鸡内源性类J亚群禽白血病病毒gp85基因的克隆及分析

为深入探讨J亚群禽白血病病毒(Avian leukosis virus subgroup J,ALV-J)的亚群特性,利用ALV-J gp85基因两侧的序列片段为引物,从正常SPF蛋鸡、商品肉鸡和DF1细胞基因组中完整地扩增了内源性类ALV-J gp85基因。肉鸡和DF1细胞内源性类ALV-J gp85基因同源性达99．9％;SPF蛋鸡内源性类ALV-J gp85基因与肉鸡和DF1细胞的内源性类ALV-J gp85基因之间同源性达95．6％、95．3％。三种不同来源的内源性类ALV-J gp85基因DNA与IMC10200株ALV-J的gp85基因的同源性分别为91．8％、94．1％、94．0％;与ALV-J原型株HPRS-103gp85基因的同源性分别为95．6％、98．3％、99．9％。内源性类ALV-J gp85序列与外源性ALV-J gp85基因具有相似或一致的ORF和Jameson-Worrlf抗原表位优势。     

蛋鸡J亚群白血病病毒的分离鉴定及序列分析

通过接种鸡胚成纤维细胞((CEF)及特异性单抗的间接荧光抗体反应(IFA),从中国商品代蛋鸡群中首次分离到J亚群白血病病毒(ALV-J).对其env基因编码的氨基酸序列及3'-末端(3'-Ter)序列与国内外来源于白羽肉鸡的毒株作了比较分析.结果显示,这两株病毒的gp85基因编码的氨基酸序列与国外5个毒株同源性仅为83.4%～87.3%,与国内来源于白羽肉鸡的8株病毒同源性也仅为86.4%～89.6%.gp37基因编码的氨基酸序列与5个国外毒株同源性为91.8%～97.0%,与8个国内毒株同源性为93.9%～95.9%.另外,国内来源于白羽肉鸡的各毒株的3'-Ter序列在"E"区均有明显缺失,但本次分离的来源于蛋鸡群的毒株在"E"区没有缺失突变.与所列出的13株国内外毒株相比,这两个毒株在3'-Ter的缺失最少,较接近于原型株HPRS-103.显然这两株病毒的来源不同于国内白羽肉鸡.     

我国1999—2003年间ALV—J野毒株gp85基因变异趋势

通过接种鸡胚成纤维细胞（CEF）、间接免疫荧光试验（IFA）和聚合酶链式反应（PCR）,连续五年从全国各地的送检病料中分离到14株J亚群白血病病毒（ALV-J）。为了动态观察ALV-J囊膜表面结构蛋白（GP85）的变异情况,对这14株野毒株的囊膜糖蛋白基因（env）进行了克隆和测序,将它们与HPRS-103株的GP85的氨基酸序列进行了比较,结果表明：ALV-J的囊膜表面结构蛋白发生了很大的变异,而且这些变异主要集中在高变区hr1、hr2和vr3;这些野毒株GP85的氨基酸序列的同源性在86．6％～100％之间（从同一鸡场中分离到的两株ALV-J即BJ00302与BJ0303的同源性为100％,其它毒株之间的同源性均小于100％）;有义突变与沉默突变的比例显示这3个高变区极有可能是免疫选择压作用的位点。     

