脱氢酶生物传感器研究关键技术与进展

自然界中依赖烟酰胺类辅酶(NAD+或NADP+)的脱氢酶是氧化还原酶中最重要的一类,基于此类酶的生物传感器应用前景广阔,近年来发展迅速。构建这类传感器需要两项关键技术,即氧化型辅酶在电极表面的再生和辅酶固定化。本文介绍了辅酶电化学再生的主要方法、辅酶固定化的常见手段,以及相关的研究进展。     

NAD(P)H再生及其依赖型酶在工程菌中研究进展

许多氧化还原型酶都属于辅酶依赖型酶类,在生物转化中添加外源性辅酶将增加生产成本,而辅酶的缺乏又将直接影响生物转化效率,因此构建能实现辅酶再生的基因工程菌是辅酶依赖型基因工程菌走向工业化的有效手段之一。该综述对目前已报道的辅酶依赖型酶常用的还原态辅酶和氧化态辅酶再生的脱氢酶体系进行整理,并简述了在基因工程菌中通过辅酶再生提高酶催化的生物转化效率的研究进展,以期为构建辅酶再生型基因工程菌,以及实现这类工程菌自动化和一体化的发酵工艺提供借鉴。     

解决氧化还原酶反应体系中辅酶问题的策略及其应用

氧化还原酶还原醛或酮生成各种手性醇或手性胺类化合物。然而,氧化还原酶的催化过程通常需要价格昂贵的烟酰胺类辅酶提供或接受电子,这严重阻碍了氧化还原酶的工业化进程。因此,如何降低辅酶的成本已成为生物催化领域的研究热点和关键问题。随着工业化应用的实际需求和研究工作的深入,各种解决辅酶问题的策略被相继提出,如构建体外辅酶再生系统,利用发酵工程与代谢工程等手段提高内源性辅酶利用率,研究和开发辅酶替代物等。文中对这些策略的研究概况进行简要介绍,并通过列举相关应用实例分析各自的优、缺点,为进一步拓展氧化还原酶的工业化应用提供借鉴和参考。     

人工光合作用介导的辅酶再生研究进展

人工光合作用是通过模拟自然光合作用将太阳能转变为化学能的过程,其研究领域主要集中在水裂解、CO_2固定和辅酶再生这三方面。辅酶是大部分氧化还原酶催化反应中的关键辅助因子,在工业生产中用量极大,具有十分重要的价值。然而,辅酶的生产和提纯成本极高,导致其价格高昂,应用受阻。人工光合作用可以利用太阳能进行辅酶再生,有望通过辅酶循环利用的方法降低工业中生物催化反应成本。本文中,笔者系统地阐述人工光合作用及辅酶再生的机制,总结近年来用于辅酶再生的人工光合系统的研究进展,并对人工光合作用在辅酶再生领域的未来趋势进行展望。     

基于修正的伪氨基酸组成预测氧化还原酶辅酶类型

从序列出发快速确定氧化还原酶的辅酶依赖类型对于了解其结构和功能、催化机制及构建辅酶再生体系具有重要指导作用。对Chou提出的伪氨基酸组成方法进行了修正并用于提取氧化还原酶序列特征值, 采用k-近邻算法预测其辅酶依赖类型。当λ=48, w=0.1时, 10倍交叉验证结果表明: 其ROC曲线下面积为0.9536, 预测精度达92.0%, 比最优条件下伪氨基酸组成预测精度提高了3.5%; 与其他7种常见特征值提取方法相比, 修正的伪氨基酸组成表现最好。结果表明从序列出发预测氧化还原酶辅酶依赖类型是可行的, 且修正的伪氨基酸组成可望成为一种新的有效提取蛋白质序列特征值方法。     

细菌氧化还原酶烟酰型辅酶偏好性的分子机制

氧化还原酶因其在催化制备手性醇、羟基酸、氨基酸等方面的极大优势,在精细化工、农药、制药、食品等领域具有重要的用途。大多数氧化还原酶需要在烟酰胺类辅酶的参与下才能完成催化反应,且表现出对此类辅酶使用的偏好性。本文基于对细菌氧化还原酶和烟酰型辅酶的结构分析,总结了代表性的氧化还原酶的辅酶结合部位的结构特征以及决定辅酶偏好性的氨基酸性质,为揭示氧化还原酶对烟酰型辅酶利用偏好性的分子机制和实现辅酶偏好性改造提供依据。     

嗜酸硫杆菌属硫氧化系统研究进展

硫化矿的酸溶解和化学氧化过程中(H 和Fe3 作用下,金属硫化矿中分解),伴随着硫元素转变成多聚硫S8或硫代硫酸盐的过程。对嗜酸硫杆菌属硫氧化过程的研究表明,胞外环状多聚硫S8可能通过细胞外膜蛋白巯基活化成线状-SnH后,被转运到细胞周质区域,进而被硫加双氧酶氧化成SO32-,活化过程中同时生成少量H2S;这些酶促反应不需要辅助因子参与,不释放电子。胞外硫代硫酸盐通过未知途径进入细胞周质。细胞周质中的SO32-主要经由亚硫酸-受体氧化还原酶氧化成SO42-,S2O32-可能经由硫代硫酸盐-辅酶Q氧化还原酶、硫代硫酸盐脱氢酶、连四硫酸盐水解酶等氧化为硫酸,少量H2S则经由硫化物-辅酶Q氧化还原酶氧化为多聚硫,后者再经由SO32-和S2O32-氧化生成最后产物SO42-。这些生物氧化过程释放的电子进入呼吸链参与产生细菌生长代谢所需的能量。然而,关于A.ferrooxidans硫氧化系统中各种硫化合物的酶催化氧化机制的研究仍很缺乏,胞内外硫化合物的转运机制、是否存在胞外酶催化氧化等仍然有待解决。另外,硫的型态和价态、酶催化反应的细胞微区域以及硫氧化系统中一些关键酶的分离及其表达基因的鉴定等问题都还有待进一步研究。基于对这些事实的分析,提出了一个嗜酸硫杆菌属硫氧化系统的模型。     

