我国南方红壤矿区复垦土壤的微生物生态特征研究Ⅰ对土壤微生物活性的影响

通过对浙江哩浦铜矿废弃地土壤微生物、土壤酶活性及生化作用强度研究表明,与对照土壤相比,矿区土壤微生物总数下降68．43％～80．32％,细菌、放线菌数量减少,但真菌变化不明显,各主要生理类群硝化细菌、氨化细菌、固氮菌、纤维素分解菌数量均呈下降趋势,土壤基础呼吸速率下降;土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、蛋白酶、酸性磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶、多酚氧化酶和脱氢酶酶活性均有不同程度减弱;土壤硝化作用、氨化作用、固氮作用和纤维素分解强度降低,抑制了矿区土壤C、N的周转速率和能量循环,土壤微生物活性减弱是矿区复垦土壤微生物生态的重要特征之一。     

杉木连栽土壤微生物及生化特性的研究

通过对杂木林、一代、二代及三代杉木人工林的土壤微生物、土壤酶活性及生化作用强度研究表明：随着杉木林取代杂木林及杉木连续栽植代数的增加,土壤微生物总数下降、各主要生理类群数量均呈下降趋势,土壤酶活性减弱,土壤生化作用强度降低。土壤微生物学活性降低是杉木连栽后土壤肥力衰退重要原因之一。     

稻草还田对晚稻土微生物及酶活性的影响

通过早稻秸秆翻耕还田对晚稻土微生物数量与活度、秸秆腐解酶活性和氨化、硝化作用强度的动态影响试验研究表明：稻草翻耕还田的条件下,在晚稻生长发育过程中,除土壤放线菌数量一直呈下降态势之外,土壤好气性细菌、厌气性细菌和真菌数量均呈现前期急剧增加、中期缓慢减少、后期迅速减少的变化特征,土壤微生物活度则呈现前期迅速增强、达到最大值,中期迅速下降,后期缓慢回升的变化趋势;土壤木聚糖酶活性与土壤微生物数量变化趋势基本相同,而土壤纤维素酶活性则呈前期增加、中期最高、后期迅速下降的特点;土壤氨化作用强度一直呈下降态势,而土壤硝化作用强度则呈前期增强、中期最高、后期下降的变化趋势.随着稻草还田量的增加,上述土壤微生物数量与活度、秸秆腐解酶活性和氨化和硝化作用强度的动态变化趋势更加明显.土壤微生物及酶活性分析评价发现,在晚稻栽培时,配合水稻专用复混肥一次性施用,以早稻秸秆2500～5000kg/hm^2翻耕还田较为适宜.     

短期放牧对草甸草原土壤微生物与土壤酶活性的影响

【目的】为呼伦贝尔草甸草原生态系统的保护、恢复及重建提供微生物学基础数据。了解草原土壤微生物和酶活性对放牧强度的响应。【方法】分别采集六个不同放牧强度的土壤样品,测定土壤微生物数量、土壤微生物量和土壤酶活性,分析短时期不同放牧强度土壤微生物数量、土壤微生物量和土壤酶活性的变化特征及其相互关系。【结果】不同放牧强度下,菌群数量分布为细菌>放线菌>真菌;土壤微生物数量、微生物量均表现为放牧区高于对照区;在土壤表层(0 10 cm),土壤过氧化氢酶、转化酶和蛋白酶活性表现出随放牧强度的增加先上升后略降的趋势,且放牧区均高于对照区,与土壤表层比较,在较深层(10 cm 20 cm),土壤细菌、真菌的数量和微生物量碳、氮下降幅度随放牧强度的增大而增大。土壤微生物数量、微生物量及土壤酶活性的垂直分布为0 10 cm>10 cm 20 cm。相关分析结果表明:放牧干扰条件下,土壤微生物数量与微生物量之间均存在显著或极显著的相关性。土壤酶活性与微生物数量、微生物量密切相关,过氧化氢酶、转化酶与细菌、放线菌极显著相关(P<0.01)、与微生物量碳显著相关(P<0.05);蛋白酶与真菌及微生物量碳、氮极显著相关(P<0.01),与细菌显著相关(P<0.05)。【结论】适度放牧可使土壤微生物数量、微生物量和土壤酶活性增加。土壤微生物数量、微生物量与土壤酶活性之间具有密切关系。     

