叉尾斗鱼仔鱼饵料选择与摄食强度

采用实验生态学方法,研究了叉尾斗鱼仔鱼对不同类别饵料的选择及其摄食强度。结果表明,2—3 日龄刚开口摄食的仔鱼对桡足类无节幼体有明显正选择,对轮虫表现为明显的负选择,而对枝角类和桡足类则完全不摄食。4—6 日龄仔鱼主要以桡足类无节幼体为食物,7—11 日龄的仔鱼主要以枝角类为食物,而12—25 日龄仔鱼则主要摄食桡足类。仔鱼口宽或全长与摄食饵料个体大小呈线性或曲线正相关。2 日龄仔鱼开口摄食发生率达47%,而3 日龄以上则保持100%;2 日龄仔鱼平均摄食量仅为0.0017 mg,而25 日龄仔鱼平均摄食量已达0.3795 mg。最高饱食率出现在25 日龄,达到60%,而消化道饱满系数以5日龄最大,达13.13%。但之后消化道饱满系数逐步下降,11—25 日龄仔鱼消化道饱满系数在1.46%—2.79%之间波动。     

在人工饲养条件下鲥鱼仔鱼期开口摄食的观察

受精卵孵化后的仔鱼开口摄食阶段是鱼类早期发育的关健时期,经常引起仔鱼的大量死亡,缺乏充足的适口外源性饵料可能是造成死亡的重要原因之一。1982—1983年,利用赣江产卵场人工授精的鲥鱼受精卵在室内孵化环道中孵出的仔鱼,投喂捞取的天然浮游生物饵料进行了仔鲥有关开口摄食方面的观察,其主要结果如下:仔鱼在孵化后2.5—6.5日为开口摄食期,个体全长为4.5—7.4毫米,仔鱼通常残留多少不等的卵黄物质,为混合性开食营养类型;开口摄食期间的饵料以轮虫,桡足类及其幼体(无节幼体与挠足幼体)为主要种类,适口饵料宽度为仔鱼口宽的39—81％左右,约占仔鱼全长比例的1.5—3.8％;肠内一次饵料量为平均体重的6.72％。     

不同饵料对史氏鲟仔鱼消化酶活性的影响

用活饵料(水丝蚓)、商品饵料、添加消化酶制剂的商品饵料、活饵料与商品饵料交替使用(对照组)来投喂10～40日龄(DPH,Day＿past＿hatch)的史氏鲟仔鱼。其中对照组仔鱼体内蛋白酶活性和商品饵料组及添加消化酶组的差异极显著(P<0.01),与活饵料组差异不显著(P>0.05),活饵料组仔鱼蛋白酶活性与商品饵料组差异极显著(P<0.01),与添加消化酶组差异显著(P<0.05),商品饵料组和添加消化酶组之间仔鱼的蛋白酶活性差异不显著(P>0.05);各饵料组仔鱼的淀粉酶活性差异均不显著(P>0.05);活饵料组和对照组仔鱼的脂肪酶活力与商品饵料及添加消化酶组仔鱼的脂肪酶活性差异极显著(P<0.01),在这两组之间,仔鱼的脂肪酶活性差异均不显著(P>0.05)。     

投喂水平对长吻 仔稚鱼生长和存活的影响

以长吻(鱼危)仔鱼为实验对象, 探讨不同投喂水平对7-14日龄阶段和21-29日龄阶段的长吻(鱼危)仔稚鱼存活、生长以及鱼体组成的影响。7-14日龄阶段设计6个投喂水平, 分别为: 20、30、40、50、60和70 % IBW/d(IBW: initial body weight); 21-29日龄阶段设计6个投喂水平: 10、20、30、40、50、60 % IBW/d。实验结果表明: (1)投喂水平显著影响长吻(鱼危)仔稚鱼的存活和生长(P0.05)。7-14日龄阶段, 投喂水平为30%-60% IBW/d处理组的仔鱼存活率显著高于20%与70 % IBW/d投喂组(P0.05)。特定生长率随投喂水平的增加显著上升, 以60% IBW/d投喂组最高(P0.05)。21-29日龄期间, 10% IBW/d投喂组存活率显著低于50% IBW/d投喂组(P0.05), 特定生长率(SGR)则显著低于其他各处理组(P0.05); (2)鱼体体长体重变异系数未受投喂水平的显著影响。鱼体产出与饲料投入之比、鱼体水分含量随投喂水平升高显著下降(P0.05), 粗蛋白含量则显著上升(P0.05); 粗脂肪和粗灰分含量无显著差异; (3)分别通过存活率和投喂水平做一元二次回归、特定生长率与投喂水平做折线回归得到7-14日龄阶段的仔鱼最适投喂水平为43 % IBW/d; 通过仔鱼存活率和特定生长率与饲料投喂水平做折线回归得到21-29日龄阶段的仔鱼最适投喂水平分别为30.62% IBW/d和28.41% IBW/d。       