禽白血病病毒J亚群跨种传播研究

禽白血病病毒J亚群(ALV-J)为致瘤性禽反转录病毒,主要引起髓细胞瘤。ALV-J囊膜基因的高频突变率使其具有了跨种传播的潜力。为探索ALV-J在宿主选择压力下是否可实现跨种传播,本研究以ALV-J顺次感染易感宿主禽(SPF鸡,火鸡),然后过渡到抗性宿主禽(山鸡,鹌鹑和鸭),检测排毒规律、观察病理变化、分析分离株囊膜基因(env)遗传突变。结果显示,通过对ALV-J体内选择压的逐级建立,实现了对抗性宿主山鸡和鹌鹑的感染,但鸭未感染,而用原代毒直接攻毒抗性禽则未出现感染。SPF鸡和火鸡感染率均为100%(16/16),而山鸡和鹌鹑的感染率分别为37.5%(6/16)和10%(3/30)。感染宿主均呈免疫耐受状态,并可见肝脏、脾脏、肾脏及心血管系统炎症反应和组织损伤。通过有义突变与沉默突变比值(NS/S)分析,山鸡毒株和鹌鹑毒株超变区hr2的NS/S值均为2.5,由此可知山鸡和鹌鹑ALV-J分离株的突变是由宿主选择压造成的,且提示hr2区突变是ALV-J实现跨种传播的关键区域。序列同源性分析发现火鸡、山鸡和鹌鹑ALV-J分离株与原始毒逐渐远离,而与ALV-J原型株HPRS-103株却呈接近趋势,但HPRS-103不感染山鸡和鹌鹑,其机制还有待于进一步研究。     

我国1999-2003年间ALV-J野毒株gp85基因变异趋势

通过接种鸡胚成纤维细胞(CEF)、间接免疫荧光试验(IFA)和聚合酶链式反应(PCR),连续五年从全国各地的送检病料中分离到14株J亚群白血病病毒(ALV-J).为了动态观察ALV-J囊膜表面结构蛋白(GP85)的变异情况,对这14株野毒株的囊膜糖蛋白基因(env)进行了克隆和测序,将它们与HPRS-103株的GP85的氨基酸序列进行了比较,结果表明ALV-J的囊膜表面结构蛋白发生了很大的变异,而且这些变异主要集中在高变区hr1、hr2和vr3;这些野毒株GP85的氨基酸序列的同源性在86.6%～100%之间(从同一鸡场中分离到的两株ALV-J即BJ00302与BJ0303的同源性为100%,其它毒株之间的同源性均小于100%);有义突变与沉默突变的比例显示这3个高变区极有可能是免疫选择压作用的位点.     

禽白血病病毒J亚群内蒙株的分离与鉴定

本研究从曾见典型禽骨髓性白血病(Myeloid Leukosis,ML)病例的内蒙古某肉种鸡场随机选取的淘汰肉种鸡中,分离出一株J亚群禽白血病病毒(Avian leukosis virus Subgroup J.ALV-J)。利用PCR和间接免疫荧光反应进行鉴定,J亚群禽白血病病毒内蒙株可以被两对ALV—J特异性引物扩增(特异条带约2．2kb和545bp);且在特异性单抗的间接免疫荧光检测中呈现强阳性荧光反应。此外,对山东一例肉种鸡骨髓性白血病病例亦进行了J亚群禽白血病病毒的分离与鉴定。2．2kb PCR扩增物的测序结果表明,两株分离病毒的同源性为96．9％,与已分离的SD9901和YZ9901株ALV-J同源性达94．2％～95.4％。     

J亚群禽白血病病毒蛋鸡分离株SD07LK1全基因组核苷酸序列的比较

[目的]分析我国ALV-J蛋鸡分离株的来源和进一步演变趋势.[方法]以J亚群禽白血病病毒(ALV-J)蛋鸡分离株SD07LK1感染的鸡胚成纤维细胞(CEF)基因组:DNA作为其前病毒基因组模板,根据已发表序列设计合成9对引物,经PCR扩增出9段连续的、相互部分重叠的DNA片段和闭合环形前病毒两末端LTR的连接区段,并分别连入T载体进行克隆、测序.[结果]用:DNAstar软件对测序结果进行剪辑和拼接,首次完成了ALV-J蛋鸡分离株SD07LK1的前病毒全基因组核苷酸序列.[结论]将该序列与另外已完成的全基因组序列的比较表明,ALV-J的整个基因组gag和pol基因相对保守,各毒株间对应基因的同源性分别在95.O%以上,env基因的同源性仅为88.6%～94.0%.     