格氏栲天然林与人工林根际土壤微生物及其生化特性的研究

通过对格氏栲天然林（约１２０年生）和人工林（２８年生）根际土壤和全土微生物、生化活性、土壤养分的研究,结果表明：格氏栲天然林根际和全土土壤养分、土壤微生物区系、生理类群数量、土壤酶活性和生化作用强度均比相应人工林的大,格氏栲天然林根际土壤速效性养分相对富集,而人工林的则存在亏缺现象。格氏栲人工林的根际效应（Ｒ／Ｓ值）比天然林的明显。     

间甲酚及施磷对小麦间作蚕豆土壤微生物和酶活性的影响

通过盆栽试验,研究了不同磷水平下化感物质间甲酚对小麦间作蚕豆和单作小麦、单作蚕豆土壤微生物和酶活性的影响。结果表明,间甲酚对不同模式生长盛期细菌和微生物总数表现为化感促进作用,对真菌表现为化感抑制作用,随施磷量的增加间甲酚对土壤微生物的化感促进作用降低;不同模式生长盛期土壤微生物数量在施磷量为100mg／kg土的处理中最高,但成熟期施磷量为200mg／kg土的处理最高;间作较单作具有保持较高土壤细菌和微生物总数的作用,施磷水平越高间作增大微生物数量的效果越大;间甲酚对土壤微生物多样性具有明显降低作用,间作土壤的微生物多样性低于单作。间作具有较高的弱化间甲酚对土壤过氧化氢酶化感负效应的作用,施磷可增强土壤过氧化氢酶活性;磷素作用下土壤脲酶活性增强,间甲酚对单作蚕豆和间作土壤脲酶活性具有促进作用,但弱化了施磷对脲酶活性的增强作用;增施磷肥可弱化间甲酚对单作蚕豆和间作土壤酸性磷酸酶的化感负效应,对单作小麦土壤酸性磷酸酶活性的影响相反。间甲酚对不同模式土壤微生物和酶活性的影响在作物成熟期显著下降,说明随时间的推移土壤中间甲酚的作用力在不断弱化。     

栽植生姜对不同种植模式下紫色土微生物生物量及水解酶活性的影响

研究了岷江下游紫色丘陵区玉米+红薯间作、大豆单作、生姜连作、水稻-紫云英轮作等4个典型种植模式下栽植生姜后土壤微生物生物量碳、氮、磷含量和水解酶活性的变化特征.结果表明： 栽植生姜显著降低了4个种植模式下土壤微生物生物量碳、氮和磷含量,但各种植模式之间存在较大差异.其中,玉米+红薯间作和水稻-紫云英轮作模式下土壤微生物生物量碳、氮的下降幅度明显低于大豆单作与生姜连作模式,但土壤微生物生物量磷下降幅度明显较高.栽植生姜显著降低了土壤酸性磷酸酶活性,其下降幅度以玉米+红薯间作模式最大,水稻-紫云英轮作模式最小;土壤转化酶活性在生姜连作模式下显著降低;土壤脲酶活性在大豆单作、生姜连作和水稻-紫云英轮作模式下均显著降低.相对于其他模式,栽植生姜使玉米+红薯间作模式下的土壤维持了较高的转化酶和脲酶活性.     

栽植生姜对不同种植模式下紫色土微生物生物量及水解酶活性的影响

研究了岷江下游紫色丘陵区玉米+红薯间作、大豆单作、生姜连作、水稻-紫云英轮作等4个典型种植模式下栽植生姜后土壤微生物生物量碳、氮、磷含量和水解酶活性的变化特征.结果表明： 栽植生姜显著降低了4个种植模式下土壤微生物生物量碳、氮和磷含量,但各种植模式之间存在较大差异.其中,玉米+红薯间作和水稻-紫云英轮作模式下土壤微生物生物量碳、氮的下降幅度明显低于大豆单作与生姜连作模式,但土壤微生物生物量磷下降幅度明显较高.栽植生姜显著降低了土壤酸性磷酸酶活性,其下降幅度以玉米+红薯间作模式最大,水稻-紫云英轮作模式最小;土壤转化酶活性在生姜连作模式下显著降低;土壤脲酶活性在大豆单作、生姜连作和水稻-紫云英轮作模式下均显著降低.相对于其他模式,栽植生姜使玉米+红薯间作模式下的土壤维持了较高的转化酶和脲酶活性.     

