甘薯叶绿体表达载体构建及其融合基因在叶绿体中的瞬间表达

利用叶绿体基因组进化中高度保守的特点,根据烟草叶绿体基因组全序列设计引物,从甘薯(Ipomoea batatas)叶绿体基因组中克隆了2个相邻的功能基因rbcL(GenBank登录号为AY942199)和accD(GenBank登录号为AY942200),并以此作为定点整合外源基因的同源重组片段.以来自叶绿体基因组的强启动子Prrn和RpsbA-pro分别驱动选择标记基因aadA及phaC-gfp融合基因,构建成表达盒prrn-aadA-TpsbA-ter与RpsbA-pro-phaC-gfp-RpsbA-ter,然后将这2个表达盒串联在一起克隆进甘薯叶绿体同源片段中,获得甘薯叶绿体定点整合表达载体pSC-GFP.酶切分析证明,所构建的载体符合预期设计;采用该载体对甘薯叶片进行基因枪转化,结果显示,phaC-gfp融合基因可在叶绿体特异启动子和终止子的调控下在甘薯幼嫩叶片中瞬间表达,证明构建的载体pSC-GFP可用于甘薯叶绿体转化.     

甜菜(Beta vulgaris L.)叶绿体转化体系建立及抗虫和抗除草剂植株的获得

为建立外源基因甜菜叶绿体转化体系,利用分子生物学方法构建了包含有编码苏云金芽孢杆菌晶体蛋白基因By crylAc 和编码膦丝菌素乙酰转移酶基因bar 的甜菜叶绿体转化载体pSKARBt/bar,以甜菜叶绿体基因组中atpB/rbcL做同源片段,以甜菜叶绿体16S启动子和终止子为调控基因,以bar矿基因为筛选标记基因.基因枪法转化甜菜叶柄,经筛选获得抗性转基因植株.对转基因植株进行外源基因 Bt crylAc和bar的PCR检测、DNA印迹分析,结果表明:外源基因Bt crylAc和bar确已导入到甜菜叶绿体基因组中.转基因植株除草剂抗性鉴定及其离体叶片虫试鉴定结果表明:转基因植株具有较强的杀虫活性和抗除草剂特性,表达了相应的蛋白质.研究结果还表明:bar基因在植物叶绿体转化中,既可以用作抗性基因,又可用作转化体筛选的标记基因.建立了甜菜叶绿体转化体系.     

甜菜（Beta vulearis L．）叶绿体转化体系建立及抗虫和抗除草剂植株的获得

为建立外源基因甜菜叶绿体转化体系,利用分子生物学方法构建了包含有编码苏云金芽孢杆菌晶体蛋白基因Bt crylAc和编码膦丝菌素乙酰转移酶基因bar的甜菜叶绿体转化载体pSKARBt／bar,以甜菜叶绿体基因组中atpB／rbcL做同源片段,以甜菜叶绿体16S启动子和终止子为调控基因,以bar基因为筛选标记基因．基因枪法转化甜菜叶柄,经筛选获得抗性转基因植株．对转基因植株进行外源基因Bt crylAc和bar的PCR检测、DNA印迹分析,结果表明：外源基因Bt crylAc和bar确已导入到甜菜叶绿体基因组中．转基因植株除草剂抗性鉴定及其离体叶片虫试鉴定结果表明：转基因植株具有较强的杀虫活性和抗除草剂特性,表达了相应的蛋白质．研究结果还表明：bar基因在植物叶绿体转化中,既可以用作抗性基因,又可用作转化体筛选的标记基因．建立了甜菜叶绿体转化体系．     

