四种重金属胁迫下朝天委陵菜的生长特性及富集能力

通过砂基培养,研究了朝天委陵菜(Potentilla supina)在不同浓度Cd2 、Cu2 、Pb2 、Zn2 胁迫下的生长特性及富集能力.结果表明,朝天委陵菜对Cu2 、Zn2 、Pb2 、Cd2 的耐受性较强,在≤130 mg/L的胁迫下未出现死亡,仅随浓度增大而植株生长减慢;Cu2 的富集量及富集系数为50 mg/L组最大,分别达1 422.91 mg/kg和28.46;Pb2 的富集量及富集系数为70 mg/L组最大,分别达1 148.92 mg/kg和16.41;Zn2 的富集能力较弱,富集系数在1.48～6.33之间;Cd2 的富集量最少,各浓度组富集系数均小于0.1.在砂培条件下,朝天委陵菜对四种重金属的富集能力,各浓度组均为Cu2 ＞Pb2 ＞Zn2 ＞Cd2 ;当Cu2 、Pb2 污染物浓度≤90 mg/L时,朝天委陵菜对Pb2 和Cu2 的富集达到超富集植物的富集水平,可选作Cu2 、Pb2 污染土壤的修复植物;Cu2 、Pb2 污染土壤上生长的朝天委陵菜,因Cu2 、Pb2 含量超标不宜采食或药用.     

铅、锰对黄伞菌丝形态及细胞活性的影响

【目的】确定铅(Pb2+)、锰(Mn2+)对黄伞菌丝形态、结构及其菌丝活力的影响,并比较黄伞对Pb2+、Mn2+的适应性和耐受性。【方法】采用平板培养和液体培养方法,结合菌落形态和菌丝的电镜观察,测定菌落直径、菌丝鲜重,并以原子吸收分光光度计测定Pb2+、Mn2+含量。同时测定液体培养条件下菌丝的鲜重和胞外多糖产量以验证菌丝活力。【结果】不同Pb2+、Mn2+浓度下黄伞菌丝体形态变化明显,Pb2+、Mn2+的浓度≥500 mg/L可显著抑制黄伞菌丝的生长;高浓度Pb2+、Mn2+下(Pb2+≥700 mg/L、Mn2+≥2 000 mg/L)黄伞菌丝体锁状联合大量减少,且大小不一、分布不均,菌丝褶皱变形。黄伞在菌丝平板生长过程中,当Pb2+、Mn2+分别为100 mg/L时,黄伞菌丝生长速度最快。黄伞在液体培养过程中,当Mn2+浓度为300 mg/L、Pb2+浓度为50 mg/L时,菌丝鲜重以及产生的胞外多糖含量最大。【结论】Pb2+、Mn2+对黄伞的菌丝生长、菌丝活力及结构形态有较大的影响;黄伞对锰离子的适应性和耐性明显高于对铅离子的适应性和耐性。     

蛹虫草对锌的耐性与富集特征

在培养基内添加不同量的锌,研究其对蛹虫草子实体的形成、子实体和菌丝体生物量、子实体多糖含量和葡萄糖含量的影响,以及蛹虫草子实体和菌丝体对锌的富集能力。结果表明锌对上述各项都有影响。液体培养条件下,锌浓度在453906mg/L范围内可以促进菌丝体生长,锌浓度超过4077mg/L时,菌丝生长受到抑制。培养基锌的浓度在4077mg/L以下时,蛹虫草菌丝体锌的富集量随着液体培养基锌浓度的提高而提高。固体培养条件下,锌含量在226453mg/kg范围内可以促进蛹虫草子实体生长,并且在此含量范围内,蛹虫草子实体中葡萄糖含量较高。培养基锌含量在680906mg/kg时,子实体多糖含量较高。培养基锌含量在2038mg/kg以下时,蛹虫草子实体中锌的富集量随着培养基锌含量的提高而提高,在培养基锌含量为2038mg/kg时,子实体中锌的含量达到28570mg/kg(干重)。     

