐渐加大,1.6 mmol/L添食5龄起蚕时,造卵数及产卵数仅为对照的56.1%和51.4%,对受精及孵化等的影响具有相同变化趋势,只是对雄性的影响大于雌性;不同时期的添食结果表明,BBP对家蚕生殖的影响:3龄起蚕4龄起蚕5龄起蚕,0.16 mmol/L添食时,造卵数及产卵数分别只有对照区的57.5%、66.3%、97.6%及58.7%、74.1%、96.0%;BBP添食对存活下来的个体的下一代的茧质几乎没有影响。由以上结果表明:BBP对家蚕的生殖具有明显的毒害作用,BBP添食浓度越高,接触时间越早,在蚕体内积累越多,产生的生殖毒性就越大,而且这种毒性雄性大于雌性。     

妊娠期和哺乳期双酚A暴露对幼年子代小鼠焦虑和抑郁行为的影响

双酚A(bisphenol-A,BPA)对脑和行为发育的低剂量效应已引起广泛关注。本研究分别于妊娠最后2周和分娩后前2周母鼠灌胃BPA(0.4和4 mg/kg.d),然后以旷场、高架十字迷宫、明暗箱、镜子迷宫、强迫游泳和被动回避箱等模型,分别测试幼年期(生后21～28 d)子代小鼠的行为,探讨围生期不同阶段的BPA暴露对幼年仔鼠自发活动、探究、焦虑、抑郁和被动回避记忆等行为的影响。结果表明,围生期不同阶段的BPA暴露对这些行为的影响不同,主要表现为:妊娠期BPA暴露促进幼年仔鼠的活动性,减弱其焦虑状态,提高雄性仔鼠的探究能力,促进雌性仔鼠的被动回避记忆;哺乳期BPA暴露减少幼年仔鼠的活动性,但对其焦虑行为的影响相对较弱,不影响仔鼠的探究能力和被动回避记忆;而妊娠期和哺乳期BPA暴露均加剧幼年仔鼠的抑郁行为。以上结果提示,妊娠期和哺乳期BPA暴露均可影响幼年仔鼠的焦虑、抑郁、被动回避记忆等多种行为,而妊娠期可能是BPA影响的更敏感时期。     

小鼠胚胎体外培养方法的优化及胚胎质量评估

实验采用输卵管收集获得的 2 细胞、原核受精卵和体外受精得到的胚胎。 2 细胞胚胎在所有培养浓度下均达到较高的囊胚发育率 ,而ISF和IVF受精卵在减低培养浓度后发育率显著降低 (p <0 .0 1 ) ,ISF受精卵从高密度 (1 /μl)下约 82 .5 %的发育率到低密度 (1 /1 0 0 0 μl)下 2 2 .3 %的发育率。而IVF胚胎的这两个值分别为 46 .3 %和5 .2 %。2 细胞胚胎与其他两种受精卵相比 ,每个囊胚所含的细胞数目差异显著 (p <0 .0 1 )。添加 1ng/ml(1 /1 0 μl)和 1 0ng/ml(1 /1 0 0 μl)的PAF显著增加了IVF胚胎的囊胚发育率 (p <0 .0 1 )。在胚胎密度为 1 /1 0 μl的培养密度下 ,添加 1 0ng/ml以上的IGF Ⅰ同样改善IVF受精卵的发育能力 (p <0 .0 1 )。培养液中添加EGF对囊胚的发育率没有影响。PAF和IGF Ⅰ协同作用的效果与IGF Ⅰ单独处理的结果并无差异 (p >0 .0 5) ,但高于PAF单独处理组 (p <0 .0 5)。结果表明 ,胚胎生长所需的生长因子在低密度培养条件下被稀释并影响胚胎的正常发育。PAF和IGF Ⅰ作为自分泌性胚胎营养因子在一定程度上补偿了由于低密度培养所带来的负效应。     

