木兰科植物的嫁接繁殖

本文对38种木兰科植物的嫁接繁殖进行了试验,全部嫁接成功,平均成活率为44．0％。不同属的木兰科植物之间有较大的亲和力,多数种可进行属间嫁接。嫁接时间和砧木选择是影响木兰科植物嫁接成活率的主要因素,嫁接方法对成活率也有一定的影响。木兰科植物的嫁接苗比实生苗具有更强的适应性和速生性。     

成年沙田柚树试管嫁接及微繁殖的研究

分别以两类沙田柚侧芽为接穗、酸柚为砧木进行了试管嫁接,结果表明:不同嫁接方式、接穗大小以及不同激素处理均直接影响到试管嫁接成活率.对大田侧芽而言,接穗大小以茎尖为宜,1.0mg/LGA3或0.5mg/L6-BA处理效果较佳,嫁接成活率分别达50%和30%;对侧枝沙培萌发的侧芽而言,接穗大小以茎尖 1个节间为宜,2.0mg/LGA3或0.5mg/L6-BA处理效果较佳,嫁接成活率分别达90%和80%.在相同条件下,后者的嫁接成活率一般明显高于前者.两种沙田柚嫁接苗的试管微繁殖没有明显区别,在MS 6-BA0.1mg/L培养基上均可分化不定芽,继代的嫁接成活率可达90%以上.     

一种新的植物生长素

庐山植物园等单位从植物中分离到一种水溶性植物生长调节素,用于植物扦插有很高的活性.这种激素代号G·D.用200 ppm浓度处理中华猕猴桃优株79-1的嫩枝,插后60天,生根成活率100%,平均每支生根5.7条,根长19.8厘米.用于扦插绒毛皂荚嫩枝,生根成活率20%,秃杉硬枝扦插成活率30.4%.用     

川滇柳与青杨属间嫁接幼苗对氮素缺乏的生理响应

同为杨柳科的柳属和杨属植物对氮素缺乏的形态和生理响应不同.本文通过川滇柳和青杨远缘嫁接,研究不同嫁接组合幼苗在氮缺乏条件下的成活率、生长状况、生物量累积与分配、气体交换参数及非结构性碳水化合物的差异响应,分析杨柳科植物远缘嫁接的可行性及嫁接对植物抗缺氮能力的影响.结果表明:川滇柳和青杨远缘嫁接的亲和性较好,川滇柳/青杨(S/P)和青杨/川滇柳(P/S)嫁接组合的成活率分别为74%和96%;缺氮显著降低了所有嫁接组合幼苗的成活率,其中S/P幼苗的成活率降低最明显,仅为53.3%,而P/S幼苗的成活率为86.7%.无论对照还是缺氮条件下,青杨做接穗的嫁接组合(P/P和P/S)的株高、基茎、生物量积累、净光合速率均大于川滇柳做接穗的嫁接组合(S/S和S/P);缺氮显著减少了所有嫁接组合的生长、生物量及净光合速率.川滇柳做砧木的嫁接组合(S/S和P/S)的根冠比显著高于青杨做砧木的嫁接组合(S/P和P/P),表明川滇柳可将更多的光合产物分配到地下部分,而青杨则将更多的光合产物投入到地上部分.各嫁接组合根中非结构性碳水化合物受缺氮胁迫最明显,除S/P嫁接组合外,P/P、S/S和P/S根中的淀粉、果糖、蔗糖和可溶性总糖浓度均显著升高,且表现为P/P和P/S显著高于S/S和S/P.     

外源激素对沙田柚茎尖微嫁接成活率的影响

外源激素可对沙田柚茎尖微嫁接成活率产生显著影响.若在培养基中加入一定浓度的GA3、6-BA或IBA,均会明显抑制微嫁接的成活率;若直接利用这三种激素以合适的浓度处理砧木和接穗,则会不同程度地提高微嫁接的成活率.三者之中以10mg/LGA3的促进作用最为明显,微嫁接的成活率可达45%,6-BA和IBA处理虽然也能提高微嫁接的成活率,但它们又同时增加了接穗的脱落死亡率.     