禽白血病病毒J亚群内蒙株的分离与鉴定

本研究从曾见典型禽骨髓性白血病(Myeloid Leukosis, ML)病例的内蒙古某肉种鸡场随机选取的淘汰肉种鸡中,分离出一株J亚群禽白血病病毒(Avian leukosis virus Subgroup J, ALV-J).利用PCR和间接免疫荧光反应进行鉴定,J亚群禽白血病病毒内蒙株可以被两对ALV-J特异性引物扩增(特异条带约2.2kb和545bp);且在特异性单抗的间接免疫荧光检测中呈现强阳性荧光反应.此外,对山东一例肉种鸡骨髓性白血病病例亦进行了J亚群禽白血病病毒的分离与鉴定.2.2kb PCR扩增物的测序结果表明,两株分离病毒的同源性为96.9%,与已分离的SD9901和YZ9901株ALV-J同源性达94.2%～95.4%.     

J亚群禽白血病病毒蛋鸡分离株SD07LK1全基因组核苷酸序列的比较分析

[目的]分析我国ALV-J蛋鸡分离株的来源和进一步演变趋势.[方法]以J亚群禽白血病病毒(ALV-J)蛋鸡分离株SD07LK1感染的鸡胚成纤维细胞(CEF)基因组:DNA作为其前病毒基因组模板,根据已发表序列设计合成9对引物,经PCR扩增出9段连续的、相互部分重叠的DNA片段和闭合环形前病毒两末端LTR的连接区段,并分别连入T载体进行克隆、测序.[结果]用:DNAstar软件对测序结果进行剪辑和拼接,首次完成了ALV-J蛋鸡分离株SD07LK1的前病毒全基因组核苷酸序列.[结论]将该序列与另外已完成的全基因组序列的比较表明,ALV-J的整个基因组gag和pol基因相对保守,各毒株间对应基因的同源性分别在95.O%以上,env基因的同源性仅为88.6%～94.0%.     

禽白血病病毒J亚群(ALV-J)的血清学调查及PCR诊断

禽骨髓细胞性白血病(myeloid leucosis)(或称禽骨髓细胞瘤,myelcytomatomatosis)(ML)是由禽白血病病毒(Avian leukosis virus)J亚群(ALV-J)引起的禽的一种肿瘤性传染病[1],ALV-J是英国的Payne于1991年从肉鸡中分离出来的一个新的囊膜亚群[2,3].对ALV-J的原型株,HPRS-103的致病性和传播的研究中发现,本病毒能诱导肉鸡产生骨髓细胞瘤病(ML)、肾瘤和其它多种肿瘤,死亡率为1%～2%,偶尔可高达20%.由于本病毒为ALV和禽内源性反转录病毒囊膜(E51)的重组体[4,5],因此其可通过水平传播和垂直传播迅速地感染整个鸡群,使鸡群在短时间内遭受灭顶之灾.近十年来,在许多国家,包括美国在内的肉鸡中,ML已经是引起死亡和其它生产性问题的严重原因.     

Detection and Molecular Characterization of J Subgroup Avian Leukosis Virus in Wild Ducks in China

To assess the status of avian leukosis virus subgroup J (ALV-J) in wild ducks in China, we examined samples from 528 wild ducks, representing 17 species, which were collected in China over the past 3 years. Virus isolation and PCR showed that 7 ALV-J strains were isolated from wild ducks. The env genes and the 3′UTRs from these isolates were cloned and sequenced. The env genes of all 7 wild duck isolates were significantly different from those in the prototype strain HPRS-103, American strains, broiler ALV-J isolates and Chinese local chicken isolates, but showed close homology with those found in some layer chicken ALV-J isolates and belonged to the same group. The 3′UTRs of 7 ALV-J wild ducks isolates showed close homology with the prototype strain HPRS-103 and no obvious deletion was found in the 3′UTR except for a 1 bp deletion in the E element that introduced a binding site for c-Ets-1. Our study demonstrated the presence of ALV-J in wild ducks and investigated the molecular characterization of ALV-J in wild ducks isolates.     