双酚A对萼花臂尾轮虫毒性及生活史的影响

应用生态毒理学研究方法,研究了双酚A(BPA)对萼花臂尾轮虫毒性及生活史影响。结果表明:BPA对萼花臂尾轮虫24 h急性毒性LC₅₀为13.76 mg/L,95%置信限为10.97-17.10 mg/L。生活史研究显示:与对照组相比,0.25-4.0 mg/L的BPA对轮虫胚胎发育历时影响不显著;2.0-4.0 mg/L的BPA显著延迟了轮虫幼体发育时间;当BPA为0.5 mg/L时,轮虫净生殖率(R₀)显著上升,但BPA浓度为2.0和4.0 mg/L时R₀显著降低;4.0 mg/L的BPA显著缩短世代时间(T);BPA浓度为2.0、4.0 mg/L时,轮虫生命期望值(e₀)显著下降;BPA浓度为1.0、2.0、4.0 mg/L时,轮虫内禀增长率(r_m)显著下降;BPA浓度为0.5、1.0 mg/L时轮虫所产后代混交率(MR)显著增长。研究结果表明BPA对轮虫的生殖具有干扰作用,其中R₀和MR受BPA影响最为显著。     

Distribution of N,P, K,Ca, Mg,S, Zn,Fe, Mn and Cu in groundnut

Summary Concentration of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S in summer groundnut crop was higher than in kharif while Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu contents were higher in summer crop. Kernel's N, P and Zn; Leaflet's Ca and Mn; Stem's K and Fe; Root's S and Cu and Petiole's Mg contents were highest. Shell's N, P, K, Mg, S, Zn and Cu; Kernel's Ca, Fe and Mn contents were the least. N, P, K, S, Zn and Cu concentrations decreased linearly as the crop grew. Ca, Mg, Fe and Mn concentrations did not display any distinct pattern. Ca concentration was positively correlated with pod yield in both the seasons.     

Uniform hypothesis of cell behavior--movement, contact inhibition of movement, adhesion, chemotaxis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, division, contact inhibition of division, fusion.

The cell has been represented as a charged liquid drop. Contrary to the DLVO-theory, the effect of the surface potential upon the value of the interfacial tension of the cell membrane has also been taken into consideration. The cell membrane has visco-elastic properties and its constituents may move against each other. Cell movement is caused by the appearance of a small number of the electrically charged constituents of the cell membrane on the leading edge of the cell. This produces a local decrease in the surface tension and the cell membrane expansion. At the moment of contact between two cells proton transfers occur between the strongly negatively charged microvilli of one cell and the body of the other, analogous to a condenser breakdown. This, through the effect on the surface tension, causes contact inhibition of movement. The distribution of the proton dissociable groups modifies the interaction between the cells (differentiation) and between the cell and the substratum (adhesion). Adsorption of the charged compounds at the surface of the cell membrane, decreasing the surface potential and increasing the surface tension, causes the phenomena of chemotaxis, phagocytosis and pinocytosis. Cell division, considered in the terms of the surface energy, requires an adequate supply of considerable quantities of energy inversely proportional to the surface potential value. In case of a reduction of the distance between the cells, their surface potential and the energetic barrier of the cell division processes increases, and causes contact inhibition of cell division. Due to their high charge, division of neoplastic cells is inhibited much later than division of normal cells, or is completely ininhibited due to geometric conditions. Fusion of the cell membrane in the intra-cellular and intercellular processes is a reverse process in relation to the cell division.     

The effect of malathion,diazinon, and various concentrations of zinc,copper, nickel,lead, iron,and mercury on fish

Acute and chronic toxicity tests for malathion, diazinon, copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), and iron (Fe) were conducted. Mortalities ofBarilius vagra andCyprinus carpio (common carp) were variable but LC50-96 hr were similar for pesticides. AdultB. vagra seem to be more sensitive to malathion than juvenile carp. Both juvenile carp and adultB. vagra were extremely sensitive to diazinon. Long-term exposure to pesticides modified morphology and behavior. The LC50-96 values for Cu, Hg, and Pb were 0.3, 0.16, and 0.44, respectively, for smaller fish and 1.0, 0.77, and 1.33, respectively, for larger fish. Replicate LC50 values for Zn, Ni, and Fe were somewhat variable, and for these metals, the size of the fish seemed to affect response because LC50 values increased as fish size increased. Cooper, Pb, Zn, and Fe residues following exposure to sublethal concentrations of these metals for 15 d were significantly greater in whole juvenile common carp than in controls.     

