水椰八角铁甲和椰心叶甲对椰子和银海枣的寄主选择性

【目的】水椰八角铁甲和椰心叶甲均为棕榈科植物的重要入侵害虫,两者的外部形态、取食部位和危害特征相似。研究它们的寄主选择性有助于了解这2种害虫的扩散和成灾机制。【方法】在室内用椰子和银海枣2种寄主植物分别饲养水椰八角铁甲和椰心叶甲,研究在不同寄主植物上水椰八角铁甲和椰心叶甲的存活率、产卵率、发育历期等以及这2种害虫对不同寄主植物的选择性。【结果】水椰八角铁甲在2种寄主上的存活率差异显著,除了卵期和蛹期之外,幼虫期各虫态在银海枣上的存活率明显比在椰子上的存活率高;椰心叶甲在椰子上的存活率高于银海枣,各虫态平均存活率分别为95%和86%。取食银海枣的水椰八角铁甲达标准卵量概率为0.23,取食椰子不产卵,无法完成整个世代;取食椰子的椰心叶甲达标准卵量概率为0.86,取食银海枣不产卵,也无法完成整个世代;水椰八角铁甲取食银海枣完成世代的实验种群趋势指数为12.55,椰心叶甲取食椰子完成世代的实验种群趋势指数为66.55。【结论】水椰八角铁甲和椰心叶甲分别对银海枣和椰子这2种寄主植物具有明显的选择性。在海南椰子树的数量远远超过银海枣,该实验结果在一定程度上解释了椰心叶甲在海南岛广泛分布而水椰八角铁甲只是零星发生的原因。     

寄主植物对椰心叶甲生长发育和繁殖力的影响

研究了5种棕榈科寄主植物椰子(Cocos nucifera)、酒瓶椰子(Hyophorbe lageni-caulis)、老人葵(Washingtonia filifera)、大王棕(Roystonea regia)和槟榔(Areca catechu)未展开心叶对椰心叶甲实验种群生长发育和繁殖力的影响.结果表明:在取食不同的寄主植物心叶的情况下,椰心叶甲完成1个世代所需的时间差异显著,其中取食老人葵所需时间最长,为72.8d,取食酒瓶椰子所需时间最短,为39.8d;酒瓶椰子上的平均蛹质量较其它4种寄主植物大;取食老人葵的椰心叶甲平均产卵量最高,为157.6粒,而取食槟榔的最少,为65.2粒;取食酒瓶椰子的椰心叶甲成虫寿命为207.5d,远比寄生于其它寄主的成虫寿命长.5种寄主植物上的实验种群趋势指数分别为53.57、54.98、48.56、20.46和11.54.     

椰心叶甲、椰子织蛾肠道菌群多样性分析

[目的] 椰心叶甲、椰子织蛾同属棕榈科食叶性入侵害虫,两者同时取食棕榈科植物却无明显竞争作用,本文通过分子生物学手段对两者的肠道菌群组成、肠道代谢通路进行比对,以此探讨两者食性之间相关性。[方法] 以16S rRNA菌群分析等预测手段对两者肠道微生物群落、代谢通路等进行差异分析。[结果] 椰心叶甲体内变形菌门群落丰度显著高于椰子织蛾,椰子织蛾体内蓝菌门、放线菌门、酸杆菌门、疣微菌门等菌群丰度显著高于椰心叶甲;椰心叶甲体内膦酸酯和亚膦酸盐代谢、N-聚糖合成等肠道代谢通路显著强于椰子织蛾,而椰子织蛾肠道中酮体的合成和降解、维生素B6代谢、核黄素代谢、黄酮和黄酮醇生物合成等代谢通路显著强于椰心叶甲。[结论] 椰子织蛾体内相对较高的酸杆菌门丰度可能导致了其偏好取食纤维素高的椰子老叶,而椰心叶甲则相反。同时,椰子织蛾肠道内显著较高的维生素B含量在其族群发展过程中起到了主要作用。两者细菌丰度以及代谢通路强度的差异可能影响了两者的食性。     