诱发血管瘤型J亚群禽白血病病毒gp85基因的克隆与表达

2007年7月至11月,中国开产前后的商品海兰褐蛋鸡群大面积暴发血管瘤,造成巨大经济损失。将病料接种DF1细胞,通过PCR和间接免疫荧光(IFA)确定此次暴发的血管瘤为J亚群白血病病毒(ALV-J)感染引起。从患病鸡群中分离到5株ALV-J(前4株已经报道),将第5株病毒命名为WS0705。为研究该毒株抗原性的特点,用PCR方法扩增出gp85基因,并克隆进pMD18-T载体进行测序。氨基酸系统进化树分析显示WS0705与英国ALV-J原型毒株HPRS-103同源性最高。从已构建的质粒pMD18-T-WS0705gp85中酶切回收gp85基因,构建重组转移载体pFastBacH Tb-WS0705gp85。利用Bac-to-Bac表达系统获得了重组杆状病毒rBac-WS0705gp85。间接免疫荧光和Western blot检测WS0705gp85基因的表达产物。间接免疫荧光显示,构建的重组杆状病毒感染的Sf9细胞呈现明显的强阳性反应;Western blot分析,重组病毒感染的Sf9细胞蛋白显示出约35kD的阳性条带。结果表明,WS0705gp85基因在Sf9细胞中得到良好的表达,并且其编码产物完全可以被外源性ALV-J的特异性单抗JE9识别,进一步证明本次暴发血管瘤的病原为ALV-J,并为进一步开发ALV-J相关诊断产品奠定了基础。     

不同病变型J亚群禽白血病病毒LTR启动子序列分析及活性比较

从ALV-J中国地方分离株SCAU-HN06株(血管瘤病变型)、NX0101株和JS-nt株(骨髓瘤病变型)病毒的细胞培养物提取前病毒DNA,通过PCR扩增各毒株的LTR并克隆,随后进行测序分析。与国内外ALV-J参考毒株LTR序列比较发现:国内地方分离株与英国ALV-J原型株HPRS-103和美国ALV-J原型株ADOL-7501的LTR核苷酸序列相似性为88.0%~97.2%;LTR中的U5区及R区具有较高的保守性,而U3区内存在较大差异。将不同病变型ALV-J的LTR片段分别插入pCAT-basic载体CAT报告基因5'端。用所得的重组报告基因表达质粒转染DF-1细胞,48h后通过测定转染细胞中的CAT表达量来评价LTR启动子的活性。结果表明,SCAU-HN06株与骨髓瘤病变型ALV-J(JS-nt株,NX0101株)LTR启动子活性差异不显著。     

A 19-Nucleotide Insertion in the Leader Sequence of Avian Leukosis Virus Subgroup J Contributes to Its Replication in Vitro but Is Not Related to Its Pathogenicity in Vivo

Subgroup J avian leukosis virus (ALV-J) was first isolated from meat-type chickens that had developed myeloid leukosis and since 2008, ALV-J infections in chickens have become widespread in China. A comparison of the sequence of ALV-J epidemic isolates with HPRS-103, the ALV-J prototype virus, revealed several distinct features, one of which is a 19-nucleotide (nt) insertion in the leader sequence. To determine the role of the 19-nt insertion in ALV-J pathogenicity, a pair of viruses were constructed and rescued. The first virus was an ALV-J Chinese isolate (designated rSD1009) containing the 19-nt insertion in its leader sequence. The second virus was a clone, in which the leader sequence had a deleted 19-nt sequence (designated rSD1009△19). Compared with rSD1009△19, rSD1009 displayed a moderate growth advantage in vitro. However, no differences were demonstrated in either viral replication or oncogenicity between the two rescued viruses in chickens. These results indicated that the 19-nt insertion contributed to ALV-J replication in vitro but was not related to its pathogenicity in vivo.     