The Effect of Age and Gender on Al, B, Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, P, S, Sr, V, and Zn Contents in Rib Bone of Healthy Humans

The effect of age and gender on major, minor, and trace element contents in the intact rib bone of 80 relatively healthy 15–55-year-old women and men was investigated. Contents or upper limit of contents of 16 chemical elements in the rib bone were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Mean values (M?±?SΕΜ) for the mass fraction of Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Na, P, S, Sr, and Zn (milligram per kilogram of dry bone) were as follows: 2.54?±?0.16, 171,400?±?4,050, 1.35?±?0.22, 140?±?11, 1,874?±?71, 0.049?±?0.011, 2,139?±?38, 5,378?±?88, 75,140?±?1,660, 1,881?±?51, 291?±?20, and 92.8?±?1.5, respectively. The upper limits of contents of Al, B, Mn, and V were <7.20, <0.65, <0.36, and <0.03, respectively. Statistically significant tendency for the Ca, Mg, and P content to decrease with age was found in the human rib bone, regardless of gender. The mass fraction of Fe in the male rib bone increases with age. It was shown that higher Ca, Mg, Na, P, and Sr mass fractions as well as lower Fe content were typical of female ribs as compared to those in male ribs.     

Further studies of the sieve-element plastids of theCaryophyllales includingBarbeuia,Corrigiola, Lyallia,Microtea, Sarcobatus,andTelephium

The sieve-element plastids of 69 species of theCaryophyllales were investigated by transmission electron microscopy. All contained the specific subtype-P3 plastids characterized by a peripheral ring of protein filaments. The presence or absence of an additional central protein crystal and their shape being either polygonal or globular as well as the average sizes of the sieve-element plastids are useful features in the characterization of some families.—Barbeuia contains sieve-element plastids that confirm its placement within thePhytolaccaceae. Lyallia differs fromHectorella by including small starch grains in their sieve-element plastids, which otherwise by their globular crystals negate a closer connection to theCaryophyllaceae. The lack of a central protein crystal in its form-P3fs plastids placesMicrotea best within theChenopodiaceae. Sarcobatus, a so far uncontested member of theChenopodiaceae, contains form-P3cf plastids, i.e., including a central crystal not found elsewhere in this family.Telephium andCorrigiola, shifted back and forth betweenMolluginaceae andCaryophyllaceae, have form-P3cf(s) plastids with a polygonal crystal which favor their placement within theCaryophyllaceae.     

Simultaneous measurement of the trace elements Al, As, B, Be, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Rb, Se, Sr, and Zn in human serum and their reference ranges by ICP-MS

The goal of this article was to establish reference ranges of the concentration of trace elements in human serum and to compare these results with those reported by other authors. We describe the sample preparation and measurement conditions that allow the rapid, precise, and accurate determination of Al, As, B, Be, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Rb, Se, Sr, and Zn in human serum samples (n=110) by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Accuracy and precision were determined by analyzing three reconstituted reference serum samples by comparison with other methods and by the standard addition procedure. The advantages of the ICP-MS method include short time of analysis of the elements mentioned, low detection limit, high precision, and high accuracy. Disadventages include a high risk of contamination due to the presence of some of the elements of interest in the environment, the relatively delicate sample handling, and the high cost of the equipment.     

Translocation of radionuclides of Co, Zn, Se, Rb, Y, Tc, and Re into organs of tomato plant via roots

The translocation of the radionuclides of Co, Zn, Se, Rb, Y, Tc, and Re into red and green fruits, flesh, seeds, rind, calyxes, flower, leaves, and stems via the root of the tomato plant at two different growth stages was studied by a multitracer technique. The contents (%/g) of Co, Zn, Se, and Y in the roots were the highest among the organs, but only small amounts of them were translocated into the aerial parts after 5 d cultivation with a multitracer. In contrast, Rb, Tc, and Re showed rapid translocation into the stems and leaves from the root. In the plants cultivated for 95 d with a multitracer, Zn, Se, and Rb distributed in all of the organs, Co in the organs except for flowers, and Y, Tc, and Re in the limited organs. The translocation ratio of the elements for the edible part of the plants cultivated for 95 d decreased in the order of Rb>Zn>Co≈Se>Tc≈Y>Re. The transfer factor of the elements for tomato fruit was determined to be in the range of 10⁻⁵–10⁻². The characteristic translocation behavior of the elements gives us fundamental information on the assessment of pollutant uptake by the tomato plant.