科尔沁沙质草地沙漠化过程中土壤生物活性的变化

选择相邻地段的固定沙丘、半固定沙丘和流动沙丘为对象,研究了科尔沁西部沙质草地沙漠化过程中土壤微生物量、土壤酶活性和土壤养分的变化特征以及三者之间的相关关系.结果表明:土壤养分含量、土壤酶活性和微生物量均随土壤深度的增加而逐渐降低;沙漠化过程中土壤养分严重丧失,土壤微生物量碳、氮、磷,以及土壤脲酶、蛋白酶、蔗糖酶、磷酸单酯酶、脱氢酶、多酚氧化酶和硝酸还原酶的活性均随沙漠化程度的加剧而大幅度下降;土壤生物活性对土壤沙漠化比较敏感,在固定沙丘到半固定沙丘的转化过程中土壤生物活性下降最快;土壤微生物量、土壤酶活性以及土壤养分之间均存在显著的相关关系.     

红壤矿区复垦土壤的微生物生态特征及其稳定性恢复研究Ⅱ．对土壤微生物生态特征和群落结构的影响

研究了浙江哩铺铜矿废弃地土壤微生物生态特征和群落结构．结果表明,与对照土壤相比矿区土壤微生物生态特征发生了明显的改变,微生物呼吸速率减弱,微生物生物量显著降低,微生物生理生态参数Cmic／Corg下降、qCO2值明显升高,重金属对土壤微生物生态特征有明显的影响．Bio1og结果显示,矿区土壤微生物的群落结构发生变异,对能源碳的消耗量和速度明显升高,改变了微生物利用碳源的种类,使微生物消耗更多的能源,以维持其正常的生命活动,利用效率降低,明显不如对照土壤．由此可见,微生物生态特征是表征矿区复垦土壤重金属污染的灵敏、有效和可靠的生物学指标．     

毛乌素沙地生物结皮覆盖区土壤水分收支变化特征

探究半干旱生态系统生物土壤结皮对土壤水文过程的影响,并量化生物结皮覆盖下土壤水分收支状况,可为荒漠地区植被恢复与重建提供理论依据。本研究基于2018—2020年生长季(5—10月)对毛乌素沙地不同类型生物结皮(如藻类和苔藓)覆盖区土壤水分的连续观测,以裸沙为对照,分析了生物结皮对0～40 cm土壤水分收支的影响。结果表明: 与裸沙相比,藻类结皮和苔藓结皮显著降低了降雨对40 cm以下土壤水分的补充,增加了土壤水分的蒸发损失。在相对湿润年份(2018年),裸沙和不同类型生物结皮覆盖土壤的水分支出量(渗漏量+蒸发量)均低于降雨量,土壤水分状况为收入;在相对干旱年份(2019和2020年),藻类结皮和苔藓结皮覆盖土壤的水分支出量高于降雨量,土壤水分产生亏缺,但是裸沙相反。可见,生物结皮导致其下覆0～40 cm土壤水分收支不平衡,在相对干旱年份出现了水分亏缺,这可能驱动该区域植被群落向浅根系植物演替。     

Effects of wheat volunteers and blackgrass in set-aside following a winter wheat crop on soil infectivity and soil conduciveness to take-all