引进天敌椰甲截脉姬小蜂防治椰心叶甲的可行性探讨

从2 0 0 2年海南省首次在海口市发现新入侵害虫椰心叶甲Brontispalongissima(Gestro)以来,现该虫已蔓延到海南省的1 1个市县。从地理纬度、气候条件、寄主分布范围等自然条件来看,椰心叶甲也完全有可能向高纬度的临近省份扩散。直接影响到种植业及旅游业的健康发展,因此防治该虫迫在眉睫。通过海南省的生态条件,椰心叶甲的寄主和天敌特点综合分析,认为引进天敌椰甲截脉姬小蜂Asecodeshispinarum防治该害虫是经济有效的方法。     

入侵害虫椰心叶甲的研究进展

近30年来,椰心叶甲Brontispa longissima(Gestro)在亚太椰子产区扩散蔓延,成为棕榈植物上主要害虫。2002年,该害虫入侵我国海南并暴发成灾。化学防除是控制椰心叶甲危害的首要措施,其中包括挂药包等农药缓释技术,而生物防治是控制该虫扩散蔓延的经济有效措施。从感病椰心叶甲虫体上分离的微生物杀虫剂绿僵菌Metarhizium anisopliae被我国和其他多个国家应用。椰心叶甲天敌寄生蜂的引进利用是可持续控制该害虫发生的重要措施。幼虫寄生蜂椰甲截脉姬小蜂Asecodes hispinarum和蛹寄生蜂椰心叶甲啮小蜂Tetrastichus brontispae是椰心叶甲的两种重要天敌。2004年,椰甲截脉姬小蜂和椰心叶甲啮小蜂被引入到我国,经扩繁释放后,取得了良好的控害效果,其中有些地区的椰甲截脉姬小蜂寄生率可达90%,椰心叶甲啮小蜂寄生率可达100%。连续放蜂,且椰心叶甲种群有合适虫龄被寄生蜂寄生是控害效果的关键。气候等生态因子也可能是影响寄生蜂控制靶标害虫效果的因素,应进一步加强研究。论文最后提出了未来椰心叶甲防控的研究的方向。     

椰心叶甲天敌垫跗螋的生物学研究

垫跗螋Chelisoches morio (Fabricius)是入侵害虫椰心叶甲Brontispa longissima (Gestro)的一种本地天敌.为了了解垫跗螋的生物学习性和控害潜能,本文对垫跗螋的形态特征、生长发育、重要生物学习性以及对椰心叶甲的捕食选择性和捕食量进行了观察研究.垫跗螋雌成虫将产的卵堆积在一起,抱孵在体下,且不时用口器翻动重排卵,受到惊扰时会吃掉卵,甚至初孵的若虫.在室温条件下(20±2)℃,以椰心叶甲2龄幼虫为食料,垫跗螋从卵至成虫的平均发育历期为(107.9±15.2)d;平均每头雌虫产卵量为(138.7±59.5)粒;垫跗螋成虫对椰心叶甲2龄幼虫的日平均捕食量为(6.7±1.1)头.寄主龄期选择性实验表明,垫跗螋成虫和4龄若虫喜欢取食椰心叶甲的2龄幼虫;3龄和2龄若虫喜欢取食椰心叶甲的1龄幼虫.     

长期饲喂不同类型椰子叶片对椰心叶甲生长发育的影响

【目的】研究不同生长阶段的椰子叶片对椰心叶甲Brontispa longissima Gestro生长发育的影响。【方法】选用椰子心叶、椰子半展叶和椰子全展叶长期饲养椰心叶甲,并比较驯化后椰心叶甲种群的发育历期、繁殖力和种群趋势指数的差异。【结果】用椰子心叶和椰子全展叶长期饲养的椰心叶甲种群在卵长度（P=0.005<0.01）和蛹重上差异显著（P<0.01）。从整个幼虫发育历期来看,椰子心叶、椰子半展叶和椰子全展叶驯化种群的幼虫发育历期分别为41.45、40.61和36.38d,椰子全展叶驯化种群的幼虫发育历期最短;椰子心叶驯化种群的交配产卵前期显著短于椰子半展叶和椰子全展叶驯化种群（P<0.05）;椰子半展叶驯化种群的平均产卵量最多,为161.78粒,其次是椰子全展叶种群的147.33粒,最少的是椰子心叶驯化种群,其平均产卵量为112.60粒。用椰子心叶、椰子半展叶和椰子全展叶长期驯化种群的的种群趋势指数分别是24.79、35.86和45.94。【结论】长期饲喂不同生长阶段的椰子叶片对椰心叶甲的生长发育有显著性影响,其中椰子全展叶驯化种群的发育历期最短,存活率最高,种群趋势指数最高。椰子全展叶是最适合椰心叶甲的生长发育的叶片。     

