大杜鹃雌鸟鸣声的日节律

本文描述了三个地区大杜鹃（Cuculus canorus）雌鸟鸣声的日节律。通过在北京野鸭湖湿地公园（2017年5月7日至7月8日）、辽宁辽河口自然保护区（2018年6月28日至7月29日）和吉林大岗子林场（2018年5月17日至7月10日）分别布设自动录音机10台、10台和8台,连续记录繁殖季大杜鹃的鸣声。共录到2 777次大杜鹃雌鸟的鸣叫。其中,1 431次来自北京野鸭湖湿地公园,1 222次来自辽宁辽河口自然保护区,124次来自吉林大岗子林场。野鸭湖湿地公园和辽河口自然保护区的大杜鹃雌鸟在日出时段出现鸣叫的高峰,而大岗子林场的大杜鹃在日出和日落时段各有一个鸣叫的高峰。通过比较大杜鹃雌鸟鸣声的日节律和大杜鹃产卵时间的日节律,本研究认为在上述地区大杜鹃雌鸟鸣叫的功能更可能是宣示领域和吸引异性,而非恐吓宿主。本研究有助于进一步了解大杜鹃雌鸟鸣声的功能。     

笼养状态下棕噪鹛华南亚种鸣声的初步研究

2005年10月至2006年6月对从四川省洪雅县野外捕获的10只(4♀,6♂)棕噪鹛华南亚种(Garrulax poecilorhynchus berthemy)的鸣声进行了记录并对主要鸣声进行了声谱分析。其鸣声复杂多变,可分为单声鸣叫、双声鸣叫、鸣唱和效鸣4类。研究中获得了6种单声鸣叫、3种双声鸣叫、7种鸣唱和1种效鸣的语谱图及其频谱特征。棕噪鹛雌、雄个体的鸣唱声有明显的差异,雄鸟的5种鸣唱中有3种是繁殖期所特有的。文中还对棕噪鹛鸣声的生物学意义进行了讨论。     

中国大陆地区白头鹎两个亚种的表型特征分析

选取体长、翅长、尾长、跗蹠长、嘴峰长、嘴宽、嘴高共7个量度指标,对在我国大陆地区分布的白头鹎Pycnonotus sinensis两个亚种共331号标本(指名亚种P.s.sinensis 239个,两广亚种P.s.hainanus 92个)进行了测量,运用统计软件SPSS 13.0对测量数据进行了比较分析,结果表明:指名亚种的翅长、跗蹠长、嘴宽和嘴高均大于两广亚种.指名亚种性别间的翅长、尾长、跗蹠长、嘴高和体长差异显著,而两广亚种性别间翅长、尾长、跗蹠长、嘴峰长和嘴宽差异显著,均是雄性个体大于雌性个体.将两个亚种的各量度性状与纬度进行相关分析,发现指名亚种雄性个体的体长与纬度呈弱的负相关,两广亚种的嘴高与纬度呈弱的正相关,其雄性个体的跗蹠长与纬度呈正相关.此外,对白头鹎指名亚种枕部白斑的宽窄度进行了等级划分并数量化,发现其宽度随季节而变化,在繁殖季节达到最大,支持其起饰羽作用的假说.     

新疆吐鲁番发现快步麻蜥指名亚种

快步麻蜥复合体（Eremias velox complex）分布于亚洲中部干旱区,不同地理居群形态和遗传变异较大。学界长期认为,快步麻蜥在我国有两个亚种：指名亚种（E.veloxvelox）和E.v.roborowskii亚种。前者分布于新疆准噶尔盆地和伊犁河谷;后者分布于新疆吐鲁番盆地,近年分类地位由亚种提升为种——吐鲁番麻蜥（E. roborowskii）。我们在吐鲁番市高昌区一万泉附近捕获到3只麻蜥,经过COI基因序列比对和系统发育关系重建以及外部形态比较,鉴定为快步麻蜥指名亚种。这是首次发现新疆天山以南存在快步麻蜥指名亚种分布,同时也确定为吐鲁番盆地的蜥蜴类分布新记录种,此发现可为研究快步麻蜥的谱系地理格局和演化历史提供基础资料。     

大石鸡亚种分化及一新亚种描述(鸡形目,雉科)

通过地理分布、形态差异、分子进化证明了我国特有种大石鸡Alectoris magna分化为两个亚种,指名亚种A.magna magna和兰州亚种新亚种A.magna lanzhouensis subsp.nov..对新亚种与指名亚种的形态进行了比较.测新亚种12个和指名亚种7个样本的mtDNA控制区486个碱基,两个亚种间无共享单倍型,其间基因交流受到限制;新亚种各取样种群间共享一种单倍型,说明它们来自共同祖先;新亚种序列变异0.27%,而指名亚种为0.91%,其间差异显著(t=1.77,p=0.046＜0.05);两个亚种间的遗传距离为0.0103,约50万年前它们分歧进化.     