卤虫投喂下长吻(鱼危)仔稚鱼消化酶发育和口宽变化的研究

采用酶学和形态学测定方法, 研究在投喂卤虫条件下长吻(鱼危)仔鱼4种主要消化酶: 胃蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶、脂肪酶和淀粉酶的活性变化以及长吻(鱼危)仔鱼口宽、全长变化。实验共进行13d, 实验结果表明: (1)长吻(鱼危)仔鱼全长、口宽的发育与其日龄表现出明显的线性正相关(R_TL²=0.974, R_MW²=0.964)。口宽与全长比值(MW/TL)在仔鱼开口后急剧下降, 并自7日龄开始维持在0.07—0.08, 口宽和全长处于同步发育期并表现出明显的相关性(R²=0.948), 说明7日龄(/h, days post hatching)后口宽和全长处于同步发育期, 标志仔鱼转食的开始。(2)长吻(鱼危)仔鱼初次开口时即可检测出四种消化酶的活性。5—7/h时胰蛋白酶显著高于初孵仔鱼, 与此时仔鱼开始开口摄食的行为相一致。胃蛋白酶、脂肪酶活性在仔鱼孵化后第7天即开口的第3天, 淀粉酶活性在孵化后第6天, 显著高于初次孵化出来的仔鱼。8—13/h时, 胃蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶、脂肪酶和淀粉酶活性均在较高水平平稳的波动, 标志着消化道发育逐渐健全。     

不同开口饵料对西伯利亚鲟仔鱼生长、存活和体成分的影响

分别采用水丝蚓（Limnodrilus sp.）、卤虫无节幼体（Artemia nauplii）、枝角类（Moina sp.）和人工饲料饲养西伯利亚鲟仔鱼30 d,研究不同开口饵料对西伯利亚鲟仔鱼生长、存活率和体成分的影响.结果表明：卤虫无节幼体为西伯利亚鲟最适开口饵料,仔鱼的存活率最高（96.67%）; 投喂水丝蚓组生长速度最快;而人工饲料组生长速度明显低于其他组,且成活率最低.不同开口饵料组间仔鱼体成分差异显著,人工饲料组水分含量最高,且粗蛋白和粗灰分含量最低.采用卤虫无节幼体为西伯利亚鲟仔鱼开口饵料,然后采用水丝蚓进行强化培育,能获得较好的生长速度和存活率.     

不同饵料对匙吻鲟仔鱼生长发育和消化酶活性的影响

本文研究了不同强化饵料对匙吻鲟(Polyodon spathala)仔鱼生长和发育的影响,实验采用蛋黄或鱼油强化卤虫无节幼体或桡足幼体为饵料的共6个实验组,即未强化卤虫组、蛋黄强化卤虫组、鱼油强化卤虫组和未强化桡足幼体组、蛋黄强化桡足幼体组、鱼油强化桡足幼体组,对匙吻鲟仔鱼开口驯化14 d,动态监测和统计不同饵料组匙吻鲟仔鱼的生长和存活情况,并对消化酶活性进行相关性分析。体重、体长、日增重和存活率4个指标,均为桡足幼体组显著高于卤虫组(P0.05),尤其在存活率方面,鱼油强化卤虫组不足50%,而未强化桡足幼体组最高可达86.59%;不同饵料组生长模式方程都获得较好的拟合,从体重和体长生长曲线看,桡足幼体组从饲喂8天起体长和体重进入快速生长期,而卤虫组生长一直相对缓慢;胃蛋白酶活性在未强化桡足幼体组显著高于其他组(P0.05),不同饵料组对仔鱼的淀粉酶活性无显著性影响。结果表明,在匙吻鲟仔鱼开口期以桡足幼体开口饵料驯化效果较好,特别是未强化桡足幼体组仔鱼的存活率高,鱼油强化桡足幼体组仔鱼生长速度较快,而以卤虫饲喂效果相对较差。     

不同饵料对玛丽仔鱼生长及存活的影响

通过投喂轮虫、蛋黄、人工配合饲料（基础、添加诱食剂、高蛋白）５种不同饵料,观察玛丽仔鱼的生长及存活情况。表明各饵料组间差异不显著。经养殖１５日,仔鱼平均体重从００２３ｇ增至００５８ｇ,平均增量倍数为２４１—２８０;平均体长从１１２７ｍｍ增至１５６１ｍｍ,平均增长倍数为１３６—１４６。存活率均在８４％以上。     