深圳地区椰心叶甲寄主和天敌种类调查

调查结果表明,深圳地区椰心叶甲Brontispalongissima(Gestro)的寄主植物有26属36种,危害比较严重的寄主有椰子(CocosnuciferaL.)、大王椰子(RoystonearegiaO.F.Cook)、假槟榔(Archontophoenixalexandrae(F.V.Mueller))、鱼尾葵(CaryotaochlandraHance)、三药槟榔(ArecatriandraRoxburghexBuchanan)、金山葵(Syagrusromanzoffiana(Chamisso)Glassman)、菲岛鱼尾葵(CaryotacumingiiLoddigesexMartius)、刺葵(PhoenixhanceanaNaudin)、国王椰子(RavenearivularisL.)等。野外观察和采集标本鉴定结果表明,深圳地区椰心叶甲捕食性天敌有11种,主要种类为蚂蚁Formicasp.、毛蠼螋Cheatospaniasp.、中华大螳螂ParattenoderasinensisSaussure;致病微生物有3种,主要是绿僵菌Metarhiziumanisopliaevar.anisopliae。     

海南椰心叶甲病原菌金龟子绿僵菌的分离、鉴定及其生防潜力

椰心叶甲[Brontispa longissima（Gestro）]是椰子的重要害虫,近年来,该虫在海南岛发生普遍,椰子受害严重。由于椰心叶甲受到自然界中某些致病微生物的侵袭,在受害的椰子树心叶上常可发现椰心叶甲僵虫,并发现大部分僵虫表面长出了霉菌,本研究的目的在于从椰心叶甲僵虫表面的霉菌中分离出绿僵菌,并对分离菌株进行鉴定和致病性测定。从僵虫表面刮下孢子或菌丝体,置于绿僵菌选择性培养基（DOA）上培养,挑出真菌菌落,经纯化后,进行生物学特性、菌落生长速率及产孢量的测定,并从PPDA、OMA、VSA和PDA中筛选菌落生长及产孢最适培养基,同时对所分离的菌株进行对椰心叶甲的致病性测定。结果表明,所有分离菌株均鉴定为金龟子绿僵菌[Metarhizium anisopliae（Metschnikoff）],PPDA是菌落生长及产孢的最适培养基,大多数菌株对椰心叶甲有较强的致病力。选取强毒菌株MA4在田间进行防治效果的初步测定,结果表明,该菌株能显著降低椰心叶甲成虫的虫口密度。这些金龟子绿僵菌菌株是首次从海南的椰心叶甲僵虫中分离到的昆虫病原真菌,该菌对海南的椰心叶甲具有很好的生防潜能。     

椰心叶甲幼虫空间分布及其抽样技术研究

本文采用多种聚集度指标对椰子树Cocos nuciferaL．上的椰心叶甲Brontispalongissima（Gestro）幼虫的空间分布型进行了研究,结果表明：椰心叶甲幼虫空间分布为聚集分布;其幼虫虫口密度在不同心叶及心叶不同部位上差异极显著,并且第一片心叶上幼虫虫口密度与整株幼虫数量显著相关,利用公式y=5．70＋1．26x可推算整株椰子树的幼虫虫口密度。分析寄主受害斑与虫口密度的关系表明,寄主受害斑的长（x1）、宽（x2）、长与宽交互作用（x3=X1x2）三个因子与椰心叶甲虫口密度（y）成正相关,模型Y=11．81—2．69x2＋0．10x3可预测全树幼虫虫口密度。     

Presence of Rhizobium Etli bv . Phaseoli and Rhizobium Gallicum bv . Gallicum in Egyptian Soils

Seven bean rhizobial strains EBRI 2, 3, 21, 24, 26, 27 and 29 identified as Rhizobium etli, and EBRI 32 identified as Rhizobium gallicum, isolated from Egyptian soils and which nodulated Phaseolus vulgaris efficiently, were subjected to hybridization with a nifH probe in order to estimate the copy number of this gene. Seven strains (EBRI 2, 3, 21, 24, 26, 27 and 29) which were only able to nodulate Phaseolus vulgaris, contained three copies of the nifH gene, consistent with their identification as Rhizobium etli bv. phaseoli. Only one strain (EBRI 32) which nodulated both Phaseolus vulgaris and Leucaena leucocephala, had one copy of nifH gene. This confirmed the classification of this strain as Rhizobium gallicum bv. gallicum.     

