菊属与蒿属植物苗期抗蚜虫性鉴定

为发掘对蚜虫有抗性的菊花近缘种属植物,对11份菊属及蒿属植物苗期进行了田间和室内抗蚜虫性鉴定。结果发现:在田间鉴定条件下,随着平均蚜害指数(I*)值的升高,蚜虫抗性等级逐渐降低,其中:黄金艾蒿、黄蒿、香蒿的I*值为0.00,属于免疫性;牡蒿的I*值为0.13,属于高抗性;大岛野路菊的I*值为0.25,属于抗性;异色菊的I*值为0.37,属于中抗性;那贺川野菊、龙脑菊的I*值为0.51—0.75,属于感性;泡黄金菊、紫花野菊、菊花脑的I*值>0.75,属于高感性;在室内鉴定条件下,不同材料对蚜虫的抗性表现出很大差异,根据繁殖倍率的不同,11份材料分为5个抗性等级,其中黄金艾蒿、牡蒿、黄蒿、香蒿繁殖倍率为0.00,属于极高抗性;大岛野路菊繁殖倍率为5.86,属于中抗性;异色菊、那贺川野菊、龙脑菊繁殖倍率为7—10,属于低抗性;泡黄金菊、紫花野菊、菊花脑繁殖倍率>10,属于无抗性。综合分析表明:田间鉴定与室内鉴定结果基本一致,其中黄金艾蒿、黄蒿等8份材料田间和室内鉴定结果无差别;牡蒿田间鉴定表现为高抗性,而室内鉴定表现为极高抗性;大岛野路菊田间鉴定表现为抗性,而室内鉴定表现为中抗性;异色菊田间鉴定表现为中抗性,而室内鉴定表现为低抗性。黄金艾蒿、黄蒿、牡蒿、香蒿、大岛野路菊对蚜虫表现良好抗性,可用于栽培菊花抗蚜性遗传改良。     

菊花近缘种属植物耐盐筛选浓度的确定及耐盐性比较

以纪伊潮菊(Ajania shiwogikuvar.kinokuniense)、牡蒿(Artemisia japonica)、黄金艾(Artemisia vulgaris)、乙立寒菊(Dendranthema indicumvar.maruyamanum)为试材,研究在Hogland营养液水培条件下,添加NaCl后使之浓度分别为0、75、100、150、250、400mmol.L-1,观察不同水平NaCl胁迫对植株外观形态的影响,以确定菊花近缘种属植物耐盐性筛选的适宜浓度,结果表明:4种植物在100、150mmol.L-1NaCl的盐胁迫下筛选效果良好,此浓度下物种间出现症状差异明显的时间分别是10d以上和6d以上;在120mmol.L-1NaCl胁迫下,根据外观形态结合盐胁迫对植株根系活力、丙二醛和叶绿素含量的影响,对4种植物耐盐性强弱进行比较,利用隶属函数法得出4种植物耐盐性自弱到强的顺序为:乙立寒菊<纪伊潮菊<黄金艾<牡蒿,与利用50%叶面积受害为筛选依据得出的结论一致。     

菊花近缘种属植物幼苗耐阴特性分析及其评价指标的确定

以龙脑菊、菊花脑、野菊等15个菊花近缘种属植物幼苗为材料,对其进行不同梯度遮荫处理(全光照,遮光率60%,遮光率78%,遮光率95%),从形态和生理等方面的22个指标进行测定,以各项指标的耐阴系数作为衡量耐阴性的指标,利用主成分分析、回归分析和聚类分析法对其耐阴性进行综合评价。结果表明:遮光率78%时的植物茎粗(X2)、叶片厚度(X10)、叶绿素含量(X16),遮光率60%时的植物叶绿素含量(X15),以及遮光率95%时的植物叶面积(X13)、相对含水量(X14)和胞间二氧化碳浓度(X21)8个指标可作为菊花近缘种属植物耐阴性评价指标,建立菊花近缘种属植物耐阴性评价的数学模型:Y=82.876-0.153X2+0.094X10+0.741X13+0.084X14+0.054X15-0.087X16-0.472X2,(R2=0.998),预测精度大于0.97。13份材料的耐阴性极强,矶菊的耐阴性较差,即多数菊花近缘种属植物具有较好的耐阴能力。     