铅铬胁迫对小麦种子萌发及幼苗脯氨酸含量的影响北大核心CSCD

旨在探讨铅铬胁迫对小麦的毒害效应以及对幼苗脯氨酸的影响。用不同浓度的铅铬溶液处理小麦,研究铅铬单一及复合胁迫对小麦种子萌发及幼苗脯氨酸含量的影响。结果表明,铅铬单一及复合胁迫均使得小麦种子萌发率降低,幼苗株高、根长降低,鲜物质量和干物质量减少。铅铬处理1 d后,各处理组小麦体内的脯氨酸含量较对照都有升高,尤其是复合胁迫下100mg/L Pb+100 mg/L Cr处理组,其小麦脯氨酸含量较对照升高了32.81%。铅铬处理3、5和7 d后,100 mg/L Cr、50 mg/L Cr、200mg/L Pb+100 mg/L Cr、100 mg/L Pb+100 mg/L Cr这4个处理组的小麦脯氨酸含量较对照均显著升高,其它各处理组与对照相比差异不显著。铅铬胁迫抑制了小麦种子的萌发和幼苗生长,使得小麦体内脯氨酸含量升高,因此建议脯氨酸含量的变化可以作为监测植物铅铬胁迫的指标之一。     

卫星灵芝液体发酵富集硒锌的研究

研究不同浓度的硒、锌对卫星灵芝菌丝体生长的影响,初步探讨卫星灵芝菌丝体生物富集硒、锌的效应。采用平板培养法及液体发酵法研究锌、硒对卫星灵芝菌丝体生长的影响及富集效应。培养基中不同浓度的亚硒酸钠对菌丝体生长均具有不同程度的抑制作用,但灵芝菌丝体的富硒量随着硒浓度的增加而提高,当亚硒酸钠浓度为40 mg/L时,菌丝体中的生物量、富硒量及富硒转化率最高,分别为1.54%、2 131.55 mg/kg、32.91%;培养基中硫酸锌浓度低于150 mg/L的范围内对卫星灵芝菌丝体生长有明显的促进作用,硫酸锌浓度为60 mg/L时菌丝体中的锌含量和富锌转化率最高,分别为1 142.91 mg/kg、1.76%。培养基中同时添加40 mg/L的亚硒酸钠和60 mg/L硫酸锌,菌丝体生长量1.60%,富硒量301.85 mg/kg,富硒率4.84%;富锌量为540.41 mg/kg,富锌率为5.72%。     

重金属铅离子(Pb2+)对两株螺旋藻生长影响的研究

以来自两个不同企业产业化的螺旋藻作为出发藻株A、藻株B,从生物量、藻胆蛋白、可溶性蛋白、半数致死浓度4个方面研究藻株对重金属铅离子(Pb2+)的耐受性,为解析耐受机理积累研究基础。实验结果表明,两株藻对Pb2+的耐受性存在明显差异,藻株B比藻株A对铅的耐受性强。藻株A:Pb2+浓度低于1 mg/L,促进其生长;Pb2+浓度为10～40 mg/L,对其无明显影响;Pb2+浓度大于50 mg/L时,抑制其生长;Pb2+浓度为100 mg/L,藻丝体降解死亡;96 h半数致死浓度(EC50)为61.66 mg/L。藻株B:Pb2+浓度低于20 mg/L,对其无明显影响;Pb2+浓度为20 mg/L,促进其生长;Pb2+浓度大于50 mg/L,抑制其生长;Pb2+浓度为100 mg/L,藻丝体降解死亡;96 h半数致死浓度(EC50)为72.44 mg/L。当Pb2+浓度为20 mg/L时,藻蓝蛋白(PC)和水溶性蛋白均具有较高的积累量,与其正常生长情况相似。     