我国学者对亚洲蝮属蝮蛇分类研究的贡献

本文对我国学者对亚洲蝮属蝮蛇的分类学研究贡献,尤其是新物种的发现、描述及研究简史进行了总结。该属主要分布于亚洲,共计22种。蝮蛇是我国重要的传统中药材和现代生物医药资源,对其分类和生物学认识是资源开发和蛇伤治疗方面的基础。1979年以来,我国学者对我国该属的分类问题做了大量卓有成效的研究工作,在我国目前已知的16种亚洲蝮属蝮蛇中,有8个种和1个亚种为我国学者发现并描述,它们分别是蛇岛蝮(含指名亚种和千山亚种)、秦岭蝮、六盘山蝮、长岛蝮、庙岛蝮、红斑高山蝮、诺尔盖蝮和澜沧蝮。此外,近年来还进一步通过对西伯利亚蝮-中介蝮复合种的研究,发现我国北方一直被认为的中介蝮应该是西伯利亚蝮指名亚种、华北蝮和阿拉善蝮。最后,总结了我国分布的16种蝮蛇的名录和分布信息。     

黄眉姬鹟琉球亚种在中国大陆的新纪录(雀形目,鹟科)

2005年4月7日在广州中山大学康乐园校区竹园内观测到一只黄眉姬鹟琉球亚种Ficedula narcissina owstoni的first-spring雄性个体,并以照片记录了该种,是中国大陆的鸟类亚种新纪录.本文对比了该亚种与指名亚种first-spring雄鸟的外形特征,并对该亚种的分布进行了简要讨论.     

猪尾鼠的分类,分布与分化

本文对猪尾鼠（Ｔｙｐｈｌｏｍｐｓｃｉｎｅｒｅｕｓ）的亚种分化、分布和亚种间的相互关系作了研究。它被划分为５个亚种．其中,分布于长江流域中上游一带的猪尾鼠为一新亚种（大娄山亚种,Ｔ．ｃ．ｄａｌｏｕｓｈａｎｅｎｓｉｓ）,以脑颅较隆突、眶间较窄、鼻骨后缘止于颌额缝之前为其特征;广西珠江以南的猪尾鼠为另一新亚种（广西亚种,Ｔ．ｃ．ｇｕａｎｇｘｉｅｎｓｉｓ）,以腹面污黄色,脑颅高隆而宽阔为其特征。通过对２２个可数性状和测量性状的聚类分析,结果表明：５个亚种可分为两组,其中,越南北部的沙巴亚种和广西南部的广西亚种为一组,性状相对特化;长江流域的大娄山亚种、云南的景东亚种和华东地区的指名亚种为另一组,性状相对原始。后一亚种组小,大娄山亚种和景东亚种有较多的相似性,关系比较密切,指名亚种保有较多的原始特征。猪尾鼠起源于更新世早期,起源地可能是华南大陆。现今的猪尾鼠在我国长江流域及其以南地区的分布几乎是连续的,向北可分布到秦岭南坡和甘肃南部,向酉到滇中哀牢山。江河的阻隔和地带性环境气候的差异和变化可能是导致猪尾鼠亚种分化的主要原因。     

褐鹛属鸟类的鸣声特征及种间比较

在雀形目鸟类系统分类和进化研究中,鸣声有重要作用。褐鹛属（Fulvetta）是近年从雀鹛类（Alcippe）独立的属,其鸣声特征及种间差异尚缺乏定量研究。我们于2016至2022年在野外录制了该属7种463只个体的鸣声,包括棕头雀鹛（F. ruficapilla,n=64）、褐头雀鹛（F. manipurensis,n=71）、白眉雀鹛（F. vinipectus,n=124）、中华雀鹛（F. striaticollis,n=64）、路氏雀鹛（F. ludlowi,n=33）、灰头雀鹛（F. cinereiceps,n=84）和玉山雀鹛（F. formosana,n=23）。基于野外行为观察,将鸣声区分为鸣叫和鸣唱,并将鸣叫分为联络鸣叫、呼唤鸣叫、报警鸣叫及觅食鸣叫4种类型。对鸣唱的声谱图进行人工检视,划分为1～8种鸣唱型。采用多变量方差分析（MANOVA）比较鸣声参数种间差异,显示最高频率、最低频率、峰频率、句子持续时间、频率宽度、平均熵6个参数在该属7种间均有显著性差异。将7种褐鹛鸣声特征的马氏距离与种间遗传距离进行Mantel检验,表明鸣唱特征与种间遗传距离呈正相关（r=0.51...     