油菜叶绿体基因组同源重组片段的克隆及phb基因定点整合载体的构建

利用叶绿体基因组在进化过程中高度保守的特点,根据烟草、水稻和玉米叶绿体基因组全序列资料,设计合成引物,PCR扩增并克隆了油菜叶绿体两个重要的功能基因rbcL和atpB（GenBank登录号分别为AF267640和AF267641）,并以此作为定点整合外源基因的同源重组片段。以来自叶绿体的强启动子PpsbA和Prrn等驱动PHB合成途径中3个关键酶基因phbA、phbB和phbC,分别构建表达盒,并将它们按照其在原始菌株中的自然转录顺序phbC-phbA-phbB相串联,最后连同选择标记基因aadA表达盒一起,克隆到油菜叶绿体同源片段中,构建成phb基因定点整合载体pRCABZ和pRCABF。酶切及Southern杂交结果证明所构建的转化载体符合预期设计。叶绿体转化及后续工作目前正在进行之中。     

油菜叶绿体基因组同源重组片段的克隆及phb基因定点整合载体的构建

利用叶绿体基因组在进化过程中高度保守的特点,根据烟草、水稻和玉米叶绿体基因组全序列资料,设计合成引物,PCR扩增并克隆了油菜叶绿体两个重要的功能基因rbcL和atpB(GenBank登录号分别为AF267640和AF267641）,并以此作为定点整合源基因的同源重组片段。以来自叶绿体的强启动子PpsbA和Prrn等驱动PHB合成途径中3个关键酶基因phbA、phbB和phbC,分别构建表达盒,并将它们按照其在原始菌株中的自然转录顺序phbC-phbA-phbB相串联,最后连同选择标记基因aadA表达盒一起,克隆到油菜叶绿体同源片段中,构建成pgb基因定点整合载体pRCABZ和pRCABF.酶切及Southem杂交结果证明所构建的转化载体符合预期设计。叶绿体转化及后续工作目前正在进行之中。     

油菜叶绿体多顺反子定点整合表达载体的构建

根据拟南芥叶绿体基因组序列设计PCR引物,从我国甘蓝型油菜栽培品种F4叶绿体基因组中克隆了长度为1.5kb的trnI和trnA2个基因序列,核酸序列分析表明它们与拟南芥基因的同源性高达94%和99%,这两个克隆的油菜叶绿体基因组序列trnI和trnA被用于构建叶绿体定点整合表达载体。利用烟草叶绿体基因强启动子Prrn和终止子TpsbA,以及筛选标记基因aadA和目的基因HSA,构建了多顺反子表达盒Prrn-aadA-HSA-TpsbA,将表达盒置于油菜叶绿体trnI和trnA序列之间,最后构建成油菜叶绿体多顺反子定点整合表达载体pIPaHTA。酶切鉴定及序列分析证实,构建的表达载体具有预期的调控元件及结构,这为后期油菜叶绿体转化体系的建立奠定了基础。     

甜菜(Beta vulgaris L.)叶绿体转化体系建立及抗虫和抗除草剂植株的获得

为建立外源基因甜菜叶绿体转化体系,利用分子生物学方法构建了包含有编码苏云金芽孢杆菌晶体蛋白基因Bt cry1Ac和编码膦丝菌素乙酰转移酶基因bar的甜菜叶绿体转化载体pSKARBt/bar,以甜菜叶绿体基因组中atpB/rbcL做同源片段,以甜菜叶绿体16S启动子和终止子为调控基因,以bar基因为筛选标记基因．基因枪法转化甜菜叶柄,经筛选获得抗性转基因植株．对转基因植株进行外源基因Bt cry1Ac和bar的PCR检测、DNA印迹分析,结果表明：外源基因Bt cry1Ac和bar确已导入到甜菜叶绿体基因组中．转基因植株除草剂抗性鉴定及其离体叶片虫试鉴定结果表明：转基因植株具有较强的杀虫活性和抗除草剂特性,表达了相应的蛋白质．研究结果还表明：bar基因在植物叶绿体转化中,既可以用作抗性基因,又可用作转化体筛选的标记基因．建立了甜菜叶绿体转化体系．     

小麦叶绿体基因组定点整合表达载体的构建

从小麦中分别克隆了包括rbcL基因3′端部分和完整的psaI、ycf4基因的DNA片段.利用克隆到的DNA片段作为同源重组片段、烟草叶绿体16S rRNA基因的启动子Prrn和PsbA基因的终止子PsbA3′控制筛选标记基因aadA和报告基因gfp的转录,构建了小麦叶绿体基因组定点整合表达载体pRAGY. 用该载体转化大肠杆菌,在激光扫描共聚焦显微镜下,检测到了gfp基因成功表达的产物被激发出的强烈的绿色荧光.     