木兰科植物组织培养技术研究进展

我国木兰科(Magnoliaceae)植物栽培历史悠久且种类丰富,具有很高的科研价值、观赏价值、生态价值与经济价值。但是,生境的破坏和自身繁殖能力的限制,使木兰科许多种的生存受到威胁。由于传统繁殖方式繁殖效率低下,而组织培养技术是推进木兰科种质资源保存及开发利用的有效途径,因此组织培养技术可以应用于濒危资源保护、育种和无性系苗木的商业化生产。木兰科植物的组织培养中无菌短枝扦插途径研究较多,体系已相对完善,一些种类的木兰科植物可以通过此途径得到生根苗; 而关于器官发生途径的研究相对较少,愈伤组织诱导困难及不定芽分化困难的问题仍没有得到有效解决,并且体细胞胚发生途径在国内鲜有研究。该文从无菌短枝扦插、器官发生、体细胞胚发生等不同再生途径出发,分析了外植体类型、培养基类型、生长调节剂浓度、培养条件等方面对离体生长的影响,归纳了组培过程中生根困难与褐化等技术问题与解决措施,展望了木兰科植物组织培养技术未来的研究方向,以期为木兰科植物的组培快繁技术研究提供理论依据和技术参考。     

荔枝新品种‘贵妃红’和‘草莓荔’嫁接亲和性试验

以荔枝新品种‘贵妃红’和‘草莓荔’与10种砧木为试材,对各砧穗组合的嫁接成活率及嫁接苗田间生长指标进行测定及比较。结果表明,不同砧穗组合间嫁接成活率以及嫁接苗田间生长势存在明显差别,‘贵妃红’以钦州红荔、黑叶、禾荔为砧木的嫁接成活率分别达80.0%、78.0%和74.0%,‘草莓荔’以禾荔为砧木的嫁接成活率最高,达82.0%。综合其成活率及嫁接苗生长状况等指标,‘贵妃红’宜以黑叶、禾荔、钦州红荔、白腊为砧木进行嫁接,而‘草莓荔’宜以黑叶、禾荔、钦州红荔、镇奉为砧木进行嫁接。     

野生何首乌茎蔓切段根芽生长影响因素研究

以野生何首乌茎蔓为材料,研究生根促进剂种类及浓度、插穗茎节数、扦插时间、扦插基质等对其切段生根及芽生长的影响.结果表明:在不同插穗茎节数处理中,以含有三个叶节的插穗成活率最高,扦插苗长势最好,含两个茎节的插穗次之,而含有一个茎节的插穗最差;不同生根促进剂种类及其浓度对扦插生根有显著或极显著影响,在九种生根试验处理中,以4×10"mg/L NAA的处理插穗生根成活率最高,4×10-4mg/L的IBA处理次之,混合药液效果最差;疏松肥沃的扦插基质有利于何首乌扦插苗生根和幼苗生长.何首乌扦插生根受温度、湿度的影响较大,在春季的3～4月扦插效果较好,生根成活率达79.8%.     

不同嫁接时间和处理对灰木莲嫁接成活的影响

本研究通过比较在不同月份采用经不同浓度ABT 1号生根粉处理的硬枝和嫩枝接穗嫁接的灰木莲成活率,探讨不同嫁接时间、不同处理对灰木莲嫁接成活率的影响。结果表明:1~2月份是灰木莲嫁接的最佳时间,此时嫁接能使灰木莲嫁接成活率达到48%;灰木莲硬枝嫁接的成活率是嫩枝嫁接的11~29倍,因此灰木莲宜采用硬枝接穗进行嫁接;虽然,从全年来看经ABT 1号生根粉处理的接穗会对灰木莲月均嫁接成活产生不利影响,但在1~2月份用100 mg/L的ABT 1号生根粉处理硬枝接穗嫁接,可使灰木莲嫁接成活率达到80%和75%,是未经ABT1号生根粉处理的1.45和1.41倍;因此,在最适合灰木莲嫁接的1月份和2月份期间使用适宜浓度的ABT 1号生根粉能提高灰木莲的嫁接成活率。     

猕猴桃嫁接试验

本文报道猕猴桃不同嫁接时期、嫁接方法和不同分类群的砧木试验结果,猕猴桃最适宜的嫁接时期是落叶后至翌年萌芽前,嫁接方法以切接为好,嫁接成活率均在90％以上。同种和同一分类群的砧穗间有良好的亲和力,嫁接均有较高的成活率。不同分类群间嫁接效果较差,如中华猕猴桃桂海4号嫁接于中华猕猴桃砧木上的成活率,生长情况均比嫁接其它分类群为砧的有显著差异。     