硒对大球盖菇菌丝生长、子实体农艺性状和营养品质的影响

【背景】大球盖菇是我国新兴的食用菌栽培品种，其栽培技术简单、产量高、效益高，在农业废弃物高效转化和农民增收方面发挥重要作用。【目的】探究硒对大球盖菇菌丝生长、子实体农艺性状和营养品质的影响，为富硒大球盖菇的实践生产提供依据。【方法】通过平板试验，测定添加不同质量浓度的Na₂SeO₃对菌丝生长速度和干重的影响。以木屑、稻壳、玉米芯为主要原料，添加0-10mg/kgNa₂SeO₃，进行大球盖菇生料栽培试验，测定一潮菇农艺性状、营养品质和抗氧化活性。【结果】Na₂SeO₃浓度为0-10mg/L时，对大球盖菇菌丝生长速度与干重无显著影响，分别为3.74-3.76 mm/d和40.67-41.33 mg；当浓度达到15 mg/L及以上时，显著抑制菌丝生长。栽培试验结果表明，添加0-10 mg/kg Na₂SeO₃对一潮菇生物学效率无显著影响，7.5 mg/kg剂量组表现出最佳的菌盖直径、菌柄直径和单菇鲜重。子实体营养分析显...     

铅铬胁迫对小麦种子萌发及幼苗脯氨酸含量的影响

旨在探讨铅铬胁迫对小麦的毒害效应以及对幼苗脯氨酸的影响。用不同浓度的铅铬溶液处理小麦,研究铅铬单一及复合胁迫对小麦种子萌发及幼苗脯氨酸含量的影响。结果表明,铅铬单一及复合胁迫均使得小麦种子萌发率降低,幼苗株高、根长降低,鲜物质量和干物质量减少。铅铬处理1 d后,各处理组小麦体内的脯氨酸含量较对照都有升高,尤其是复合胁迫下100mg/L Pb+100 mg/L Cr处理组,其小麦脯氨酸含量较对照升高了32.81%。铅铬处理3、5和7 d后,100 mg/L Cr、50 mg/L Cr、200mg/L Pb+100 mg/L Cr、100 mg/L Pb+100 mg/L Cr这4个处理组的小麦脯氨酸含量较对照均显著升高,其它各处理组与对照相比差异不显著。铅铬胁迫抑制了小麦种子的萌发和幼苗生长,使得小麦体内脯氨酸含量升高,因此建议脯氨酸含量的变化可以作为监测植物铅铬胁迫的指标之一。     

铅镉抗性菌株JB11强化植物对污染土壤中铅镉的吸收

研究了铅、镉抗性菌株(JB11)和生物降解螯合剂乙二胺二琥珀酸(S,S)-EDDS)提高高羊茅和红三叶草吸收土壤中铅、镉的能力。从土壤样品中筛选出1株对Cd、Pb具有较强抗性的菌株JB11,经鉴定为成团泛菌属(Pantoea agglomerans)。JB11对Pb2+、Cd2+、Cr6+、Cu2+、Zn2+、Ni2+等多种重金属和卡那霉素、氨苄青霉素、链霉素、四环素等抗生素具有抗性,在温度15—35℃和pH为5.0—9.0范围内生长良好,最适生长温度为30℃,最适pH值为7.0左右,在低于3%的NaCl浓度下生长良好。盆栽试验研究了菌株JB11、EDDS及1/2EDDS+JB11 3种处理下对生长在Cd 100 mg/kg、Cd 200 mg/kg、Pb 500 mg/kg和Pb 1000mg/kg的土壤中的高羊茅和红三叶生长及从土壤富集Cd、Pb能力的影响。结果表明,外加JB11能使高羊茅和红三叶的干重分别比对照都有增加。除外加JB11后在经Pb 1000 mg/kg处理的土壤中高羊茅地上部的Pb浓度、经Cd 200 mg/kg处理的土壤中红三叶地上部的Cd浓度以及经Cd 100 mg/kg处理的土壤中高羊茅和红三叶根部的Cd浓度以外,外加JB11后对其他重金属处理植物中Pb和Cd的含量都显著增加。外加EDDS后除在经Pb 500 mg/kg的土壤中高羊茅根部的Pb浓度增加差异不显著,对其余重金属处理都可产生显著的影响(P0.05)。1/2EDDS+JB11的复合处理下植物重金属吸收量多数高于JB11和EDDS单独处理,JB11用于植物修复土壤Pb和Cd污染具有很大的潜力。     