Two experiments were carried out in France in which disease indices were used to evaluate the effects of wheat volunteers and blackgrass (Alopecurus myosuroides) on soil infectivity and soil conduciveness to take-all caused by Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici. Soil infectivity was evaluated by measuring the disease index on susceptible wheat plants grown on soil samples collected from the field. Soil conduciveness to the disease was obtained by measuring disease indices on plants grown on soil samples to which different amounts of take-all fungus inoculum were added. One experiment (Expt. 1) was carried out using soils from farmers' fields (two fields in 1994 and two in 1995); soil infectivity and soil conduciveness were evaluated for three experimental situations: bare soil, soil with wheat volunteers and soil with blackgrass plants. In 1994 the soil infectivity was zero in bare soil, high with the wheat cover, and intermediate with the blackgrass cover. In 1995 the soil infectivity was uniformly low for all three conditions. Soils bearing wheat were less conducive than bare soil, soils bearing blackgrass and bare soils were similarly conducive. A second experiment (Expt. 2) carried out in 1995 compared the soil infectivity and soil conduciveness to take-all of soils planted with wheat or blackgrass in set-aside land after periods of wheat monoculture of 0–6 yr. The soil infectivity was low for all treatments. The soil was more conducive after blackgrass than after wheat. In both cases, the soil conduciveness was less when the monoculture had continued for more than 4 yr. The decline was less after blackgrass than after wheat. Thus, whenever set-aside is set up during the increase phase of the disease in fields with cereal successions, abundant wheat volunteers might hinder the expected positive effect of a break in cereal successions on take-all development. The presence of blackgrass in a set-aside field, with significant soil infectivity and high soil conduciveness, might increase the risks of take-all development in a wheat crop following set-aside.     

荒漠结皮层藓类植物死亡对表层土壤水分蒸发和入渗的影响

水分是荒漠植物生长最主要的限制因子,藓类结皮作为荒漠土壤表层重要覆被物,对土壤水分蒸发入渗具有重要影响。研究表明,在全球气候变化背景下,不确定的降水格局变化导致结皮层藓类植物出现集群死亡现象,但这一过程对荒漠地表土壤水分蒸发与入渗过程的影响及其机理尚不清楚。以古尔班通古特沙漠齿肋赤藓结皮为研究对象,利用便携式渗透计和蒸发仪,研究了结皮层藓类植物死亡对土壤水分蒸发与入渗的影响。结果表明,与裸沙相比,藓类结皮的存在显著抑制了水分入渗,而藓类植物死亡的结皮层抑制作用最大,其初渗速率、稳渗速率和累积入渗量分别是活藓类结皮的39.89%、85.91%及64.48%,仅为裸沙的5.96%、13.13%及20.42%。在水分蒸发初期,裸沙的水分蒸发速率明显高于活藓类结皮和藓类植物死亡的结皮层,但藓类植物死亡的结皮层维持相对稳定的蒸发速率的时间长于裸沙和活藓类结皮,这也导致最终累计蒸发量以藓类植物死亡的结皮层最高、裸沙最低。可见,荒漠生物土壤结皮中藓类植物死亡会明显减少土壤水分入渗、增大水分蒸发,进一步影响荒漠表层土壤水分格局,从而影响生物土壤结皮与维管植物的水分利用关系。     

南京秋季裸地臭氧干沉降通量观测及土壤阻力模拟

利用涡度相关系统配合快速臭氧浓度脉动仪在南京地区裸地上观测臭氧浓度及沉降通量,分析臭氧浓度、沉降通量与气象条件的相关性,揭示沉降通量和速率的变化特征,利用模拟的土壤阻力计算臭氧沉降通量和速率并与观测结果进行对比.结果表明: 2015年9月25日至10月28日,臭氧浓度日变化呈单峰型分布,并且因辐射的增强而升高.秋季裸地臭氧沉积通量主要受臭氧浓度影响,平均日变化-31.4～-156.8 ng·s^-1·m^-2(负号表示方向向下).因裸地无植被的缓冲作用,臭氧沉降通量受环境因素影响更为明显.臭氧沉降速率为0.09～0.30 cm·s^-1.臭氧在大气传输中湍流交换起主要作用,裸地臭氧干沉降的下垫面条件尤为重要,土壤阻力(R_s)随相对湿度(RH)的增加呈指数上升,其关系模型为R_s=89.981e^0.0246RH,模拟的臭氧通量和沉积速率与观测的通量和速率的一致性较好.     