Effects of MULTIFOLIATE-PINNA, AFILA, TENDRIL-LESS and UNIFOLIATA genes on leafblade architecture in Pisum sativum

In order to dissect the genetic regulation of leafblade morphogenesis, 16 genotypes of pea, constructed by combining the wild-type and mutant alleles of MFP, AF, TL and UNI genes, were quantitatively phenotyped. The morphological features of the three domains of leafblades of four genotypes, unknown earlier, were described. All the genotypes were found to differ in leafblade morphology. It was evident that MFP and TL functions acted as repressor of pinna ramification, in the distal domain. These functions, with and without interaction with UNI, also repressed the ramification of proximal pinnae in the absence of AF function. The expression of MFP and TL required UNI function. AF function was found to control leafblade architecture multifariously. The earlier identified role of AF as a repressor of UNI in the proximal domain was confirmed. Negative control of AF on the UNI-dependent pinna ramification in the distal domain was revealed. It was found that AF establishes a boundary between proximal and distal domains and activates formation of leaflet pinnae in the proximal domain.     

Characterisation of cell wall polysaccharides, arabinogalactans-proteins (AGPs) and phenolics of Cola nitida, Cola acuminata and Garcinia kola seeds

Many Cola plant species are endemic to West and Central Africa. Cola acuminata and Cola nitida are used as masticatory when fresh, while the dried nuts are used for beverages and pharmaceutical purposes in Europe and North America. Garcinia kola seeds, that serve as a substitute for the true kola nuts, are used in African traditional medicine for the treatment of various diseases, including colic, headache and liver cirrhosis. Seeds extracts of G. kola are also known for their anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antiviral properties. To gain information on the chemical properties of the kolas, we have isolated and analyzed cell wall polysaccharides, arabinogalactan-proteins and phenolic substances from the seeds of the three kola species. The sugar composition of cell wall material of C. acuminata, C. nitida and G. kola revealed that Gal (up to 30%), Ara, GalA and Glc as the predominant monosaccharides, representing approximately 90% by mol of the total hydrolysable sugar present in this material. In Ammonium oxalate cell wall fraction, GalA was found to be the major sugar present in all kola species. In the alkali-soluble fraction, there were significant differences in the level of Glc and Gal. The level of Glc was high in C. acuminata and C. nitida while the level of Gal and Xyl were high in C. nitida and G. cola. Isolation and quantification of arabinogalactan-proteins demonstrate that G. kola seeds contained four to eight times more of these proteoglycans than the seeds of the other two species. Finally, analysis of soluble phenolic substances shows that caffeine and catechin were largely represented in C. acumina and C. nitida seeds, with caffeine accounting for 50% of all soluble phenolics. These findings indicate that the three Kola seeds are highly enriched in pectins and proteoglycans and that C. acuminata and C. nitida can be used as a possible source of caffeine and catechin.     

Prosthecium species with Stegonsporium anamorphs on Acer

Data from microscopic morphology, single-spore cultures, and DNA analyses of teleomorphs and anamorphs support the recognition of five species of Prosthecium with Stegonsporium anamorphs on Acer: P. acerinum sp. nov., the teleomorph of S. acerinum; P. acerophilum comb. nov., formerly known as Dictyoporthe acerophila; P. galeatum comb. nov., originally described as Massaria galeata; P. opalus sp. nov.; and P. pyriforme sp. nov., the teleomorph of S. pyriforme s. str. The morphology of both type specimens and freshly collected material was investigated. The teleomorphs have brown ellipsoidal ascospores with five distosepta and often a longitudinal distoseptum. The anamorphs of all species described here belong to Stegonsporium; their connection to the Prosthecium teleomorphs was demonstrated by morphology and DNA sequences of single spore cultures derived from both ascospores and conidia. The anamorphs and teleomorphs of all five Prosthecium species are described and illustrated by LM images, and a key to these species is provided. As perceived from this work, S. pyriforme is restricted to Europe and does not occur in North America, whereas S. acerinum is restricted to North America, not found in Europe. The host associations given in the literature are revised and evidence is provided that only A. opalus, A. pseudoplatanus, and A. saccharum are confirmed hosts of Prosthecium with Stegonsporium anamorphs. Molecular phylogenetic analyses of tef1, ITS rDNA, and partial nuLSU rDNA sequences confirm that the species with Stegonsporium anamorphs are closely related to P. ellipsosporum, the generic type species. Stilbospora macrosperma is confirmed as the anamorph of P. ellipsosporum by DNA data of single spore isolates obtained from both ascospores and conidia.     