小麦不同生育时期Cd、Cr、Pb污染监测指标体系

以小麦为供试材料,分别采用发芽试验、溶液培养、土柱栽培等毒理试验方法,研究了小麦萌芽期、幼苗期及成株期受重金属污染毒害的指标体系。结果表明,①小麦根伸长抑制率可作为萌芽期重金属污染评价的一项生物指标;Cd、Cr、Pb对小麦根生长的7d半效应浓度(EC50)值分别为1.39、0.20mmo.lL-1和2.75mmol.L-1,据此得到3种重金属对小麦同一性状的毒性次序为CrCdPb;此外各性状抑制率与胁迫浓度的关系可用双曲线模型y=x/(a+x/100)或指数曲线模型y=a(1-exp(-bx))较好模拟。②Cd、Cr、Pb单一污染胁迫对小麦幼苗性状的毒性次序均以影响叶面积和冠部干重为主,表明叶面积和冠部干重为幼苗期污染监测的敏感指标;重金属对除根干重外所有性状的毒性次序:CrCdPb,该毒性次序是根据引起50%抑制的临界浓度即EC50值确定的;各性状抑制率与胁迫浓度的关系可用直线模型、或双曲线模型、或指数曲线模型较好模拟。③重金属单一污染胁迫造成小麦籽粒产量下降幅度是CdCrPb;二元互作对产量影响的重要性次序为CdCrCdPbCrPb;在Cd、Cr、Pb复合污染胁迫条件下,穗数可以作为成株期重金属污染监测的首选指标。以上指标可为农田小麦重金属污染的监测和综合治理提供一些理论依据。     

大型真菌对重金属的生物富集作用及生态修复

大型真菌是一类重要的环境生物资源,对人类的生存具有重要作用.与绿色植物相比,大型真菌能够积累高浓度的Pb、Cd和Hg等重金属.本文论述了大型真菌对重金属的生物富集作用以及利用大型真菌进行重金属生态修复的优势,指出大型真菌种类、生态类型、富集重金属的生物学特性及其遗传潜能、大型真菌菌丝体和子实体的形态、部位、寿命以及结实间隔和环境因子等是影响大型真菌吸收和积累重金属的主要因素.筛选富集重金属功能强大、易于人工栽培、环境适应性强、便于后处理的大型真菌是今后研究的重要方向.     

Lead and copper effects on lipid metabolism in cultured lichen photobionts with different phosphorus status

We evaluated the ability of heavy metals (copper, lead) to alter lipid metabolism in four algal lichen photobionts following short term exposure. Metal concentrations (10 microM) were equivalent to environmentally relevant levels that have been reported to have effects on intact algae. The algae were grown under normal or deficient phosphate conditions to assess any interactions with the heavy metal stress. Given the frequent sensitivity of lichens to copper and lead, there were surprisingly small changes on lipid metabolism, as assessed by radiolabelling from [1-14C]acetate. The main effects, which were seen in a number of cases, were an overall inhibition of total lipid labelling and a relative increase in the labelling of triacylglycerols in the non-polar fraction. Both of these changes can be viewed as reflecting general toxicity of heavy metals. The Coccomyxa photobiont species were more sensitive than Trebouxia species, which fits with the general distribution of the latter in lichens inhabiting harsh environments.     

Bioaccumulation of copper, lead and zinc by the bivalves Macomona liliana and Austrovenus stutchburyi

Aquatic organisms take up heavy metals from surrounding environments which accumulate in their body tissues. In the region of Auckland, New Zealand, the heavy metals, copper (Cu), lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) are the primary sediment contaminants of concern. Previous investigations have revealed adverse effects of Cu and Zn, but not of Pb, on estuarine infauna and a higher sensitivity of the deposit-feeding bivalve Macomona liliana than the suspension-feeding bivalve Austrovenus stutchburyi to these metals. In order to further examine the bioavailability of Cu, Pb and/or Zn and their interactive effects, bioaccumulation of Cu, Pb and Zn was measured in M. liliana and A. stutchburyi after 10-day exposure to these metals in the laboratory. Both bivalves accumulated Pb and Zn, while bioaccumulation of Cu only occurred in A. stutchburyi in the presence of Zn. There was some evidence that the presence of Pb could increase bioaccumulation of Zn. Bioaccumulation was generally much higher in M. liliana than in A. stutchburyi, potentially suggesting their higher uptake rates of metals and thus explaining the higher sensitivity of M. liliana to these heavy metals. Bioaccumulation of Pb in the bivalves and its potential influences on the bioavailability of other metals indicated that, despite the lack of any evidence for acute toxicity of Pb in previous studies, it could still pose a potentially important environmental threat. Bioaccumulation of heavy metals found in the present study also highlights the needs for further investigations of potential chronic toxicity of these metals.     