Application of Electrical Wave Transmission in Basic Research of Grafting

Electrical wave (EW) transmission from scion to stock across the grafting interface was related to the histological changes during the development of graft union. Variation wave (VW) could not be transmitted to stock from scion before isolation layer broken and callus interdigitation. As plasmodesmata formed secondarily at the interface between stock and scion where the isolation layer had disappeared, VW could be transmitted from scion to stock, but its velocity was not rapid until the vascular bridges form between two partners of graft union. Hence, the authors could deduce the degree of graft union formation by measuring whether VW could be transmitted from scion to stock or not and its velocity. EW trans mission method was a new tool for quickly detecting the formation of graft union.     

电波传递在嫁接基本理论研究中的应用

研究发现电波从接穗跃过嫁接面向砧木传递与嫁接的组织学变化相关。砧木和接穗愈伤组织细胞突破隔离层互相嵌合之前,接穗中产生的电波不能传到砧木。砧木和接穗细胞间产生次生胞间连丝后,电波即可沿接穗传至砧木,但此时传递速度慢。当砧木和接穗间产生维管束桥时,电波下传的速度加快。由此可见,通过检测电波跃过嫁接面与否及下传的速度,就可推断嫁接接合部组织学变化状况。电波传递法是一种快速鉴定嫁接植株发育过程的新方法。     

Endogenous Levels of Growth Regulators and Their Relationship to the Rooting of Dahlia Cuttings

The relationship between the level of endogenous growth regulators and the rooting ability of dahlia cuttings was investigated. Easy-to-root vegetative cuttings were compared with difficult-to-root, flower bud bearing cuttings and the easy-to-root cv. Choot Hashani was compared with the difficnlt-to-root cv. Orpheo. No differences in the level of extracted or diffusable auxin, nor in the level of rooting cofactors, were found between easy-to-root and difficult-to-root cuttings. No activity could be found at the R_f zone corresponding to Cofactor 4 which is considered the main rooting cofactor in other plants. Higher inhibitor activity levels (assayed by the wheat coleoptile test and the mung bean rooting test) were found in difficult-to-root than in easily rooted cuttings. Furthermore, the inhibitor activity level in exadates from decapitated plants, was higher in esodates from plants which bore difficult-to-root cuttings than from plants bearing easy-to-root ones. Grafting of an easy-to-root plant onto a difficult-to-root stock caused inhibition of rooting in the cuttings taken from the scion. Results suggest that inhibitors formed in the root system, move upwards and accumulate in the plant, there causing the inhibition of rooting. Evidence from chromatographic comparisons and exogenous treatments with ABA indicate that the main inhibitor involved in the inhibition of rooting in dahlia cuttings is not ABA.     

巴西橡胶树嫁接接合区接穗和砧木径向生长差异的研究

采用树皮嫁接后不锯砧和光镜观察的方法,研究了巴西橡胶树(Hevea brasiliensis)嫁接后8个月的接合区接穗和砧木木质部径向生长的差异现象。结果表明,接合区接穗木质部的径向生长普遍地小于砧木,这种生长差异是由接穗和砧木亲本固有生长特性的差异引起的,与嫁接亲和性无关。(1)对于同一无性系,接穗的发育阶段决定其生长能力,幼态接穗新分化的木质部显著地大于老态接穗,而两类接穗旁边的砧木之间没有明显差别。(2)砧木生长势明显地影响接穗木质部的生长,砧木生长势越强,砧木和接穗的生长就越快,两者的径向差异也越大。(3)同一砧木上各品系接穗木质部生长差异取决于接穗自身的生长特性,砧木的生长不受接穗品系的明显影响。显微观察表明橡胶树的嫁接是亲和的,接穗新分化的木质部镶嵌在砧木新分化的木质部中,维管组织如导管上下连接畅通,砧穗树皮厚度一致,愈合良好。     

