MEDIUM OPTIMIZATION OF ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY PRODUCTION BY Bacillus amyloliquefaciens USING STATISTICAL EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

In order to overproduce biofungicides agents by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens BLB371, a suitable culture medium was optimized using response surface methodology. Plackett–Burman design and central composite design were employed for experimental design and analysis of the results. Peptone, sucrose, and yeast extract were found to significantly influence antifungal activity production and their optimal concentrations were, respectively, 20 g/L, 25 g/L, and 4.5 g/L. The corresponding biofungicide production was 250 AU/mL, corresponding to 56% improvement in antifungal components production over a previously used medium (160 AU/mL). Moreover, our results indicated that a deficiency of the minerals CuSO₄, FeCl₃ · 6H₂O, Na₂MoO₄, KI, ZnSO₄ · 7H₂O, H₃BO₃, and C₆H₈O₇ in the optimized culture medium was not crucial for biofungicides production by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens BLB371, which is interesting from a practical point of view, particularly for low-cost production and use of the biofungicide for the control of agricultural fungal pests.     

Optimization of medium compositions favoring butanol and 1,3-propanediol production from glycerol by Clostridium pasteurianum

Medium compositions favoring butanol and 1,3-propanediol (1,3-PDO) production from glycerol by Clostridium pasteurianum DSM525 were investigated using statistical experimental designs. Medium components affecting butanol and 1,3-PDO production were screened using a fractional factorial experimental design. Among the six tested variables (phosphate buffer, MnSO4·H2O, MgSO4·7H2O, FeSO4·7H2O, (NH4)2SO4, and yeast extract), FeSO4·7H2O, (NH4)2SO4, and yeast extract were found to be significant variables for further optimization of medium using a Box-Behnken design. Optimal butanol (0.98 g/L/h) and 1,3-PDO (1.19 g/L/h) productivities were predicted by the corresponding quadratic model for each product and the models were validated experimentally under optimized conditions. The optimal medium composition for butanol production was significantly different from that for 1,3-PDO production (0.06 vs. 0 g/L for FeSO4·7H2O, 7.35 vs. 0 g/L for (NH4)2SO4, and 5.08 vs. 8.0 g/L for yeast extract), suggesting that the product formation from glycerol by C. pasteurianum DSM525 can be controlled by changing medium compositions.     

产γ-谷氨基甲酰胺合成酶菌株的筛选及产酶条件研究

以假单胞菌(Pseudomonas sp.)为出发菌株,通过紫外诱变筛选得到一株γ-谷氨基甲酰胺合成酶高产菌株UV-19,其酶活提高32.54%。以突变株UV-19为供试菌株,对γ-谷氨基甲酰胺合成酶的发酵条件进行优化。首先利用Plackett-Burman设计筛选出影响较大的4个因素:葡萄糖、蛋白胨、起始pH值、装液量。在此基础上再利用CCD响应面分析法进行优化,得到最佳产酶培养条件为(g/L):葡萄糖15、蛋白胨12、NaCl 5.0、MgSO4.7H2O 0.2、K2HPO4.3H2O 0.5、甲胺盐酸盐1.0g/L、起始pH值6.5、装液量72mL/250mL。该优化条件下进行产酶培养,假单胞菌发酵产γ-谷氨基甲酰胺合成酶酶活力可达32.68U/mL。     

响应面法优化类芽胞杆菌HB172198产褐藻胶裂解酶发酵培养基

为了提高类芽胞杆菌新种HB172198产褐藻胶裂解酶活力,本研究采用响应面法对该菌株液体发酵培养基进行了优化实验。在单因素实验和Plackett-Burman试验筛选出海藻酸钠、胰蛋白胨、NaCl、MgSO4·7H2O等4个显著影响产酶因素的基础上,通过Box-Behnken设计及响应面法进行回归分析,得出产褐藻胶裂解酶最佳发酵培养基,其成分为:海藻酸钠7.50 g/L、胰蛋白胨13.57 g/L、NaCl 29.75 g/L、MgSO4·7H2O 0.08 g/L。优化条件下该菌株最大酶活性达14.60 U/mL,是优化前的1.87倍。本研究为菌株HB172198产褐藻胶裂解酶的大规模生产和工业应用提供了重要的理论依据。     