合成生物催化中关键科学问题的研究进展

合成生物催化以多酶催化为特征,通过灵活选择不同功能的酶和反应路线设计,可以实现复杂生物基化学品的合成,在反应效率、原子经济性和环境友好方面有着不可替代性。但是其还存在两个关键科学问题:(1)氧化还原酶催化过程中辅酶的循环再生和重复利用;(2)酶在非水相和油水两相反应体系中如何实现稳定。以CO_2合成生物甲醇和天然油脂制备生物聚氨酯材料这两个具有代表性的多酶催化过程为例,介绍了合成生物催化关键科学问题的研究进展。其中,新型纳米材料与生物技术相结合在解决催化体系中辅酶再生、多酶协同以及酶的界面稳定方面有着广阔的发展前景。     

甲酸脱氢酶及其在手性生物制造中的应用

氧化还原生物合成体系在绿色生物制造手性化合物中具有重要应用价值。甲酸脱氢酶（formate dehydrogenase, FDH）能氧化甲酸盐生成二氧化碳,同时将NAD（P）⁺还原为NAD（P）H,是氧化还原生物合成中辅酶再生体系的关键酶。但天然的FDH催化效率低、稳定性差、辅酶利用率不高等缺点制约了其在工业生产中的应用。文中着重介绍了FDH的结构特征、催化机制以及不同来源FDH在酶活、催化效率、稳定性及辅酶偏好性改造方面的研究进展,同时总结了利用FDH作为辅酶再生系统进行绿色生物制造手性化合物的应用实例。     

毕赤酵母木糖还原酶定点突变改善其对双辅酶的亲和力

通过毕赤酵母(Pichia stipitis)木糖还原酶(xylose reductase, XR)基因定点突变,获得NADH高亲和力的毕赤酵母木糖还原酶(PsXR),改善了辅酶不同而导致的酿酒酵母胞内氧化还原失衡.同时克隆了PsXR编码基因,通过BLAST工具进行同源性搜索,并用生物软件进行序列比对和结构分析,确定突变位点.用融合PCR方法进行定点突变,并在大肠杆菌表达系统中进行融合表达,且对表达产物进行HIS-TAG亲和纯化,分光光度法检测酶活性,计算比活力.本研究成功获得突变XR编码基因,并收集了纯化的突变蛋白.酶活性检测和比活力计算显示,3种突变酶对2种辅酶的亲和力在一定程度上都发生了变化.与未突变的PsXR相比,3种突变酶对辅酶NADPH的亲和力均显著下降,突变酶M3对辅酶NADH的亲和力未发生变化,而突变酶M1和M4对辅酶NADH的亲和力显著升高,其中突变酶M1对NADH的亲和力明显提高,对NADPH的亲和力明显下降,其活性主要依赖辅酶NADH,提示K270R位点在XR与辅酶结合中起关键作用.     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Entwicklungsgeschichte und Ultrastruktur von Pollenkitt und Exine bei nahe verwandten entomophilen und anemophilen Angiospermensippen derAlismataceae,Liliaceae, Juncaceae,Cyperaceae, Poaceae undAraceae

Some closely related members of the monocotyledonous familiesAlismataceae, Liliaceae, Juncaceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae andAraceae with variable modes of pollination (insect- and wind-pollination) were studied in relation to the ultrastructure of pollenkitt and exine (amount, consistency and distribution of pollenkitt on the surface of pollen grains). The character syndromes of pollen cementing in entomophilous, anemophilous and intermediate (ambophilous or amphiphilous) monocotyledons are the same in principal as in dicotyledons. Comparing present with former results one can summarize: 1) The pollenkitt is always produced in the same manner by the anther tapetum in all angiosperm sub-classes. 2) The variable stickiness of entomophilous and anemophilous pollen always depends on the particular distribution and consistency of the pollenkitt, but not its amount on the pollen surface. 3) The mostly dry and powdery pollen of anemophilous plants always contains a variable amount of inactive pollenkitt in its exine cavities. 4) A step-by step change of the pollen cementing syndrome can be observed from entomophily towards anemophily. 5) From the omnipresence of pollenkitt in all wind-pollinated angiosperms studied one can conclude that the ancestors of anemophilous angiosperms probably have been zoophilous (i.e. entomophilous) throughout.

     

Identification and Characterization of the First Equine Parainfluenza Virus 5

正Dear Editor,Parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5), known as canine parainfluenza virus in the veterinary field, is a negative-sense,nonsegmented, single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family (Chen 2018). The virus was first reported in primary monkey kidney cells in 1954 (Hsiung1972), then it has been frequently discovered in various     

Pathogenic Characterization and Full Length Genome Sequence of a Reassortant Infectious Bursal Disease Virus Newly Isolated in Pakistan

<正>Dear Editor,Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is one of the most important diseases of the poultry. The IBD virus (IBDV), a nonenveloped virus belonging to the Birnaviridae family with a genome consisting of two segments of double-stranded RNA (segments A and B), targets B lymphocytes of bursa of Fabricious leading to immunosuppression. In Pakistan,poultry farming is the second biggest industry and IBD is the second biggest disease threating the poultry sector.However, there is limited genome information of IBDV