降解棉秸秆耐热菌株的鉴定及降解条件优化

【目的】鉴定从新疆棉花秸秆高温堆肥中分离出的两株耐热真菌Z1、Z2的属种,并通过优化影响菌株产生纤维素酶的因素来提高菌株对秸秆的降解率。【方法】经形态学和菌株的ITS区克隆与序列分析确定属种,以液体摇瓶发酵产滤纸酶活性(FPA)变化为衡量指标,对Z1、Z2以及二者混合菌(MS)的纤维素酶产生条件进行优化。【结果】菌株Z1为曲霉属烟曲霉(Aspergillus fumigatus Fresen),Z2为蚀丝霉属(Myceliophthora Cost.)。确定Z1以棉秸秆为碳源、以NaNO3为氮源、起始pH 9.5、接种量11%、50°C摇床培养10 d,对棉秸秆降解率为10.19%;Z2以麦秸秆为碳源、以NaNO3为氮源、起始pH 5.5、接种量9%、50°C摇床培养10 d,对麦秆降解率为27.50%;MS以棉花秸秆为碳源、以蛋白胨为氮源、起始pH 5.5、接种量11%、50°C摇床培养10 d,对棉秸秆的降解率为53.45%。【结论】实验表明,MS(Z1、Z2混合)对秸秆的降解效果优于单株菌,降解率达到一半以上,本研究中的两株耐热真菌在降解棉花秸秆、小麦秸秆等农作物废弃秸秆中具有较高的应用价值。     

内生解淀粉芽孢杆菌CC09产Iturin A摇瓶发酵条件优化

【目的】提高内生解淀粉芽孢杆菌CC09发酵产抗菌脂肽Iturin A的产量。【方法】首先采用单因子实验研究了碳源、氮源、NaCl浓度、pH、温度、转速和装液量等因子对CC09产Iturin A能力的影响,然后对其中显著性因子:氮源浓度、pH、温度及装液量4个因素进行正交实验,进一步优化发酵条件。【结果】优化培养基组成及发酵条件可以提高CC09菌株的生长速度及产Iturin A的量,其中可溶性淀粉以及一定比例的蛋白胨和酵母粉是CC09菌株产Iturin A的良好碳源和氮源;培养温度、装液量、培养液pH等也对CC09菌株产Iturin A有显著影响。优化后的培养基成分:可溶性淀粉(碳源)5 g/L、比例为3:1的胰蛋白胨酵母粉混合氮源15 g/L、NaCl 1 g/L;最佳培养条件:pH 6.0、28°C、摇床转速120 r/min、培养瓶装液量20%。【结论】在此条件下,Iturin A的产量可达到690 mg/L,较优化前的138 mg/L提高了4倍。     

暹罗芽孢杆菌高产γ-聚谷氨酸的发酵条件优化

【背景】γ-聚谷氨酸（poly-γ-glutamic acid,γ-PGA）产生菌多为枯草芽孢杆菌（Bacillus subtilis）、解淀粉芽孢杆菌（Bacillus amyloliquefaciens）、地衣芽孢杆菌（Bacillus licheniformis）等,而暹罗芽孢杆菌（Bacillus siamensis）相关研究较少。【目的】研究暹罗芽孢杆菌产γ-PGA的液体发酵条件。【方法】以自行分离的暹罗芽孢杆菌CAU83为出发菌株进行液体发酵,通过单因素试验和正交试验法研究了碳氮源、前体物质、发酵温度及pH对菌株生产γ-PGA的影响。【结果】经摇瓶优化,γ-PGA的最适碳源、氮源和前体物质分别为乳糖30g/L、酵母提取物5g/L和L-谷氨酸钠60 g/L,最适培养条件为发酵温度37℃和pH 7.0,γ-PGA产量由8.4 g/L提升至30.1 g/L,比优化前提高了260%。经分批补料发酵,60 h时γ-PGA产量最高为59.5 g/L,比摇瓶提高了98%,产率为0.99 g/（L·h）。所产γ-PGA分子量为3.8×10⁶ Da,聚合度较高。【结论】...     