苏云金芽孢杆菌杀虫蛋白基因克隆及油菜叶绿体遗传转化研究

向细胞核导入外源基因的核转化技术是植物基因工程的主要方法。然而,外源基因表达效率低,表达不稳定,基因易失活和因随机插入而造成的位置效应等是该方法不足之处。而且,由于外源基因可随花粉扩散,细胞核转化体的生物安全性问题已在全球范围内引起世人的关注和担忧。将外源基因导入叶绿体基因组有望克服细胞核转化中存在的某些弊端。油菜作为世界上重要的油料作物,其叶绿体遗传转化研究还未见报道。本研究从苏云金芽孢杆菌克隆得到野生型杀虫晶体蛋白基因,构建了用于油菜叶绿体定点转化的植物表达载体,并用基因枪法将杀虫蛋白基因导入油菜,…     

叶绿体基因工程研究的理想材料——衣藻

狭义的叶绿体基因工程主要是将目的基因经克隆、修饰后,与合适的表达元件（启动子、终止子、筛选标记基因等）及转化载体进行体外重组,并进而导入植物叶绿体中,通过同源重组,使之定点整合、稳定表达、稳定遗传并表现出目的性状的过程。广义的叶绿体基因工程则还包括叶...     

定点整合抗虫基因到油菜叶绿体基因组并获得转基因植株

以基因枪法进行了油菜叶绿体基因组的定点转化,载体pNRAB携带抗壮观霉素的筛选标记基因aadA和抗虫基因cry1Aα10,基因的两侧被添加了可用于同源重组的叶绿体DNA序列,基因枪轰击过的油菜子叶柄经植株再生和壮观霉素筛选,获得了36株抗性植株,PCR检测和Southern杂交显示,其中4株的叶绿体基因组已被转化,外源基因已被定点整合进叶绿体基因组的rps7和ndhB基因之间。用转基因植株的叶片饲喂二龄小菜蛾,1周后幼虫死亡率达33%-47%,存活幼虫的生长明显减慢,转基因油菜的叶片受害较轻。     

Nuclear and chloroplast transformation inChlamydomonas reinhardtii: strategies for genetic manipulation and gene expression

Transformation of the nuclear, chloroplast, and mitochondrial genomes can now be accomplished inChlamydomonas reinhardtii. Many biosynthetic pathways are carried out in the chloroplast, and efforts to manipulate these pathways will require that gene products be directed to this compartment. Chloroplast proteins are encoded in either the chloroplast or nuclear genome. In the latter case they are synthesized in the cytoplasm and imported post-translationally into the chloroplast. Thus, strategies for expressing foreign genes or overexpressing endogenous genes whose products reside in the chloroplast could involve either genome. This paper reviews the present status of transformation methodology for the nuclear and chloroplast genomes inChlamydomonas. Considerations for expressing gene products in the chloroplast are discussed. Experimental evidence for homologous recombination during transformation of the nuclear genome is presented.     

Chloroplast Transformation in Oilseed Rape

The chloroplast transformation vector pNRAB carries two expression cassettes for the spectinomycin resistance gene aadA and the insect resistance gene cry1Aa10. The two cassettes are sited between the rps7 and ndhB targeting fragments. Biolistic delivery of the vector DNA, followed by spectinomycin selection, yielded chloroplast transformants at a frequency of four in 1000 bombarded cotyledon petioles. PCR analysis and Southern blot of PCR products confirmed the site-specific integration of aadA and cry1Aa10 into the chloroplast genomes of transgenic oilseed rape. When transgenic oilseed rape leaves were fed to second instar Plutella xylostera larvae, 47% mortality was observed against this insect and the surviving larvae had significantly lower weight than the control. This is the first report of chloroplast transformation in oilseed rape and the introduction of novel genes between the rps7 and ndhB genes in the chloroplast genome. This offers an opportunity for improvement of oilseed rape by chloroplast genetic engineering.     