知名鸟种白头鹎

正说起中国东部地区城市里最常见的鸟,白头鹎可是当仁不让,人们熟悉的麻雀有时还真得屈居其后。白头鹎的学名和英文名分别是Pycnonotus sinensis和Chinese Bulbul,其中的含义就是中国鹎,因为它主要分布在我国东部地区。通常我们看到的是分布最广的白头鹎指名亚种(P.s.sinensis),另外两个亚种则是分布于宝岛台湾的台湾亚种(P.s.formosae)和两广一带的海南亚种(P.s.hainanus)。白头鹎性格活泼,喜爱鸣叫,每天清晨那些唤醒你的清亮鸟叫声多半正来自于它们。     

Allelic constitution of the hemoglobin beta chain in wild populations of the house mouse,Mus musculus

We studied the allelic frequency of the hemoglobin beta chain (Hbb) of wild mice, Mus musculus, collected from 46 localities, mostly in Asia and surrounding areas. The wild populations in the northern part of China, Korea, and the central part of Japan exhibited an almost monomorphic distribution of Hbbp. In the southern part of Asia, the frequency of Hbbp decreased and Hbbd was predominant. Although Hbbs and Hbbd are generally found in Europe, the Hbbp allele was present in Southeastern Europe (Bulgaria). In the light of these results, the Hbbp allele might have originated in mice of northern Asia.     

大杜鹃对家燕的巢寄生

了解杜鹃(Cuculus spp.)对不同宿主鸟类的巢寄生,是研究杜鹃与其宿主之间协同进化的重要基础资料。大杜鹃(Cuculus canorus)和家燕(Hirundo rustica)分布遍及全国,且为同域分布,但两者之间的寄生现象尚未有过系统调查。2012年和2014年4~8月,对繁殖于吉林市昌邑区桦皮厂镇(34°58′44.18″N,126°13′26.83″E,海拔184 m)和海南岛的家燕种群进行调查,结果表明,吉林市昌邑区桦皮厂镇家燕种群的寄生率为2.4%(1/42),而在海南岛所调查的1 719个家燕巢未发现杜鹃寄生现象。同时在网络上搜集家燕巢寄生的报道案例,共记录到13巢家燕被大杜鹃寄生繁殖,均发生在北方的家燕种群。     

GENETIC DATA HINT AT A COMMON DONOR REGION FOR INVASIVE ATLANTIC AND PACIFIC POPULATIONS OF GRACILARIA VERMICULOPHYLLA (GRACILARIALES,RHODOPHYTA)1

Gracilaria vermiculophylla (Ohmi) Papenf., an agar‐producing red alga introduced from northeast Asia to Europe and North America, is often highly abundant in invaded areas. To assay its genetic diversity and identify the putative source of invasive populations, we analyzed the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (cox1) gene from 312 individuals of G. vermiculophylla collected in 37 native and 32 introduced locations. A total of 19 haplotypes were detected: 17 in northeast Asia and three in Europe and eastern and western North America, with only one shared among all regions. The shared haplotype was present in all introduced populations and in ～99% of individuals in the introduced areas. This haplotype was also found at three native locations in east Korea, west Japan, and eastern Russia. Both haplotype and nucleotide diversities were extremely low in Europe and North America compared to northeast Asia. Our study indicates that the East Sea/Sea of Japan is a likely donor region of the invasive populations of G. vermiculophylla in the east and west Atlantic and the east Pacific.     

Geographical distribution of Phagocata vivida in the Far East

Phagocata vivida (Ijima et Kaburaki, 1916) is common in cold-water habitats in mountainous and hilly regions in Japan; in Northern Japan it occurs in lowland areas. Comparative studies of the material from South Korea and Primorskiy in Northeast Siberia, Russia, show that Ph. vivida is distributed widely in these geographic areas. Phagocata miyadii Okugawa, 1939, reported from North Korea and Northeastern China is a synonym of Ph vivida. Geographical distribution of this species in the Japanese Islands now becomes very clear. Judging by its geographical and vertical distributions, the species probably is a preglacial faunal element that entered Japan by the northern route to Old Honshû Island along the coast of the Old Sea of Japan.     

Constraints on host choice: why do parasitic birds rarely exploit some common potential hosts?