一株可高效降解羽毛的铜绿假单胞菌的分离、鉴定、产酶条件优化及其酶活研究

【目的】筛选海洋环境产角蛋白酶菌株,研究其发酵条件及酶学性质,为后续开发和利用海洋微生物降解废弃羽毛提供菌种资源和理论依据。【方法】采集广西北部湾某海鸭养殖场淤泥,用酪蛋白平板初筛和角蛋白酶活复筛获得羽毛降解效果好的菌株,并进行形态学和分子生物学鉴定;利用单因素和正交试验对菌株产酶条件进行优化,最后对酶学性质及羽毛降解产物的游离氨基酸组成进行研究。【结果】筛选到1株可高效降解羽毛的菌株,经鉴定为铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa Gxun-7)。最佳产酶条件为：羽毛25 g/L,Zn2+0.10 g/L、初始pH 8.0、发酵温度32.5°C、发酵时间48 h,酶活力达124.03 U/mL,较优化前提高了2.3倍;酶学性质分析表明,该角蛋白酶最适作用温度和pH分别为70°C和8.0,化学试剂巯基乙醇可使酶活提高6.16倍,而苯甲基磺酰氟(PMSF)使相对酶活降至15.00%,该酶耐盐性较好(20%NaCl中相对酶活为74.29%);羽毛降解产物中检测到16种氨基酸,7种为必需氨基酸,总的游离氨基酸含量高达2 329.80 mg/L,其中缬氨酸含量最高为575....     

一株高效羽毛降解菌株的分离与鉴定

采用以羽毛粉为唯一碳源和氮源的培养基,从自然界中分离到一株能够高效降解羽毛角蛋白的细菌,经形态学观察,生理生化实验和16SrRNA基因鉴定,初步确定该菌株为短小芽孢杆菌(Bacillus pumilus),且命名为短小芽孢杆菌WHK4。发酵48 h时,羽毛粉降解率达到85.76%。本研究为微生物降解羽毛角蛋白提供了优良的菌株,在蛋白饲料生产中具有潜在的广泛的应用前景。     

乙醛降解菌Bacillus velezensis LT-2的发酵条件优化

【背景】乙醛作为醛类污染物广泛存在于生产生活中,相较于传统的物化方法,生物降解具有诸多优势,已成为研究热点。【目的】筛选获得降解乙醛的菌株并优化其发酵条件,为微生物降解乙醛提供试验资源。【方法】经过富集培养和乙醛降解试验获得一株乙醛降解能力高的菌株;通过单因子优化(碳源、氮源、金属离子、温度、转速、接种量和初始pH)和多因子的交互试验(Plackett-Burman试验、最陡爬坡试验和Box-Behnken design试验)考察培养基组分和发酵条件对菌株降解乙醛的影响,并考察菌株在最佳条件下的生长状态和乙醛降解能力。【结果】筛选获得一株具有乙醛降解能力的菌株Bacillus velezensis LT-2,该菌株降解乙醛的最佳培养条件为：蔗糖30 g/L,营养肉汤0.6 g/L,氯化钾0.12 mol/L,温度28℃,初始pH 7.5,接种量6%,摇床转速200r/min。在此条件下,B.velezensisLT-2可在1g/L乙醛的培养液中生长,22h的降解率为89.77%±2.33%,是优化前降解率的3.58倍。【结论】试验菌株B. velezensis LT-2对乙醛具有良好的...     

解淀粉芽孢杆菌M1摇瓶发酵条件优化及脱氮性能评价

旨在提高解淀粉芽孢杆菌M1液体发酵产芽孢量,并考察其对实际废水的反硝化脱氮效果。首先采用单因子实验研究了碳源、氮源、初始pH值、温度、转速和装液量等因子对M1液体发酵产芽孢量的影响。然后对其中显著性因子:氮源浓度、接种量、装液量、温度4个因素进行正交试验,进一步优化发酵条件。结果显示,优化后的培养基成分为:5 g/L碳源(可溶性淀粉)、10 g/L氮源(酵母粉∶蛋白胨=2∶1)、1 g/L NaCl;最佳培养条件为:初始pH6.5、发酵温度34℃、摇床转速180 r/min、培养瓶装液量30%、接种量7%。在此条件下,芽孢杆菌M1芽孢数可达到6.8×108 CFU/mL,高于优化前的2.08×108 CFU/mL。将芽孢杆菌M1投加于反应器中,与不加菌种相比,反硝化脱氮效果提升15%-34%。     

一株羽毛降解菌产酶特性的初步研究

通过富集培养从土壤中分离到一株能降解羽毛角蛋白的芽孢八叠球菌（编号为GIMN1.015）。以天然羽毛为底物,初步研究了温度、起始pH、辅助碳源以及羽毛底物含量对该菌株的蛋白酶水解活性的影响。结果表明,在羽毛发酵培养基中,菌株GIMN1.015在初始pH 11.0、温度30℃时,蛋白酶活力最强;与培养基中只含有羽毛的发酵过程相比,添加葡萄糖有利于提高蛋白酶的活性;底物浓度为1.5%时蛋白酶活性最高。本试验结果为进一步利用角蛋白降解微生物实现羽毛角蛋白的资源化利用奠定了基础。     