A NEWLY ANTI-Streptococcus suis BACTERIOCIN PRODUCING STRAIN FROM UNWEANED PIGLETS FECAL MATTER: ISOLATION, PRELIMINARY IDENTIFICATION, AND OPTIMIZATION OF MEDIUM COMPOSITION FOR ENHANCED BACTERIOCIN PRODUCTION

A newly isolated anti-Streptococcus suis bacteriocin-producing strain LPL1-5 was obtained from healthy unweaned piglets' fecal matter, and was designated as Lactobacillus pentosus LPL1-5 based on morphology, biochemical properties, and 16S rDNA sequencing analysis. The medium composition for enhanced bacteriocin production by L. pentosus LPL1-5 was optimized by statistical methodology. Yeast extract, K(2)HPO(4)?·?3H(2)O, and MnSO(4)?·?H(2)O were identified as significant components influencing pentocin LPL1-5 production using the Plackett-Burman method. Response surface methodology was applied for further optimization. The concentrations of medium components for enhanced pentocin LPL1-5 production were as follows (g/L): lactose 20.00, tryptone 10.00, beef extract 10.00, yeast extract 14.00, MnSO(4)?·?H(2)O 0.84, K(2)HPO(4)?·?3H(2)O 4.92, triammonium citrate 2.00, Na-acetate 5.00, MgSO(4)?·?7H(2)O 0.58, Tween 80 1.00. Under the optimized condition, a value of 3154.65?±?27.93 IU/mL bacteriocin activity was achieved, which was 4.2-fold that of the original medium.     

阿拉伯胶酶产生菌株的筛选及其发酵培养基的优化

从土壤中筛选产阿拉伯胶酶的微生物菌株,并通过紫外诱变选育后得到高产突变菌株ZHB05F,依据菌落和孢子形态特征初步鉴定为镰刀茵(Fusarium sp.).通过单因素试验,优化了产酶培养基的主要组分的浓度和pH值,得到最佳的产酶发酵培养基组成为:阿拉伯胶30 g/L,(NH4)2SO4 8 g/L,K2HPO4 1g/...     

The effect of chemical and biological treatment on root and crown rot disease caused by Phytophthora cryptogea Pethybr. & Lafferty in Gerbera

Phytophthora root and crown rot (Phytophthora cryptogea) on gerbera is difficult to manage because most gerbera cultivars are susceptible to P. cryptogea. This study was conducted in order to determine the in vivo (pot experiment) efficacy of some fungicides and biofungicides. In pot experiments, fungicides were applied 7 days after inoculation with P. cryptogea, while biofungicide was applied 7 days before inoculation. In this study, soil drenches of five fungicides were tested. “Ametoctradin+dimethomorph (100 ml/day),” “mandipropamid+difenoconazole (60 ml/day),” “propamocarb+fosetyl‐Al (200 ml/day),” “mancozeb+metalaxyl‐M (250 g/day)” and “azoxystrobin+difenoconazole (100 ml/day)” active substances were used. Similarly, one biofungicide Bacillus amyloliquefaciens syn. MBI 600 (50 g/100 L) was applied by soil drenching. Efficacy of treatments was assessed according to the percentage of the root system which was visibly rotten at the end of the experiment. Root and crown rot severity was rated on a scale of 0 = 0% root system necrotic, 1 = 1%‐25% necrotic, 2 = 26%‐50% necrotic, 3 = 51%‐75% necrotic and 4 = 76%‐100% necrotic from 12 to 21 days. In this experiment, “azoxystrobin 200 g/L + difenoconazole 125 g/L” exhibited the highest efficacy against P. cryptogea with a ratio of 43.75%. The other fungicides and biofungicides ametoctradin 300 g/L + dimethomorph 225 g/L, mandipropamid 250 g/L + difenoconazole 250 g/L, propamocarb 530 g/L + fosety‐Al 310 g/L, mancozeb 64%+metalaxyl‐M 4% and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens syn. MBI 600 11% were ineffective. Importance should be given to management strategies of P. cryptogea of and more experiments should be carried out for a better understanding of the use of registered fungicides and biofungicides.     