Probing the Drosophila retinal determination gene network in Tribolium (II): The Pax6 genes eyeless and twin of eyeless

The Pax6 genes eyeless (ey) and twin of eyeless (toy) are upstream regulators in the retinal determination gene network (RDGN), which instructs the formation of the adult eye primordium in Drosophila. Most animals possess a singleton Pax6 ortholog, but the dependence of eye development on Pax6 is widely conserved. A rare exception is given by the larval eyes of Drosophila, which develop independently of ey and toy. To obtain insight into the origin of differential larval and adult eye regulation, we studied the function of toy and ey in the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum. We find that single and combinatorial knockdown of toy and ey affect larval eye development strongly but adult eye development only mildly in this primitive hemimetabolous species. Compound eye-loss, however, was provoked when ey and toy were RNAi-silenced in combination with the early retinal gene dachshund (dac). We propose that these data reflect a role of Pax6 during regional specification in the developing head and that the subsequent maintenance and growth of the adult eye primordium is regulated partly by redundant and partly by specific functions of toy, ey and dac in Tribolium. The results from embryonic knockdown and comparative protein sequence analysis lead us further to conclude that Tribolium represents an ancestral state of redundant control by ey and toy.     

Comparative study of Bifidobacteriumanimalis, Escherichiacoli, Lactobacilluscasei and Saccharomycesboulardii probiotic properties

The present work investigates some probiotic properties of four different microorganisms (Bifidobacterium animalis var. lactis BB-12, Escherichia coli EMO, Lactobacillus casei and Saccharomyces boulardii). In vitro and in vivo tests were carried out to compare cell wall hydrophobicity, production of antagonistic substances, survival capacity in the gastrointestinal tract of germ-free mice without pathological consequence, and immune modulation by stimulation of Küpffer cells, intestinal sIgA and IL-10 levels. In vitro antagonism against pathogenic bacteria and yeast was only observed for the probiotic bacteria B. animalis and L. casei. The hydrophobic property of the cell wall was higher for B. animalis and E. coli EMO, and this property could be responsible for a better ability to colonize the gastrointestinal tract of germ-free mice. Higher levels of sIgA were observed mainly for S. boulardii, followed by E. coli EMO and B. animalis, and only S. boulardii induced a significant higher level of IL-10. In conclusion, for a probiotic use, S. boulardii presented better characteristics in terms of immunomodulation, and B. animalis and L. casei for antagonistic substance production. The knowledge of the different probiotic properties could be used to choice the better microorganism depending on the therapeutic or prophylactic application.     

转Cry1Ac/1Ab基因棉花对异色瓢虫生长发育及其捕食功能的影响

【目的】为探究转Cry1Ac/1Ab基因棉花对异色瓢虫生长发育及其捕食功能的影响。【方法】以转Cry1Ac/1Ab基因棉与其亲本常规棉为实验材料,利用取食不同棉花品种叶片的棉铃虫饲喂异色瓢虫幼虫。【结果】与常规亲本棉相比,取食饲喂转基因棉花叶片的初孵棉铃虫幼虫的异色瓢虫幼虫从1龄发育至化蛹期时间延长0.77 d,但差异不显著;除1龄幼虫体重增加(0.0773 mg)外,其余各龄期幼虫体重均有所下降,但差异均不显著;异色瓢虫1、2、3、4龄幼虫对初孵棉铃虫捕食量均随棉铃虫密度的增加而增加,捕食功能反应均符合HollingⅡ圆盘方程。【结论】转Cry1Ac/1Ab基因棉花对异色瓢虫生长发育无显著影响,饲喂取食转Cry1Ac/1Ab基因棉花的棉铃虫对异色瓢虫捕食功能无显著差异。