1. Why are some common and apparently suitable resources avoided by potential users? This interesting ecological and evolutionary conundrum is vividly illustrated by obligate brood parasites. Parasitic birds lay their eggs into nests of a wide range of host species, including many rare ones, but do not parasitize some commonly co-occurring potential hosts. 2. Attempts to explain the absence of parasitism in common potential hosts are limited and typically focused on single-factor explanations while ignoring other potential factors. We tested why thrushes Turdus spp. are extremely rarely parasitized by common cuckoos Cuculus canorus despite breeding commonly in sympatry and building the most conspicuous nests among forest-breeding passerines. 3. No single examined factor explained cuckoo avoidance of thrushes. Life-history traits of all six European thrush species and the 10 most frequently used cuckoo hosts in Europe were similar except body/egg size, nest design and nestling diet. 4. Experiments (n = 1211) in several populations across Europe showed that host defences at egg-laying and incubation stages did not account for the lack of cuckoo parasitism in thrushes. However, cross-fostering experiments disclosed that various factors during the nestling period prevent cuckoos from successfully parasitizing thrushes. Specifically, in some thrush species, the nest cup design forced cuckoo chicks to compete with host chicks with fatal consequences for the parasite. Other species were reluctant to care even for lone cuckoo chicks. 5. Importantly, in an apparently phylogenetically homogenous group of hosts, there were interspecific differences in factors responsible for the absence of cuckoo parasitism. 6. This study highlights the importance of considering multiple potential factors and their interactions for understanding absence of parasitism in potential hosts of parasitic birds. In the present study, comparative and experimental procedures are integrated, which represent a novel approach that should prove useful for the understanding of interspecific ecological relationships in general.     

Phylogeography of Scots pine in Europe and Asia based on mtDNA polymorphisms

We analyzed mitochondrial DNA polymorphisms to search for evidence of the genetic structure and patterns of admixture in 124 populations (N = 1407 trees) across the distribution of Scots pine in Europe and Asia. The markers revealed only a weak population structure in Central and Eastern Europe and suggested postglacial expansion to middle and northern latitudes from multiple sources. Major mitotype variants include the remnants of Scots pine at the north-western extreme of the distribution in the Scottish Highlands; two main variants (western and central European) that contributed to the contemporary populations in Norway and Sweden; the central-eastern European variant present in the Balkan region, Finland, and Russian Karelia; and a separate one common to most eastern European parts of Russia and western Siberia. We also observe signatures of a distinct refugium located in the northern parts of the Black Sea basin that contributed to the patterns of genetic variation observed in several populations in the Balkans, Ukraine, and western Russia. Some common haplotypes of putative ancient origin were shared among distant populations from Europe and Asia, including the most southern refugial stands that did not participate in postglacial recolonization of northern latitudes. The study indicates different genetic lineages of the species in Europe and provides a set of genetic markers for its finer-scale population history and divergence inference.     

Y-chromosomal DNA haplogroups and their implications for the dual origins of the Koreans

We have analyzed eight Y-chromosomal binary markers (YAP, RPS4Y₇₁₁, M9, M175, LINE1, SRY₊₄₆₅, 47z, and M95) and three Y-STR markers (DYS390, DYS391, and DYS393) in 738 males from 11 ethnic groups in east Asia in order to study the male lineage history of Korea. Haplogroup DE-YAP was found at a high frequency only in Japan but was also present at low frequencies in northeast Asia, including 2.5% in Korea, suggesting a northern origin for these chromosomes. Haplogroup C-RPS4Y₇₁₁ was present in Korea and Manchuria at moderate frequencies: higher than in populations from southeast Asia, but lower than those in the northeast, which may imply a northern Asian expansion of these lineages, perhaps from Mongolia or Siberia. The major Y-chromosomal expansions in east Asia were those of haplogroup O-M175 (and its sublineages). This haplogroup is likely to have originated in southern east Asia and subsequently expanded to all of east Asia. The moderate frequency of one sublineage in the Koreans, haplogroup O-LINE1 (12.5%), could be a result of interaction with Chinese populations. The age of another sublineage, haplogroup O-SRY₊₄₆₅, and Y-STR haplotype diversity provide evidence for relatively recent male migration, originally from China, through Korea into Japan. In conclusion, the distribution pattern of Y-chromosomal haplogroups reveals the complex origin of the Koreans, resulting from genetic contributions involving the northern Asian settlement and range expansions mostly from southern-to-northern China.     