行道树毛白杨树干中重金属元素分布

采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP),测定分析首都机场高速公路旁毛白杨(Populus tomentosa Carr.)树干中Pb、Cd、Cr、Cu、Zn、Ni和Mn 7种重金属元素的含量及积累量,比较分析树干不同组织、不同方位、不同龄级年轮重金属含量差异及与交通量、关键气候因子的相关性。结果表明:树干木质部中各重金属平均含量由大到小依次为Zn、Cu、Cr、Mn、Ni、Pb、Cd,树皮中依次为Zn、Mn、Cr、Pb、Cu、Cd、Ni,树皮中各重金属元素的含量明显高于木质部;同一树干木质部中,各重金属元素在不同方位的分布有所差异,其中,靠近车道一侧的各重金属元素含量均高于背离车道一侧,南北向比较中,Ni、Zn为南侧含量高于北侧,其他5种重金属元素均为北侧高于南侧;以5a为一个龄级将年轮划分为5个龄组,各龄级年轮中重金属含量随时间的变化趋势各异,其中Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn总体呈递减趋势,且与年降水量、最低气温、日照时数、雨天日数和大风日数呈正相关趋势,与年平均气温和最高气温呈负相关趋势;各元素在毛白杨树干木质部中的积累量表现为ZnCrCuMnPbNiCd。     

两种大型真菌子实体对Cd2+的生物吸附特性

对两种多孔菌科大型真菌槐栓菌(Trametes robiniophila)和木蹄层孔菌(Fomes fomentarius)子实体生物吸附Cd²⁺的影响因素(包括吸附剂用量、初始pH、吸附时间、初始Cd²⁺浓度)和吸附特性进行分析。结果表明,槐栓菌和木蹄层孔菌对低浓度的Cd²⁺(10 mg/L)吸附的最适pH为6;Cd²⁺的去除率随吸附剂用量和吸附时间的增加而增大,槐栓菌和木蹄层孔菌均在吸附剂用量为2g/L时达到吸附平衡,槐栓菌在吸附时间为30 min时达到吸附平衡,而木蹄层孔菌在吸附时间为60 min时达到吸附平衡;槐栓菌和木蹄层孔菌对10 mg/L Cd²⁺的最大去除率分别为98%和94%。Langmuir等温吸附平衡模型比Freundlich等温吸附平衡模型能更好的拟合两种大型真菌对Cd²⁺的吸附过程;槐栓菌和木蹄层孔菌对10 mg/L Cd²⁺的最大吸附量分别为17.40 mg/g和8.91 mg/g。对实验数据进行动力学模型拟合可知,两种大型真菌对Cd²⁺的生物吸附过程均符合准二阶动力学模型。槐栓菌和木蹄层孔菌生物吸附低浓度Cd²⁺的化学反应机理可能为离子交换。     

Effects of heavy metals on insect immunocompetent cells

The influence of the following heavy metals, copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb), on haemocytes of the house fly Musca domestica L. was studied under laboratory conditions. House fly larvae were exposed to low or high, semi-lethal concentrations of metals. These particular metals were selected because they are present in polluted environments in Poland. In addition, we studied expression of the stress proteins HSP70 and HSP72 in haemocytes collected from larvae that had been exposed to heavy metal. The obtained results showed changes in haemocytes morphology and phagocytotic plasticity in the experimental flies in comparison to control. The number of prohaemocytes, regarded as stem cells, increased, while granulocytes, responsible for phagocytosis, decreased. However, we have not detected any clear changes in expression of HSP70 or HSP72 in flies treated with low or high concentrations of the heavy metals.     