一株高效丙烯腈降解细菌Rhodococus rhodochrous BX2的丙烯腈降解条件优化

【目的】以丙烯腈为目标污染物,利用实验室已筛选获得的一株高效腈降解菌Rhodococus rhodochrous BX2,研究其对丙烯腈的降解特性,优化降解条件以提高菌株对丙烯腈的降解能力。【方法】通过单因素试验和响应面分析相结合的方法优化Rhodococus rhodochrous BX2对丙烯腈的降解条件。考察外加碳、氮源对BX2的生长及丙烯腈降解的影响,并确定其在丙烯腈合成废水中对丙烯腈的处理效果。【结果】菌株BX2优化后的最佳降解条件为:底物浓度403.51 mg/L、p H 7.44、温度34.46°C,在此条件下丙烯腈的降解率为95.1%。外加碳源为葡萄糖,或外加氮源为氯化铵对菌株生长及丙烯腈降解有明显的促进作用。菌株Rhodococus rhodochrous BX2能够高效降解合成废水中的丙烯腈,在30 h时其丙烯腈降解率可达89.4%。【结论】降解条件优化以及外源物质的添加强化了菌株对丙烯腈合成废水的处理效果,为生物法处理丙烯腈废水新方法的开发提供技术支持。     

一株低温木质素降解菌的筛选、产酶优化及酶学性质

【背景】我国北方地区秋冬两季平均气温较低,低温环境使得秸秆更难自然降解。【目的】筛选高效低温木质素降解菌,探索其酶学特性并提高其产酶性能和秸秆降解效率。【方法】通过苯胺蓝法和酶活测定对菌株进行筛选,以Lip、Lac、Mnp酶活力为评价指标,采用单因素和响应面法进行产酶条件优化及酶学性质研究,通过固态发酵试验研究其对秸秆的降解效率。【结果】筛选到一株高效菌LS-1,经形态学和分子生物学鉴定其为嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌。菌株LS-1在木质素为碳源、蛋白胨为氮源、pH 8.0、培养温度15°C、培养时间3 d时产酶效果最佳,其中Lip酶活力为23.34 U/mL、Lac酶活力为9.37 U/mL、Mnp酶活力为50.89 U/mL。Lip和Lac最适作用温度为30°C且热稳定性良好,Mnp最适作用温度为50°C但热稳定性较差。Lac最适作用pH 4.0且耐酸性较好,Lip和Mnp最适作用pH 5.0;0.75 mmol/L Mg~(2+)和0.5%吐温-20对Lip有促进作用,1 mmol/L Cu~(2+)和丁香酸对Lac有促进作用,0.1%-0.5%吐温-20均对Mnp有促进作用。15°C固态发酵后,秸秆失重率达18.85%,木质素降解率达36.14%,比对照组提高约6倍以上。【结论】本研究为低温木质素高效降解提供了优质菌种资源,在秸秆降解方面具有良好的应用前景。     

Isolation, Identification, and Characterization of a Feather-Degrading Bacterium

A feather-degrading culture was enriched with isolates from a poultry waste digestor and adapted to grow with feathers as its primary source of carbon, sulfur, and energy. Subsequently, a feather-hydrolytic, endospore-forming, motile, rod-shaped bacterium was isolated from the feather-degrading culture. The organism was Gram stain variable and catalase positive and demonstrated facultative growth at thermophilic temperatures. The optimum rate of growth in nutrient broth occurred at 45 to 50°C and at pH 7.5. Electron microscopy of the isolate showed internal crystals. The microorganism was identified as Bacillus licheniformis PWD-1. Growth on hammer-milled-feather medium of various substrate concentrations was determined by plate colony count. Maximum growth (approximately 10⁹ cells per ml) at 50°C occurred 5 days postinoculation on 1% feather substrate. Feather hydrolysis was evidenced as free amino acids produced in the medium. The most efficient conditions for feather fermentation occurred during the incubation of 1 part feathers to 2 parts B. licheniformis PWD-1 culture (10⁷ cells per ml) for 6 days at 50°C. These data indicate a potential biotechnique for degradation and utilization of feather keratin.     