菊花及其近缘种属植物耐涝评价体系建立及耐涝性鉴定

为发掘耐涝种质资源,建立了菊花近缘种属植物苗期耐涝性评价体系.根据盆栽淹水处理过程菊花近缘种属植物表型变化,将涝害指数划分为7级;采用叶色、叶形态、茎色、茎形态4个外观形态指标,并将其定量分级,制定等级得分标准及评价方案,然后以各指标得分的总和对耐涝性进行综合评价,建立评价体系.对57个菊花近缘种属植物进行了苗期耐涝性鉴定,结果表明,耐涝性鉴定时间以淹水6d为宜;菊花近缘种属植物对水涝较为敏感,大部分材料属于较不耐涝级,同种不同种源存在耐涝性差异;初步筛选出8份耐涝性强的菊花优异种质.     

NaCl胁迫对2个菊属野生种幼苗体内K~+、Na~+和Cl~-分布及生长的影响

采用营养液水培,研究了不同浓度NaCl处理下耐盐性不同的2个菊属物种幼苗的生长变化及体内K+、Na+、Cl-在器官间的区域化分布和吸收、运输特性,以揭示其耐盐差异机制。结果表明,NaCl胁迫下,2个物种的新生叶面积比率减小,受害叶面积比率增加,叶电解质外渗率增加;大岛野路菊受胁迫影响较轻。2个物种体内Na+和Cl-含量随NaCl浓度的升高而增大,且地上部的Na+、Cl-积累量大于根系,成熟叶是2个物种Na+、Cl-积累的主要器官。新生叶、茎的K+含量也随NaCl浓度的升高而增加。与耐盐性强的大岛野路菊相比,NaCl胁迫下萨摩野菊各器官积累的Na+和Cl-量均显著高于前者,其生长对其体内含有的Na+和Cl-比大岛野路菊更为敏感。除高盐胁迫下的根以外,大岛野路菊各器官的K+/Na+均显著高于萨摩野菊。大岛野路菊根向茎运输的SK,Na值远高于萨摩野菊,茎向中位成熟叶运输的SK,Na值较低,高盐胁迫时茎向上位新生叶运输的SK,Na值较高。说明NaCl胁迫下大岛野路菊对Cl-、Na+的累积能力弱、维持K+、Na+平衡的能力强,且根系对Na+的截留能力强,茎向上位新生叶运输Na+的选择性较低,是其耐盐性强的主要原因,而茎向中位成熟叶运输Na+的选择性较高是其对盐胁迫的适应。多元回归分析结果还表明,Cl-对萨摩野菊的影响强于Na+。     

栽培菊花与菊属-近缘属属间杂种杂交后代耐盐性的遗传分析

为了解菊花近缘种属植物耐盐性的遗传规律,对栽培菊花与菊属-近缘属属间杂种杂交后代耐盐性进行了遗传分析。以栽培菊花'韩2’为母本,大岛野路菊×芙蓉菊属间杂种为父本进行杂交,以盐害指数作为指标,通过水培法对获得的F₁群体进行耐盐性鉴定,并应用植物数量性状主基因+多基因混合遗传模型,采用单个F₂世代的分离分析方法对F₁群体耐盐性进行混合遗传分析。结果发现:F₁群体的耐盐性出现广泛分离,变异系数达53.63%,盐害指数的变异范围为3.33%-96.67%;中亲优势为2.47,未达到显著水平;将后代的耐盐性分为5个级别,其中高耐的占14.52%,耐盐的占38.70%,中耐的占30.65%,敏盐的占9.68%,高敏的占6.45%。F₁群体的耐盐性符合B-2模型,由两个主效基因控制,加性效应均表现正向增效,分别为18.06和19.13,显性效应表现负向效应,分别为-17.99和-1.44,主基因遗传率为61.14%,属高度遗传力。综合分析表明:菊花近缘种属植物耐盐性可通过杂交导入栽培菊花,实现栽培菊花耐盐性遗传改良;菊花近缘种属植物盐害指数受两对主基因的控制,主基因在F₁群体的遗传率属高度遗传力,耐盐性选育可在早期世代进行。     