红曲菌利用生物柴油废液生产红曲色素

对生物柴油废液作简单处理,利用红曲茵发酵生物柴油废液中副产物甘油生产红曲色素。通过响应面方法确定最佳发酵培养基为：甘油48．49g/L,蛋白胨3．12g／L,K2HPO4·3H202．01g/L,MgSO4 0．48g／L,ZnSO4·7H2O 0．04g／L,MnSO4·H2O 0．03g／L,玉米浆13mL／L,植物油10mL／L,起始pH为6。发酵结果表明：在接种量6％（v／v）,转速140r／min,35℃的条件下发酵培养6d,红曲色素最高产量到达204U／mL。说明用生物柴油废液中的粗甘油为原料生产红曲色素是基本可行的。可望为生物柴油废液的资源化提供一条环境友好型的途径。     

侧孢短芽胞杆菌产生线虫侵染性蛋白酶的优化

采用单因素试验确定侧孢短芽胞杆菌G4产线虫侵染性蛋白酶的最佳碳氮源,通过Placket-Burman设计筛选影响蛋白酶活力的主效因子,最陡坡试验和Box-Behnken设计获得主效因子的最佳水平,建立线虫侵染性蛋白酶的最佳生产体系:葡萄糖9.78 g/L、牛肉膏16.65 g/L、磷酸氢二钾0.75 g/L、可溶性淀粉12.5 g/L、氯化钠0.75 g/L、硫酸镁0.5 g/L、初始pH值自然、装液量50 mL,37℃摇瓶培养32 h,蛋白酶活力可达12 379.41 U/mL,较优化前的2 476.3 U/mL提高了4倍。     

Antibacterial and Anticancer activity of ε -poly-L-lysine (ε -PL) produced by a marine Bacillus subtilis sp

A marine Bacillus subtilis SDNS was isolated from sea water in Alexandria and identified using 16S rDNA sequence analysis. The bacterium produced a compound active against a number of gram negativeve bacteria. Moreover, the anticancer activity of this bacterium was tested against three different human cell lines (Hela S3, HepG2 and CaCo). The highest inhibition activity was recorded against Hela S3 cell line (77.2%), while almost no activity was recorded towards CaCo cell line. HPLC and TLC analyses supported evidence that Bacillus subtilis SDNS product is ?;-poly-L-lysine. To achieve maximum production, Plackett-Burman experimental design was applied. A 1.5 fold increase was observed when Bacillus subtilis SDNS was grown in optimized medium composed of g/l: (NH(4) )(2) SO(4) , 15; K(2) HPO(4) , 0.3; KH(2) PO(4) , 2; MgSO(4) · 7 H(2) O, 1; ZnSO(4) · 7 H(2) O, 0; FeSO(4) · 7 H(2) O, 0.03; glucose, 25; yeast extract, 1, pH 6.8. Under optimized culture condition, a product value of 76.3 mg/l could be obtained. According to available literature, this is the first announcement for the production of ?;-poly-L-lysine (?;-PL) by a member of genus Bacillus. (? 2012 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim).     

Shelf-life enhancement of bio-inoculant formulation by optimizing the trace metals ions in the culture medium for production of DAPG using fluorescent pseudomonad R62

Statistical experimental design was used to optimize the concentration of trace elements for production of antifungal compound, 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (DAPG), from fluorescent pseudomonad R62 in shake-flask cultivation. The selection of the trace metal ions, influencing DAPG production, was done using Plackett-Burman design (PBD). Only Zn(2+), Mn(2+) and MoO(4)(2-) were the most significant components (p<0.05). A quadratic model was used to fit the response. Application of response surface methodology (RSM) revealed that the optimum values of the salts of the trace elements Zn(2+) (ZnSO(4)·7H(2)O), Mn(2+) (MnCl(2)·4H(2)O), and MoO(4)(2-) (Na(2)MoO(4)·2H(2)O) were 83, 42 and 135μM, respectively, to achieve 125 mg/L of DAPG, which was nearly 13-fold more compared to its production in basal synthetic medium in shake flask. The studies in 14L bioreactor resulted in 135 mg/L of DAPG at the end of 36 h of cultivation. The culture broth containing 125 mg/L of DAPG was found to be sufficient for keeping the bio-inoculant viable in non-sterile talcum powder-based formulations (which contained 25μg DAPG/g carrier) when stored at 28°C for 6 months. The structure of the purified DAPG was confirmed using (1)H NMR and mass spectrometry.     