南瓜属植物离体茎段嫁接维管组织的发育过程

在离体条件下,采用同瓜属植物的下胚轴节段进行嫁接,光镜观察发现：异种嫁接西葫芦／南瓜和南瓜自体嫁接嫁接后６－８ｄ在接穗、砧木的薄壁细胞和嫁接面处愈伤组织细胞中分化出管状分子和筛分子,边接接穗和砧木的质部和韧皮部桥在嫁接后８ｄ形成。随后随发育天数的增加其数目增加,用６（５）ＣＦ作为筛管输导的示踪剂检验了不同发育时期砧木和接穗间的连通情况,发现嫁接后８ｄ从接穗引入的６（５）ＣＦ可以输导到砧木。     

The effects of rootstock and scion on tobacco mosaic virus infection in susceptible, tolerant and immune cultivars of tomato

Reciprocal grafts were made between tomato cultivars Potentate, susceptible, and Virocross, tolerant (heterozygous for resistance gene Tm-i) to tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) isolates of Pelham type o and between isogenic lines of cv. Craigella, susceptible and homozygous for gene Tm-i. The grafted plants were inoculated with a type o isolate; both scion and stock inoculation were studied in the former, scion inoculation only, in the latter. With scion inoculation the virus content of a tolerant scion was greater on a susceptible stock than on a tolerant one, but that of a susceptible scion was unaffected by the type of stock: in contrast, the virus content of a tolerant stock was unaffected by the type of scion but that of a susceptible stock was less with a tolerant than with a susceptible scion. With root inoculation the virus contents of both tolerant and susceptible scions were greater on a susceptible than on a tolerant stock. With cv. Craigella the genotype Tm-1/Tm-1 was found to be immune to the type o isolate used, but in grafts the leaves of Tm-1/Tm-1 scions became tolerant to leaf inoculation when on susceptible stocks and the virus entered the stock. Tm-1/Tm-1 stocks became infected when attached to infected, susceptible scions and did not affect the virus content of those scions. The results indicate that a susceptible healthy stock may change the reaction of a tolerant or immune scion to infection by a strain of TMV.     

油茶芽苗砧嫁接口愈合过程解剖学研究

采用石蜡切片法对油茶（Camellia oleifera）芽苗砧嫁接口的愈合过程进行组织解剖学研究。观察结果表明：（1）在嫁接后的第4天,嫁接口产生隔离层;在嫁接后的第8天,嫁接口的砧木产生愈伤组织;在嫁接后的第16天,嫁接口的接穗产生愈伤组织;在嫁接后的第22天,嫁接口的砧木与接穗连接;在嫁接后的第29天,嫁接口的形成层分化形成;在嫁接后的第35天,嫁接口的愈伤组织维管束形成,接穗连接成功。（2）油茶芽苗砧嫁接部位愈伤组织形成前,芽苗砧木的解剖结构在短时间内加速发育,逐渐与接穗的组织结构相似。（3）嫁接口的形成层和其它薄壁细胞组织均能产生愈伤组织,但形成层是其主要来源。     

植物嫁接诱导的遗传变异机理的研究进展

植物嫁接诱导的可遗传变异是一种普遍存在的现象,但是关于嫁接变异产生的条件及机制一直是国内外备受争议的研究课题之一。近年来,对于砧穗之间遗传物质的水平转移方面的研究取得了很大的进步。研究表明在嫁接植物体中,来自砧木的遗传信号物质能够通过胞间连丝和维管束转移到接穗中并调控接穗的生长发育模式。而且,一些非编码RNA还能通过表观遗传修饰改变植物的特性以应对嫁接冲击。文章主要从嫁接遗传变异的产生和维持机制两方面对最新的研究进展进行了系统地综述,这对于深入理解嫁接变异的机理具有一定意义。     

The effect of grafting on sex expression in cucumber

Cleft and bud graftings were performed between widely differentgenotypes of cucumber plants. The stock caused a considerablechange in the flowering pattern of the scion, especially whenit was shootless. The results were compared with previous ambivalentinformation, and interpreted as indicating that the regulatingsubstances flow from the stock to the scion. (Received July 21, 1977; )     

Implications of the Formation of the Graft Union for Organisation in the Intact Plant

The formation of a successful graft union depends on a complexseries of interactions which take place between the cells ofthe stock and scion. As a result of these interactions processeswhich normally operate within the plant before the scion isseparated from the stock are stimulated and redirected. In thispaper the general nature of these processes is examined andrelated to the organisation of the intact plant.