涝渍胁迫对入侵植物白花鬼针草及其本地近缘种金盏银盘生长和生理特性的影响

[目的]揭示涝渍胁迫下白花鬼针草与其本地近缘种金盏银盘的生长和生理特性差异。[方法]研究对照和涝渍胁迫下白花鬼针草和金盏银盘株高、新生不定根数目、净光合速率（P_n）、总生物量、相对生长速率、叶面积等生长和生理指标的变化。[结果]涝渍胁迫后入侵植物白花鬼针草比本地种金盏银盘保持了更高的株高、新生不定根数目和P_n（P<0.01）,更高的总生物量、相对生长速率、根生物量、茎生物量、叶生物量、叶面积（P<0.05）。涝渍胁迫10 d内,白花鬼针草根系活力和光系统II最大光量子产量显著高于金盏银盘（P<0.05）,涝渍胁迫20 d后2物种的2个参数趋于一致,这些结果表明涝渍对白花鬼针草生长的负面影响较小。涝渍胁迫前期更快的不定根生长速度和更高的根系脱氢酶活力可缓解涝渍对白花鬼针草的胁迫,减少了涝渍对光合系统的破坏,使其保持更高的P_n,从而有助于白花鬼针草保持更高的生长速率,是白花鬼针草耐受涝渍的生理机制。[结论]与本地近缘种金盏银盘相比,短期涝渍可使入侵植物白花鬼针草形成生长优势,华南地区雨季短期集中降水所形成的土壤涝渍有利于白花鬼针草的入侵。全球气候变化造成的降水不平衡性可能会加剧白花鬼针草在华南地区的入侵。     

土壤涝渍对杨树和柳树苗期生长及生理性状影响的研究

研究了两种杨树无性系（ＮＬ８０１０５、ＮＬ８０３５１）和柳树在土壤涝渍条件下的生长及生理性状．结果表明,在涝渍胁迫下苗木根系数量减少,根系长度缩短,根活力下降;高生长降低;最终生物量明显减小;叶片气孔对涝渍胁迫有较强反应,叶片中硝酸还原酶（ＮＲ）活性也会受到一定影响．柳树与杨树之间存在较大差异,无论从生长还是生理性状看,杨树不如柳树耐涝．     

丝瓜作砧木提高黄瓜耐涝性的研究

研究了涝害胁迫下黄瓜自根苗、南瓜砧嫁接苗和丝瓜砧嫁接苗的耐涝性能。结果表明：涝害胁迫时,丝瓜砧嫁接苗能维持较高的根系活力与较高的叶绿素含量;根系电解质渗出率、丙二醛（MDA）含量和超氧阴离子自由基（O2-）的含量 显著低于黄瓜自根苗和南瓜砧嫁接苗;根系SOD、POD和CAT等细胞保护酶活性高于黄瓜自根苗和南瓜砧嫁接苗;丝瓜作砧木可以提高黄瓜的耐涝性。     

两种菊属植物对渐进与非渐进盐胁迫的响应

以两种菊属野生植物'菊花脑'(Dendranthema nankingense)和'乙立寒菊'(D.indicum var.maruyamanum)幼苗为材料,通过Hogland营养液水培试验研究了120和180 mmol·L NaCl的渐进和非渐进胁迫处理对幼苗叶片受害程度及植株生物量、根系活力、叶片叶绿素含量、相对电导率和丙二醛含量的影响,以探讨它们对盐冲击的生理响应规律.结果显示:(1)在两种浓度盐胁迫下,两种菊属植物的整株鲜重、根系活力、叶片叶绿素含量大多显著下降,而同期的叶片丙二醛(MDA)含量、相对电导率显著增加;渐进盐胁迫下材料受害程度均轻于非渐进胁迫;盐胁迫浓度越大,各指标变化幅度越大,且两种胁迫方式下各指标的差异亦越大;(2)'菊花脑'对盐胁迫敏感,而'乙立寒菊'对盐胁迫的耐性较强;相同盐胁迫浓度下,非渐进胁迫与渐进胁迫间的差异在盐敏感材料上表现较明显.研究表明,两种菊属植物均存在盐冲击现象,并以耐盐性弱的材料表现更加突出,且高盐胁迫下植物所受的冲击伤害更明显.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.