Feather degradation by Kocuria rosea in submerged culture

A strain of Kocuria rosea with keratinolytic activity was studied. In batch culture, the optimum temperature for feather degradation, bacterial growth and protease secretion was at 40 °C. A specific growth rate of 0.17 h⁻¹ was attained in basal medium with feathers as fermentation substrate. Under these conditions, after 36 h of incubation, biomass and caseinolytic activity reached 3.2 g/l and 0.15 U/ml, respectively. Extracellular protease secretion was associated with the exponential growth phase. In batch fermentation, feather degradation up to 51% in 72 h was obtained with a conversion yield in biomass of 0.32 g/g. No organic acids were detected in the fermentation broth in significant amount. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

酸解羽毛粉代替蛋白胨研制新型细菌培养基

【目的】从工厂下脚料——酸解羽毛粉氨基酸含量高且种类丰富出发,开发出低成本新型细菌培养基,以期资源化该类废弃物。【方法】将酸解羽毛粉代替常用细菌培养基(LB培养基)中的蛋白胨,进行细菌液体发酵试验,比浊法在波长600 nm处比色测定菌液的吸光值,可培养计数法监测细菌数量。【结果】以LB培养基为对照,酸解羽毛粉完全代替蛋白胨液体发酵供试菌株时,菌株的生物量与对照无显著性差异或显著高于对照。培养模式菌株大肠杆菌和枯草芽孢杆菌24 h后,与对照相比,生物量分别增加了21.59%和27.83%。菌株生长曲线表明,生长初期,菌株在新型培养基中生长稍延迟,但含酸解羽毛粉培养基能延长枯草芽孢杆菌的对数生长期,并且两菌株到达稳定期时的生物量均高于对照。可培养计数法结果同样表明,含酸解羽毛粉培养基所培养活菌数量与对照(LB培养基)相比,差异不显著。【结论】用酸解羽毛粉代替LB培养基中蛋白胨进行细菌培养是可行的,可以大大降低生产成本。     

酱醪细菌菌株的分离及功能分析

【目的】分离获得来源于酱醪的细菌,考察菌株与酱油品质相关的特性,初步评价其应用于酱油发酵的潜力。【方法】从日式酱油发酵的酱醪体系中分离和筛选优势或特征细菌菌株,比较它们的耐盐性及其在高盐条件下产蛋白酶、有机酸、挥发性物质和氨基酸等的能力。【结果】从日式酱油酱醪中共分离得到9株细菌,分别属于魏斯氏菌(Weissella)、乳酸足球菌(Pediococcus)、乳酸杆菌(Lactobacillus)、芽孢杆菌(Bacillus)、四联球菌(Tetragenococcus)和葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus)属。其中耐盐的细菌有类肠膜魏斯氏菌(Weissella paramesenteroides)CQ03、嗜酸乳酸足球菌(Pediococcus acidilactici)JY07、戊糖乳酸足球菌(Pediococcus pentosaceus)JY08、葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus sp.)JY09和嗜盐四联球菌(Tetragenococcus halophilus)MRS1。在高盐条件下,对它们的特性分析表明:解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens)B2产蛋白酶和糖化酶的能力较强,W.paramesenteroides CQ03可水解原料产生较多鲜味氨基酸,T.halophilus MRS1产有机酸能力较强,它和S.sp.JY09代谢产生的挥发性物质较多。【结论】筛选得到9株在促进原料水解和提高风味物质合成方面有潜力的菌株,如果应用到酱油工业生产中,将有利于缩短发酵周期,提高酱油品质。     

Hydrolysis technology of biomass waste to produce amino acids in sub-critical water

Hydrolysis of biomass waste (such as fish waste, chicken waste, hair and feather) to produce amino acids was studied in sub-critical water, with reaction temperatures from 180 to 320 degrees C and reaction pressures from 3 to 30 MPa. The product of amino acid was determined by Amino Acid Analyzer (BioLC), and 18 kinds of amino acid were obtained. The results show that the controlling of reaction atmosphere, pressure, temperature and time of hydrolysis is very important to obtain high yield of amino acid; most of amino acids reached maximum yield at reaction temperature range of 200-290 degrees C and reaction time range of 5-20 min. There are obvious changes of amino acids yield at reaction pressures of 6-16 MPa and reaction temperature around 260 degrees C, owing to the homogeneousness of the first two phases of water in the formation of vapor and liquid. There are different yields of the same amino acid in different reaction atmospheres (e.g. air, carbon dioxide and nitrogen).     

Production of feather protein hydrolysate by keratinolytic bacterium Vibrio sp. kr2

A feather protein hydrolysate was produced using the keratinolytic bacterium Vibrio sp. strain kr2. Complete feather degradation was observed in medium containing up to 60 g L(-1) raw feathers. Cultivation on 40, 60 or 80 g L(-1) feathers for five days resulted in similar amounts of soluble protein, reaching maximum values around 2.5 g L(-1). Maximum yields of soluble protein were achieved at 30 degrees C and initial pH ranging from 6.0 to 8.0. Strain kr2 was effective in producing keratin hydrolysate from chicken feathers. Bacterial feather hydrolysate has the potential for utilization as an ingredient in animal feed or as organic fertilizer, thereby reducing the environmental impact of feather waste from the poultry industry.     