Independent Isolates of the Emerging Subgroup J Avian Leukosis Virus Derive from a Common Ancestor

A new subgroup of avian leukosis virus (ALV) that includes a unique env gene, designated J, was identified recently in England. Sequence analysis of prototype English isolate HPRS-103 revealed several other unique genetic characteristics of this strain and provided information that it arose by recombination between exogenous and endogenous virus sequences. In the past several years, ALV J type viruses (ALV-J) have been isolated from broiler breeder flocks in the United States. We were interested in determining the relationship between the U.S. and English isolates of ALV-J. Based on sequence data from two independently derived U.S. field isolates, we conclude that the U.S. and English isolates of ALV-J derive from a common ancestor and are not the result of independent recombination events.     

Acutely transforming avian leukosis virus subgroup J strain 966: defective genome encodes a 72-kilodalton Gag-Myc fusion protein

Avian leukosis virus subgroup J (ALV-J), the most recent member of the avian retroviruses, is predominantly associated with myeloid leukosis in meat-type chickens. We have previously demonstrated that the acutely transforming virus strain 966, isolated from an ALV-J-induced tumor, transformed peripheral blood monocyte and bone marrow cells in vitro and induced rapid-onset tumors, suggesting transduction of oncogenes (L. N. Payne, A. M. Gillespie, and K. Howes, Avian Dis. 37:438-450, 1993). In order to understand the molecular basis for the rapid transformation and tumor induction, we have determined the complete genomic structure of the provirus of the 966 strain. The sequence of the 966 provirus clone revealed that its genome is closely related to that of HPRS-103 but is defective, with the entire pol and parts of the gag and env genes replaced by a 1,491-bp sequence representing exons 2 and 3 of the c-myc gene. LSTC-IAH30, a stable cell line derived from turkey monocyte cultures transformed by the 966 strain of ALV-J, expressed a 72-kDa Gag-Myc fusion protein. The identification of the myc gene in 966 virus as well as in several other ALV-J-induced tumors suggested that the induction of myeloid tumors by this new subgroup of ALV occurs through mechanisms involving the activation of the c-myc oncogene.     

ALV-J GP37 Molecular Analysis Reveals Novel Virus-Adapted Sites and Three Tyrosine-Based Env Species

Compared to other avian leukosis viruses (ALV), ALV-J primarily induces myeloid leukemia and hemangioma and causes significant economic loss for the poultry industry. The ALV-J Env protein is hypothesized to be related to its unique pathogenesis. However, the molecular determinants of Env for ALV-J pathogenesis are unclear. In this study, we compared and analyzed GP37 of ALV-J Env and the EAV-HP sequence, which has high homology to that of ALV-J Env. Phylogenetic analysis revealed five groups of ALV-J GP37 and two novel ALV-J Envs with endemic GP85 and EAV-HP-like GP37. Furthermore, at least 15 virus-adapted mutations were detected in GP37 compared to the EAV-HP sequence. Further analysis demonstrated that three tyrosine-based motifs (YxxM, ITIM (immune tyrosine-based inhibitory motif) and ITAM-like (immune tyrosine-based active motif like)) associated with immune disease and oncogenesis were found in the cytoplasmic tail of GP37. Based on the potential function and distribution of these motifs in GP37, ALV-J Env was grouped into three species, inhibitory Env, bifunctional Env and active Env. Accordingly, 36.91%, 61.74% and 1.34% of ALV-J Env sequences from GenBank are classified as inhibitory, bifunctional and active Env, respectively. Additionally, the Env of the ALV-J prototype strain, HPRS-103, and 17 of 18 EAV-HP sequences belong to the inhibitory Env. And models for signal transduction of the three ALV-J Env species were predicted. Our findings and models provide novel insights for identifying the roles and molecular mechanism of ALV-J Env in the unique pathogenesis of ALV-J.