Adaptations in the common cuckoo (Cuculus canorus) to host eggs in a multiple-hosts system of brood parasitism

The common cuckoo Cuculus canorus parasitism greatly reduces the reproductive success of its hosts and imposes strong selection pressure for hosts to evolve defences against parasitism, such as the ability to recognize and reject dissimilar parasitic eggs, which, in turn, selects for better egg mimicry by the cuckoo. In the co-evolutionary interaction, however, it remains unknown how the cuckoo successfully expanded its range of host usage and how they developed egg mimicry. Most previous studies were conducted in areas where a very few number of host species (i.e. one or two at most) are sympatric with the cuckoo. Several host species, however, breed sympatric with the cuckoo and have been parasitized in the study site in Nagano, central Japan. Such a multiple-hosts system will provide valuable insights for understanding the cuckoo–hosts interactions in the past. In the present study, we report quantitative profiles of eggs based on spectrometer reflectance for four major host species and the corresponding cuckoo gentes. The hosts include the oriental reed warbler ( Acrocephalus orientalis ), bull-headed shrike ( Lanius bucephalus ), azure-winged magpie ( Cyanopica cyana ), and black-faced bunting ( Emberiza spodocephala ). We show that (1) egg morphs of each host and corresponding cuckoo gens can be categorized by two chromatic components of reflectance spectra and (2) there is a significant difference in a particular chroma component between hosts and the cuckoo. We suggest that the cuckoo parasitism in central Japan originated from parasitism on the black-faced bunting.  © 2009 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society , 2009, 98 , 291–300.     

Evolutionary and dispersal history of Eurasian house mice Mus musculus clarified by more extensive geographic sampling of mitochondrial DNA

We examined the sequence variation of mitochondrial DNA control region and cytochrome b gene of the house mouse (Mus musculus sensu lato) drawn from ca. 200 localities, with 286 new samples drawn primarily from previously unsampled portions of their Eurasian distribution and with the objective of further clarifying evolutionary episodes of this species before and after the onset of human-mediated long-distance dispersals. Phylogenetic analysis of the expanded data detected five equally distinct clades, with geographic ranges of northern Eurasia (musculus, MUS), India and Southeast Asia (castaneus, CAS), Nepal (unspecified, NEP), western Europe (domesticus, DOM) and Yemen (gentilulus). Our results confirm previous suggestions of Southwestern Asia as the likely place of origin of M. musculus and the region of Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and northern India, specifically as the ancestral homeland of CAS. The divergence of the subspecies lineages and of internal sublineage differentiation within CAS were estimated to be 0.37–0.47 and 0.14–0.23 million years ago (mya), respectively, assuming a split of M. musculus and Mus spretus at 1.7 mya. Of the four CAS sublineages detected, only one extends to eastern parts of India, Southeast Asia, Indonesia, Philippines, South China, Northeast China, Primorye, Sakhalin and Japan, implying a dramatic range expansion of CAS out of its homeland during an evolutionary short time, perhaps associated with the spread of agricultural practices. Multiple and non-coincident eastward dispersal events of MUS sublineages to distant geographic areas, such as northern China, Russia and Korea, are inferred, with the possibility of several different routes.     

Genetic differentiation of the gobies Gymnogobius castaneus and G. taranetzi in the region surrounding the sea of Japan as inferred from a mitochondrial gene genealogy

The phylogenetic relationships between gobies of the genus Gymnogobius were analyzed using mitochondrial cytochrome b gene sequences, focusing on the species currently classified as G. taranetzi and G. castaneus that occur in Japan, South Korea, and Russia. Gobies of the two species collected at 12 localities in Japan, South Korea, and Russia formed a monophyletic clade (called the "castaneus species complex" here) with G. breunigii as the sister clade. Within the species complex, six lineages were recognized: (L1) G. castaneus from the Akigawa River, Tokyo, Japan; (L2) G. castaneus from Yuza, Yamagata, Japan; (L3) G. taranetzi from Russia and South Korea; (L4) G. castaneus from the Tonegawa River, Chiba, Japan; (L5a) G. taranetzi from Shimane, Japan; and (L5b) G. castaneus + G. taranetzi from the Japan Sea coast of northern Japan. The two local lineages of G. castaneus (L1 and L2) are highly divergent from the others. The Japanese populations of G. taranetzi have diverged from the continental G. taranetzi populations, while one mitochondrial lineage (L5b) is shared with G. castaneus of northeast Japan. Therefore, the current species G. taranetzi and G. castaneus as defined morphologically are polyphyletic, necessitating a taxonomic revision. The genetic differentiation of isolated local lineages and the evolution of taranetzi-and castaneus-type gobies have likely occurred repeatedly in brackish/freshwater habitats around the Sea of Japan. We discussed the time of divergence for these gobies based on a tree with the molecular clock assumption.