Bacterial community profiles on feathers during composting as determined by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of 16S rDNA genes

Composting is one of the more economical and environmentally safe methods of recycling feather waste generated by the poultry industry, since 90% of the feather weight consists of crude keratin protein, and feathers contain 15% N. However, the keratin in waste feathers is resistant to biodegradation and may require the addition of bacterial inocula to enhance the degradation process during composting. Two keratin-degrading bacteria isolated from plumage of wild songbirds and identified as Bacillus licheneformis (OWU 1411T) and Streptomyces sp. (OWU 1441) were inoculated into poultry feather composts (1.13×10⁸ cfu g^–1 feathers) and co-composted with poultry litter and straw in 200-l compost vessels. Composting temperatures, as well as CO₂ and NH₃ evolution, were measured in these vessels to determine the effects of inoculation on the rate and extent of poultry feather decomposition during composting. Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphisms of 16S rRNA genes were used to follow changes in microbial community structure during composting. The results indicated that extensive carbon conversion occurred in both treatments (55.5 and 56.1%). The addition of the bacterial inocula did not enhance the rate of waste feather composting. The microbial community structure over time was very similar in inoculated and uninoculated waste feather composts.     

Production of feather hydrolysate by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Elizabethkingia meningoseptica</Emphasis> KB042 (MTCC 8360) in submerged fermentation

A keratinolytic bacterium Elizabethkingia meningoseptica KB042 was isolated from dropped off feathers. The bacterium showed 82.50 ± 0.3% feather degradation when grown on medium containing 10 g/l chicken feathers with initial pH 7.0 at 37°C, 150 rpm in 6 days. The pH of the medium was increased up to 10.02 ± 0.10 during 6 days of incubation. Soluble protein and amino acids concentration in the culture fluid was also found increased until the end of incubation. During the cultivation of strain KB042 on feather as sole source of carbon and nitrogen, the maximum cysteine release was noted on the 3rd day. Varying feather concentration 1.0–2.0% in basal medium resulted in soluble protein release between 1814.42 and 1954.61 μg/ml. The amino acid concentration was found to be maximum, i.e. 937.85 ± 11.9 μg/ml in the cultures grown with 2% feather. The hydrolysate was also found rich in essential amino acids valine, tryptophan, threonine, leucine and cysteine and contains minor amount of methionine and arginine. These data indicate a potential biotechnology for biotransformation and utilization of feather keratin as a source of protein which can be used as animal feed after successful animal trials.     

A biotechnological process for treatment and recycling poultry feathers as a feed ingredient

A strain of Kocuria rosea with keratinolytic capacity was cultured aerobically on submerged feathers to obtain a fermented feather meal (FFM). This FFM enriched with cells of K. rosea mainly contains crude protein (71%). The pepsin digestibility of the fermented product (88%) was similar to the value of the commercial feather meal and more than 70% greater that untreated feathers. The bacterial biomass improved the content of amino acids lysine (3.46%), histidine (0.94%) and methionine (0.69%). Additionally, the amino acid availability tested by in vivo assay was greater than commercial feather meal. The microbial cells also supplied carotenoid pigments to FFM (68 ppm). These results suggest that feather meal enriched with K. rosea may be useful in animal feeding as protein and pigment source.     

Hide depilation and feather disintegration studies with keratinolytic serine protease from a novel Bacillus subtilis isolate

Keratinases play an important role in biotechnological applications such as improvement of feather meal, enzymatic dehairing and production of amino acids or peptides from high molecular weight substrates. Bacillus subtilis P13, isolated from Vajreshwari hot spring (45–50°C) near Mumbai, India, produces a neutral serine protease and has an optimum temperature of 65°C. This enzyme preparation was keratinolytic in nature and could disintegrate whole chicken feathers, except for the remnants of shafts. The enzyme preparation also exhibited depilation of goat hides with the recovery of intact animal hair. The enzyme preparation could release peptides from ground feathers and bring about their weight reduction; however, similar action on hair was relatively weak. A single major PMSF-sensitive protease band could be detected upon zymogram analysis, indicating that a single enzyme may be responsible for feather degradation and hide depilation. The importance of these findings in the biotechnological application for feather and leather industries is discussed.