响应面分析优化产木聚糖酶毕赤酵母基因工程菌培养条件

研究不同碳源、氮源和无机盐对毕赤酵母AX181菌株产木聚糖酶的影响。实验表明,分别采用葡萄糖和玉米浆干粉为碳源和氮源可以明显提高木聚糖酶的产量。无机盐单因子优化实验显示添加适量的（NH4）2SO4、KH2PO4、MnSO4·H2O、FeSO4·7H2O也可以部分提高木聚糖酶产量。在此基础上利用响应面法优化毕赤酵母产木聚糖酶培养基,利用12次实验的Plackett—Burman设计实验筛选出影响产木聚糖酶的3个主要因素,即玉米浆干粉、MnSO4·H2O和FeSO4·7H20。并进一步通过最陡爬坡路径逼近最大响应区域,采用中心组合实验设计确定最佳条件。优化后的产木聚糖酶培养基组分为（g/L）：葡萄糖40．00,玉米浆干粉80．84,（NH4）2SO46．25,KH2PO41．25、MnSO4·H2O0．35,FeS04-7H2O1．31。培养基优化后,实际产酶2883．86u／mL,是优化前YPD培养基产酶的2．51倍。     

聚苹果酸的发酵培养条件优化

对出芽短梗霉(Aureobasidium pullulans)BS02发酵制备生物降解材料聚苹果酸的摇瓶发酵条件进行研究,确定了出芽短梗霉发酵制备聚苹果酸的摇瓶培养条件。由实验结果可知:优化的培养基(g/L)为葡萄糖120.0、丁二酸铵3.0、丁二酸2.0、MnSO4.H2O 0.005、MgSO4.7H2O 0.1,另外每升发酵液加玉米浆0.5 mL,CaCO350 g/L,培养条件为pH4.0～4.5、24℃、500 mL摇瓶装发酵液100 mL、摇床转速220 r/min,在最优条件下,聚苹果酸产量可达到30 g/L。     

圆红冬孢酵母菌发酵产油脂培养基及发酵条件的优化研究

采用均匀设计和单因子试验法,系统考察了圆红冬孢酵母菌(Rhodosporidiumtoruloides)在不同碳氮比条件下产油发酵情况以及添加无机盐对产油发酵的影响,通过均匀设计软件对二次多项回归方程求解及单因素分析得知在培养基组成分别为葡萄糖70g/L,硫酸铵0.1g/L,酵母粉0.75g/L,磷酸二氢钾0.4g/L,七水硫酸镁1.5g/L,初始pH6.0,在灭菌(121℃15min)后添加ZnSO41.91×10-6mmol/L、CaCl21.50mmol/L、MnCl21.22×10-4mmol/L、CuSO41.00×10-4mmol/L。发酵摇瓶装液量为250mL三角瓶装培养基50mL,接种量为10%(种龄28h)。在上述条件下,30℃振荡(200r/min)培养120h,所得菌体油脂含量高达76.1%,脂肪得率系数可达22.7。     

黑曲霉固态发酵生产单宁酶的条件优化

研究采用响应面法优化黑曲霉固态发酵生产单宁酶的培养条件。应用Plackett—Burman试验筛选出重要影响因子：五倍子粉含量、（NH4）2SO4浓度以及接种孢子量,最陡爬坡试验逼近最大响应区域。应用Box．Behnken响应面试验对重要影响因子进一步优化。得到最佳培养条件：每250mL三角瓶中装入1．0g五倍子粉、4．4g稻壳和0．5g麸皮、液固比（mL／g）2：1且营养盐溶液组成为（NH4）2s0421g/L、MgSO4·7H2O1g／L、NaCl1g／L,培养基pH自然,接种5．7×10^7个孢子后在30℃温度下培养4d。在此条件下,单宁酶产量从40U／g提高到114U／g,3次重复验证性试验平均值为115U／g,验证了模型的可靠性。     

Sporulation of several biocontrol fungi as affected by carbon and nitrogen sources in a two-stage cultivation system