饥饿胁迫对曼氏无针乌贼幼体的影响

以曼氏无针乌贼(Sepiella maindroni)初孵幼体为材料,分析了饥饿胁迫对幼体存活、行为变化,消化酶活力,脂肪酸组成,以及饥饿后再投喂对幼体生长及成活率的影响.结果表明:饥饿对曼氏无针乌贼幼体存活、体态和游动行为的影响较大,至第7天全部死亡.初孵幼体的胃蛋白酶活力在饥饿5d时出现最低值0.23±0.04 U·mg-1·prot-l;胰蛋白酶活力在饥饿5d时最高为737.30±26.26 U·mg-1·prot-1;淀粉酶活力在饥饿5d时降至最低13.93±2.00 U·g-1·prot-1;脂肪酶活力在饥饿2d时最低17.46±0.79 U·g-1·prot-1.饥饿状态下,机体消耗利用自身脂肪酸成分的顺序依次为:饱和脂肪酸,单不饱和脂肪酸,多不饱和脂肪酸中的低不饱和脂肪酸,最后是高不饱和脂肪酸.曼氏无针乌贼的不可逆点(PNR)为第5天.实验结果有助于合理制定曼氏无针乌贼育苗前期饵料的投喂策略.     

中华鲟仔鱼初次摄食时间与存活及生长的关系

研究了延迟投饵对中华鲟开口仔鱼存活及生长的影响。初次开口摄食在11—12日龄,13日龄卵黄基本吸收完毕,营养完全依靠外界供给。12日龄后,延迟投喂时间在1—10天的范围内,仔鱼成活率在46.67—73.33％之间,各组间无显著差异;延迟投喂时间为11d,成活率下降至13.3％;延迟投喂时间为12d,成活率为0。此外,延迟投喂时间在8d(20日龄)之内,42日龄后测量,仔鱼体长和体重与对照组无明显差异;延迟投喂超过9d,则体长和体重的指标明显低于对照组。仔鱼不摄食可以存活的最长时间是42日龄,但延迟投喂12天(24日龄)以上即发生不可逆转饥饿,故其饥饿的不可逆点(PNR)是24日龄。     

Distribution of N,P, K,Ca, Mg,S, Zn,Fe, Mn and Cu in groundnut

Summary Concentration of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S in summer groundnut crop was higher than in kharif while Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu contents were higher in summer crop. Kernel's N, P and Zn; Leaflet's Ca and Mn; Stem's K and Fe; Root's S and Cu and Petiole's Mg contents were highest. Shell's N, P, K, Mg, S, Zn and Cu; Kernel's Ca, Fe and Mn contents were the least. N, P, K, S, Zn and Cu concentrations decreased linearly as the crop grew. Ca, Mg, Fe and Mn concentrations did not display any distinct pattern. Ca concentration was positively correlated with pod yield in both the seasons.     

Uniform hypothesis of cell behavior--movement, contact inhibition of movement, adhesion, chemotaxis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, division, contact inhibition of division, fusion.

The cell has been represented as a charged liquid drop. Contrary to the DLVO-theory, the effect of the surface potential upon the value of the interfacial tension of the cell membrane has also been taken into consideration. The cell membrane has visco-elastic properties and its constituents may move against each other. Cell movement is caused by the appearance of a small number of the electrically charged constituents of the cell membrane on the leading edge of the cell. This produces a local decrease in the surface tension and the cell membrane expansion. At the moment of contact between two cells proton transfers occur between the strongly negatively charged microvilli of one cell and the body of the other, analogous to a condenser breakdown. This, through the effect on the surface tension, causes contact inhibition of movement. The distribution of the proton dissociable groups modifies the interaction between the cells (differentiation) and between the cell and the substratum (adhesion). Adsorption of the charged compounds at the surface of the cell membrane, decreasing the surface potential and increasing the surface tension, causes the phenomena of chemotaxis, phagocytosis and pinocytosis. Cell division, considered in the terms of the surface energy, requires an adequate supply of considerable quantities of energy inversely proportional to the surface potential value. In case of a reduction of the distance between the cells, their surface potential and the energetic barrier of the cell division processes increases, and causes contact inhibition of cell division. Due to their high charge, division of neoplastic cells is inhibited much later than division of normal cells, or is completely ininhibited due to geometric conditions. Fusion of the cell membrane in the intra-cellular and intercellular processes is a reverse process in relation to the cell division.     

The effect of malathion,diazinon, and various concentrations of zinc,copper, nickel,lead, iron,and mercury on fish

Acute and chronic toxicity tests for malathion, diazinon, copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), and iron (Fe) were conducted. Mortalities ofBarilius vagra andCyprinus carpio (common carp) were variable but LC50-96 hr were similar for pesticides. AdultB. vagra seem to be more sensitive to malathion than juvenile carp. Both juvenile carp and adultB. vagra were extremely sensitive to diazinon. Long-term exposure to pesticides modified morphology and behavior. The LC50-96 values for Cu, Hg, and Pb were 0.3, 0.16, and 0.44, respectively, for smaller fish and 1.0, 0.77, and 1.33, respectively, for larger fish. Replicate LC50 values for Zn, Ni, and Fe were somewhat variable, and for these metals, the size of the fish seemed to affect response because LC50 values increased as fish size increased. Cooper, Pb, Zn, and Fe residues following exposure to sublethal concentrations of these metals for 15 d were significantly greater in whole juvenile common carp than in controls.     