Heavy metal contamination of a mixed waste compost: Metal speciation and fate

The aims of this study were to assess changes in heavy metal availability in two contrasting feedstocks during aerobic composting, and the availability of said metals in the finished composts. A high C-to-N ratio mixed biodegradable municipal solid waste (MSW) feedstock was successfully composted on its own and in combination with green waste. Changes in heavy metal speciation throughout the composting process were studied using the modified BCR sequential extraction protocol. It was found that total Cu, Pb and Zn concentrations increased over time due to the progressive mineralization of the compost feedstock. Metals were fractionated differently within the two feedstocks, although only Cu showed significant redistribution (mostly to the oxidisable fraction) over the 5 month composting period. The MSW-derived composts performed comparably with other commercially-available composts in a series of plant growth trials. Plant metal accumulation was not influenced by the heavy metals present in the MSW-derived compost implying that they are not plant available. It is recommended that these relatively low value/quality composts may be used for remediation of acidic heavy metal contaminated sites.     

北亚热带3种森林群落对大气湿沉降重金属的调控

森林群落截留消纳沉降重金属的能力影响着森林集水区溪水输出重金属的情况,决定着小流域的水质安全。为评价北亚热带地区典型森林生态系统对大气降水中主要重金属离子的截留能力和分配特征,以浙江庙山坞林场3种典型森林群落(毛竹林、杉木林、青冈阔叶林)和森林集水区-小溪为研究对象,于2018年7月—2019年6月监测了12次降水事件,分析、比较和讨论了大气降水、林内穿透雨、树干茎流、枯透水、地表径流和集水区溪水中7种重金属(铅(Pb)、锌(Zn)、镉(Cd)、铜(Cu)、砷(As)、镍(Ni)和锰(Mn))的质量浓度和通量的动态变化。结果表明,大气降水中7种重金属,Pb、Cd、As、Cu、Zn、Mn和Ni的年均浓度分别为0.974、0.124、0.512、3.42、36.7、8.48和1.94μg/L,3种森林群落林冠层截留的干沉降重金属中Zn和Mn的比例最高,林冠层降水对重金属Mn和Zn的淋溶量极高,超过大气降水沉降量的2.78倍和54.2倍,同时截留了降水中的As和Ni;枯落物层对Mn、Cd和Zn表现出截留作用,对Cu和Ni有淋溶或释放的作用;3种森林群落的地表径流中Pb、Mn、Cd和Zn浓度明显降低,As和Ni的浓度略高于枯透水,但由于地表径流量非常小,土壤表层对降水中重金属均表现出极强的截留作用。3种森林群落对大气降水中的重金属均表现出极高的截留率,森林群落之间没有显著差异,其中青冈阔叶林的截留能力最强,杉木林较弱。而地表径流及土壤渗透水等汇集到森林集水区后,溪水中重金属Mn、Ni、Cd和Zn的浓度和通量均有大幅的增加,仅对重金属As和Cu呈现截留的作用,这可能与森林土壤重金属本底值偏高以及森林长期接收的重金属沉降在降水淋溶下从酸性土壤中大量溶出有关。     

Violets of the section Melanium, their colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and their occurrence on heavy metal heaps

Violets of the sections Melanium were examined for their colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). Heartsease (Viola tricolor) from several heavy metal soils was AMF-positive at many sites but not at extreme biomes. The zinc violets Viola lutea ssp. westfalica (blue zinc violet) and ssp. calaminaria (yellow zinc violet) were always AMF-positive on heavy metal soils as their natural habitats. As shown for the blue form, zinc violets germinate independently of AMF and can be grown in non-polluted garden soils. Thus the zinc violets are obligatorily neither mycotrophs nor metalophytes. The alpine V. lutea, likely ancestor of the zinc violets, was at best poorly colonized by AMF. As determined by atomic absorption spectrometry, the contents of Zn and Pb were lower in AMF colonized plants than in the heavy metal soils from where the samples had been taken. AMF might prevent the uptake of toxic levels of heavy metals into the plant organs. Dithizone staining indicated a differential deposition of heavy metals in tissues of heartsease. Leaf hairs were particularly rich in heavy metals, indicating that part of the excess of heavy metals is sequestered into these cells.