The development of fungal biopesticides requires the efficient production of large numbers spores or other propagules. The current study used published information concerning carbon concentrations and C:N ratios to evaluate the effects of carbon and nitrogen sources on sporulation of Paecilomyces lilacinus (IPC-P and M-14) and Metarhizium anisopliae (SQZ-1-21 and RS-4-1) in a two-stage cultivation system. For P. lilacinus IPCP, the optimal sporulation medium contained urea as the nitrogen source, dextrin as the carbon source at 1 g/L, a C:N ratio of 5:1, with ZnSO(4)·7H(2)O at 10 mg/L and CaCl(2) at 3 g/L. The optimal sporulation medium for P. lilacinus M-14 contained soy peptone as the nitrogen source and maltose as the carbon source at 2 g/L, a C:N ratio of 10:1, with ZnSO(4)·7H(2)O at 250 mg/L, CuSO(4)·5H(2)O at 10 mg/L, H(3)BO(4) at 5 mg/L, and Na(2)MoO(4)·2H(2)O at 5 mg/L. The optimum sporulation medium for M. anisopliae SQZ-1-21 contained urea as the nitrogen source, sucrose as the carbon source at 16 g/ L, a C:N ratio of 80:1, with ZnSO(4)·7H(2)O at 50 mg/L, CuSO(4)·5H(2)O at 50 mg/L, H(3)BO(4) at 5 mg/L, and MnSO(4)·H(2)O at 10 mg/L. The optimum sporulation medium for M. anisopliae RS-4-1 contained soy peptone as the nitrogen source, sucrose as the carbon source at 4 g/L, a C:N ratio of 5:1, with ZnSO(4)·7H(2)O at 50 mg/L and H(3)BO(4) at 50 mg/L. All sporulation media contained 17 g/L agar. While these results were empirically derived, they provide a first step toward low-cost mass production of these biocontrol agents.     

Design and optimization of fermentation medium for enhanced bacteriocin production by probiotic bacterium Enterococcus faecium MC13

Statistics-based experimental designs were used to develop a cost-effective medium for enhanced production of viable cells and bacteriocin by probiotic Enterococcus faecium MC13. Carbon, nitrogen, and mineral sources were first screened by one-variable-at-a-time (OVAT) methods. In order to increase yield production, the selected variables were further statistically optimized using response-surface methodology (RSM) with central composite design (CCD). The maximum and minimum levels of the selected variables were determined and a set of 34 experimental runs was performed. The optimum concentrations of the tested variables for production of viable cells (12.24 log CFU mL(-1)) and bacteriocin activity (25,600 AU mL(-1)) were tryptone (10.0 g/L), peptone (6.0 g/L), maltose (3.0 g/L), glucose (9.0 g/L), NaCl (15.0 g/L), sodium citrate (2.5 g/L), sodium acetate (1.0 g/L), and dipotassium PO(4) (0.1 g/L). Threefold increased yield of bacteriocin was achieved in optimized medium compared to the unoptimized counterpart, and this was two times less cost than commercial MRS medium.     

假单胞菌属No.2120生产D-甘露糖异构酶发酵培养基的优化

通过单因子实验、Plackett-Burman实验设计、响应面分析法对假单胞菌属No.2120产D-甘露糖异构酶的培养基进行优化,确定发酵优化条件:果糖15.26 g/L,牛肉膏20 g/L,酵母膏2 g/L,K2HPO42 g/L,MgSO4.7H2O0.5 g/L,NaCl 0.5 g/L,Tween-80 1.54 g/L。采用优化配方异构酶比酶活可以达到68.28 U/mL。     

A glycerol-inducible thermostable lipase from Bacillus sp.: medium optimization by a Plackett-Burman design and by response surface methodology

The production of a neutral lipase from a Bacillus sp. was improved tremendously (193-fold) following media optimization involving both the "one-at-a-time" and the statistical designing approaches. The present lipase was poorly induced by oils, instead its production was induced in the presence of sugars and sugar alcohols, mainly galactose, lactose, glycerol, and mannitol. A high inoculum density of 15% v/v (A550 = 0.8) led to maximum lipase production. Interestingly, the enzyme induction was growth independent, a property very different from most of the lipases investigated to date. The optimal composition of the growth medium to achieve maximum lipase production was determined to be as follows: NH4Cl, 35 g x L(-1); glycerol, 10 mL x L(-1); K2HPO4, 3 g x L(-1); KH2PO4, 1 g x L(-1); MgSO4.7H2O, 0.1 g x L(-1); glucose, 2 g x L(-1); MgCl2, 0.6 mmol x L(-1), with 15% inoculum density and an incubation period of 24 h. About 62 U x mL(-1) of enzyme production was achieved in the optimized medium.     

红曲多糖液态发酵工艺条件的优化

实验研究红曲多糖的液态发酵条件,得出优化后红曲菌ZKOA发酵工艺条件：蔗糖40g/L,酵母粉4．5g／L,KH2PO4·3H2O3．5∥L．MgSO40．4g／L,植物油2mL／L,接种量8％,种龄30h,发酵液起始pH5．0,发酵时间90h,在此条件下,摇瓶和中试发酵罐中的粗多糖质量浓度分别为7．6g／L和7．34g/L。