The Effect of Age and Gender on Al, B, Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, P, S, Sr, V, and Zn Contents in Rib Bone of Healthy Humans

The effect of age and gender on major, minor, and trace element contents in the intact rib bone of 80 relatively healthy 15–55-year-old women and men was investigated. Contents or upper limit of contents of 16 chemical elements in the rib bone were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Mean values (M?±?SΕΜ) for the mass fraction of Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Na, P, S, Sr, and Zn (milligram per kilogram of dry bone) were as follows: 2.54?±?0.16, 171,400?±?4,050, 1.35?±?0.22, 140?±?11, 1,874?±?71, 0.049?±?0.011, 2,139?±?38, 5,378?±?88, 75,140?±?1,660, 1,881?±?51, 291?±?20, and 92.8?±?1.5, respectively. The upper limits of contents of Al, B, Mn, and V were <7.20, <0.65, <0.36, and <0.03, respectively. Statistically significant tendency for the Ca, Mg, and P content to decrease with age was found in the human rib bone, regardless of gender. The mass fraction of Fe in the male rib bone increases with age. It was shown that higher Ca, Mg, Na, P, and Sr mass fractions as well as lower Fe content were typical of female ribs as compared to those in male ribs.     

Further studies of the sieve-element plastids of theCaryophyllales includingBarbeuia,Corrigiola, Lyallia,Microtea, Sarcobatus,andTelephium

The sieve-element plastids of 69 species of theCaryophyllales were investigated by transmission electron microscopy. All contained the specific subtype-P3 plastids characterized by a peripheral ring of protein filaments. The presence or absence of an additional central protein crystal and their shape being either polygonal or globular as well as the average sizes of the sieve-element plastids are useful features in the characterization of some families.—Barbeuia contains sieve-element plastids that confirm its placement within thePhytolaccaceae. Lyallia differs fromHectorella by including small starch grains in their sieve-element plastids, which otherwise by their globular crystals negate a closer connection to theCaryophyllaceae. The lack of a central protein crystal in its form-P3fs plastids placesMicrotea best within theChenopodiaceae. Sarcobatus, a so far uncontested member of theChenopodiaceae, contains form-P3cf plastids, i.e., including a central crystal not found elsewhere in this family.Telephium andCorrigiola, shifted back and forth betweenMolluginaceae andCaryophyllaceae, have form-P3cf(s) plastids with a polygonal crystal which favor their placement within theCaryophyllaceae.     

Simultaneous measurement of the trace elements Al, As, B, Be, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Rb, Se, Sr, and Zn in human serum and their reference ranges by ICP-MS

The goal of this article was to establish reference ranges of the concentration of trace elements in human serum and to compare these results with those reported by other authors. We describe the sample preparation and measurement conditions that allow the rapid, precise, and accurate determination of Al, As, B, Be, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Rb, Se, Sr, and Zn in human serum samples (n=110) by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Accuracy and precision were determined by analyzing three reconstituted reference serum samples by comparison with other methods and by the standard addition procedure. The advantages of the ICP-MS method include short time of analysis of the elements mentioned, low detection limit, high precision, and high accuracy. Disadventages include a high risk of contamination due to the presence of some of the elements of interest in the environment, the relatively delicate sample handling, and the high cost of the equipment.     

Translocation of radionuclides of Co, Zn, Se, Rb, Y, Tc, and Re into organs of tomato plant via roots

The translocation of the radionuclides of Co, Zn, Se, Rb, Y, Tc, and Re into red and green fruits, flesh, seeds, rind, calyxes, flower, leaves, and stems via the root of the tomato plant at two different growth stages was studied by a multitracer technique. The contents (%/g) of Co, Zn, Se, and Y in the roots were the highest among the organs, but only small amounts of them were translocated into the aerial parts after 5 d cultivation with a multitracer. In contrast, Rb, Tc, and Re showed rapid translocation into the stems and leaves from the root. In the plants cultivated for 95 d with a multitracer, Zn, Se, and Rb distributed in all of the organs, Co in the organs except for flowers, and Y, Tc, and Re in the limited organs. The translocation ratio of the elements for the edible part of the plants cultivated for 95 d decreased in the order of Rb>Zn>Co≈Se>Tc≈Y>Re. The transfer factor of the elements for tomato fruit was determined to be in the range of 10⁻⁵–10⁻². The characteristic translocation behavior of the elements gives us fundamental information on the assessment of pollutant uptake by the tomato plant.