Effects of vegetation coverage on the spatial distribution of soil nematode trophic groups

The spatial variability of total soil nematodes and trophic groups in bare and fallow plots in Shenyang Experi-mental Station of Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences was examined using geostatistics combined with classic statistics. Results showed that the soil pH value had a negative effect on plant-parasites in both bare and fallow plots; the mean number of total nematodes was significantly higher in fallow plots than in bare plots, which was 1485.3 and 464.0 individuals per 100 g dry soil in fallow and bare plots, respectively; the nugget (C0)/sill (C0+C) ratio of total nematodes, plant-parasites and bacterivores were lower in fallow plots (27.3%-45.6%) than in bare plots (49.5%-100%); the spatial distribution of total nematodes and trophic groups was found to be different between fallow and bare plots, which indicated that vegetation coverage had an effect on soil nematodes.     

The influence of biological soil crusts on 15N translocation in soil and vascular plant in a temperate desert of northwestern China

Aims Desert ecosystems are often characterized by patchy distribution of vascular plants, with biological soil crusts (BSC) covering interplant spaces. However, few studies have comprehensively examined the linkage between BSC and vascular plants through nitrogen (N) or element translocation. The objective of this study was to evaluate the ecological roles of BSC on N translocation from soil to the dominant herb Erodium oxyrrhynchum Bieb. (Geraniaceae) in a temperate desert in China.Methods Isotopes (including 15 N-Glu, 15 N-NH 4 Cl and 15 N-NaNO 3) were used as a tracer to detect translocation of N in two types of desert soil (BSC covered; bare) to the dominant herb E. oxyrrhynchum. Three different forms of 15 N-enriched N compounds were applied as a point source to small patches of BSC and to bare soil. And we measured isotopes (14 N and 15 N) and obtained the concentration of labeled- 15 N in both vascular plants and soils at different distances from substrate applicationImportant findings Plants of E. oxyrrhynchum growing in BSC-covered plots accumulated more δ 15 N than those growing in the bare soil. Similarly, soil from BSC-covered plots showed a higher concentration of labeled-N irrespective of form of isotope, than did the bare soil. The concentration of dissolved organic N (15 N-Glu) in E. oxyrrhynchum was higher than that of dissolved inorganic N (15 N-NH 4 Cl and 15 N-NaNO 3). Soil covered by BSC also accumulated considerably more dissolved organic N than bare soil, whereas the dominant form of 15 N concentrated in bare soil was dissolved inorganic N. Correlation analysis showed that the concentration of labeled-N in plants was positively related to the concentration of labeled-N in soils and the N% recorded in E. oxyrrhynchum. Our study supports the hypothesis that BSC facilitates 15 N translocation in soils and vascular plants in a temperate desert of northwestern China.     

不同类型生物土壤结皮覆盖下风沙土的入渗特征及模拟

干旱荒漠区广泛分布的生物土壤结皮(BSCs)对土壤水分入渗过程有重要影响。以古尔班通古特沙漠南缘的BSCs为研究对象,基于野外采样与室内模拟实验等方法,探究藓类、地衣和藻等3种类型BSCs覆盖下沙土的入渗特征。结果表明:与无结皮覆盖的风沙土对照,3种类型BSCs均显著降低了沙土初渗速率,藓类结皮、地衣结皮、藻结皮覆盖下初渗速率降低幅度依次为36.10%、46.42%、50.39%;藓类结皮、地衣结皮(P0.05)和藻结皮(P0.05)均明显降低了沙土稳渗速率,降低幅度依次为16.50%、33.98%和35.92%;3种类型BSCs均限制了湿润锋在沙土的推进过程,表现为:藓类结皮、地衣结皮、藻结皮的渗漏时间分别为裸沙对照的2.13、3.04和2.98倍;各类型BSCs均减小了沙土累积入渗量,阻碍了沙土水分入渗,与裸沙对照相比,藓类结皮、地衣结皮、藻结皮的1 h累积入渗量分别降低16.10%、28.56%和26.56%。在实验条件下,Kostiakov模型最适用于模拟不同类型BSCs覆盖下土壤水分入渗过程,Horton模型模拟效果次之。     

古尔班通古特沙漠生物土壤结皮对土壤氮库垂直分布特征的影响

生物土壤结皮在干旱区氮素地球化学循环中具有重要作用,研究不同生物土壤结皮下不同形态氮素含量的变化,解析生物土壤结皮对土壤养分影响过程和范围,有助于进一步理解生物土壤结皮的生态功能。本研究以古尔班通古特沙漠藻-地衣混生结皮和藓类结皮两种生物土壤结皮为研究对象,以裸沙为对照,测定生物土壤结皮层和0—100 cm内8个土层全氮、无机氮、可溶性有机氮、游离态氨基酸氮、微生物生物量氮等氮库含量,和土壤脲酶、硝酸盐还原态酶、亮氨酸氨基肽酶等土壤胞外酶活性。结果表明：1)结皮层各形态氮素含量和各土壤酶活性显著高于其下层土壤,结皮层和结皮下各层土壤氮库整体上表现为藓类结皮>藻-地衣混生结皮>裸沙;土壤氮库各形态氮素含量和土壤酶活性在垂直分布上均呈现先显著下降(0—20 cm)后稳定(20—100 cm)的趋势;在20—30 cm土层,除裸沙的无机氮、铵态氮以及藻-地衣混生结皮的硝态氮外,其余速效氮(无机氮、硝态氮、铵态氮)含量具有增加的特点。2)土壤各氮库含量与全磷、有机碳、电导率、土壤脲酶和亮氨酸氨基肽酶活性呈正相关,与pH、土壤含水率呈负相关。3)利用氮循环相关指标建立土壤氮循环多功能...     

福建省长汀县河田盆地区近35年来地表裸土变化的遥感时空分析

福建省长汀县河田盆地区是中国南方最典型的红壤水土流失区之一,当地人民和各级政府一直为治理该区的水土流失进行着不懈的努力.利用遥感技术对该区1976年以来地表裸土分布的时空变化进行了分析,基于所提出的双重遥感指数法对该区的裸土信息进行提取,查明了该区地表裸土分布的时空变化情况.研究表明,该区近35年的治理已大大减轻了地表的裸露程度,地表裸土面积从1976年的159.17 km2锐减到2010年的51.98 km2.在3个不同的观察时间段里,裸土面积的变化呈现逐次减少、减速加快的趋势,客观地反映了该区水土流失治理的3个重要历史时期和政策所产生的效应.     

A new approach to estimating the pool of stable organic matter in soil using data from long-term field experiments

It is a necessity to have a successful method to separate, quantify and define the active and passive soil organic matter pools for appropriate verification of models. In this study, the organic carbon content of long-term bare fallow soils was used as an indicator of the size of the stable soil organic matter pool. Although soil texture and soil structure are widely accepted as having an influence on the stable pool, most soil organic models neglect the relationship between soil structure and carbon stabilization. Therefore, the aim of this presentation is to estimate the size of the stable carbon pool and to relate it to soil texture and structure properties. It was calculated that over 50 yr, under bare fallow conditions, the relative decrease in the amount of carbon (C) for the most stable pools ranged between 2 and 12%. In comparison, for the less stabilized pools the relative decrease was calculated from 50 to 100%. This indicates that the organic carbon content of long-term bare fallow soils should be very similar to the size of the most stable C pool. We also observed that the amounts of carbon associated with primary particles <20 μm for numerous soils with contrasting carbon content, soil texture, and management practices showed a lower and an upper limit. Both these limits and the carbon content of long-term bare fallow soils (which were assumed to be similar to the size of the stable pool) were related to the content of primary particles <20 μm in the soil. To calculate these relationships, an equation was used including one term to describe the influence of soil texture and another to describe that of soil structure. The calculated regression for the bare fallow soils corresponded very well to the lower limit of carbon content associated with primary particles <20 μm. The upper limit was estimated only by increasing the regression parameter which is related to the amount of C per unit primary particles <20 μm. Considering the many published results of the influence of soil texture and structure on carbon stabilization processes in soil, the stable pool may be defined as the capacity of soils to sorb C. The upper limit of carbon content associated with primary particles <20 μm may be interpreted as the capacity of soil to protect C. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.