用于叶绿体遗传转化的表达载体

叶绿体遗传转化是植物基因工程的新方向。本文简要介绍用于叶绿体遗传转化的表达载体的构建方法,涉及同源重组片段、叶绿体特异的启动子和终止子、筛选标记基因,以及目前在叶绿体中已实现表达的外源基因等内容。 Abstract:Chloroplast genetic transformation is a new way of plant genetic engineering.This paper reviews the construction methods of expression vector used in chloroplast genetic transformation.It contains the homologous recombinant fragments,the chloroplast specific promoter and terminater,the selectable marker genes and the interest genes whose expression in chloroplast have been achieved.     

苏云金芽孢杆菌(Bt)晶体毒蛋白基因在烟草叶绿体中的表达

将全长３．５ｋｂ的Ｂｔ基因３’端缺失,得到长为２．１ｋｂ、１．８ｋｂ的基因。分别将这３个长度（１．８ｋｂ、２．１ｋｂ、３．５ｋｂ）的基因置于水稻叶绿体ｐｓｂＡ基因的启动子和终止子调控之下,并与选择标记基因ａａｄＡ（编码氨基糖苷－３’－腺苷酸转移酶,具壮观霉素抗性）表达盒相连;以烟草叶绿体基因ｔｒｎＨ－ｐｓｂＡ－ｔｒｎＫ为同源片段,构建成叶绿体转化载体ｐＢＴ３、ｐＢＴ８和ｐＢＴ２２。用基因枪把Ｂｔ基     

玉米叶绿体表达载体的构建及AsRED基因原核表达

从玉米幼嫩叶片中提取玉米叶绿体基因DNA,通过PCR克隆出叶绿体同源重组片段trnA和trnI、叶绿体特异性启动子Prrn以及终止子psbA.构建玉米叶绿体表达载体pBAIRTARED,含有一个人工操纵子,其中,筛选标记基因aadA和红色荧光蛋白报告基因AsRED处于Prrn启动子和psbA终止子控制.将构建的载体转化大肠杆菌BL21（DE3）,观测到重组细胞呈现红色,表明构建的载体可以用于玉米叶绿体转化以及表达报告基因.     

SNP frequency and allelic haplotype structure of Beta vulgaris expressed genes

Based on EST sequences, fragments of 37 genes have been amplified and sequenced in two inbred lines of sugar beet. The rate of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) corresponded to 1 every 130 bp, with an average (nucleotide diversity) value of 7.6×10^–3. When extrapolated to the whole sugar beet genome, randomly compared lines differ at 5.4×10⁶ SNPs in the genetic pool considered. In a wider search for SNP-related polymorphisms, 96 fragments of expressed genes were scanned with SSCP (single-strand conformation polymorphism) and heteroduplex (HA) analyses in 8 inbred lines. One SSCP or HA polymorphism was found every 1,470 bp of amplified DNA, corresponding to 5×10⁵ SSCP or HA loci in the whole genome. This frequency, 11 times lower than the SNP rate, was attributed to the high frequency of base pair substitution along the amplified fragment analysed electrophoretically. Therefore nucleotide variability was further studied by sequencing fragments of 10 genes in the same 8 lines. The results indicate that sugar beet alleles of expressed genes are very frequently organized as robust intragene haplotypes. In the 8 lines analysed, two haplotypes were identified for each of three gene fragments, three haplotypes for six gene fragments and four haplotypes for one gene fragment which is in good correspondence with the number of alleles detected by SSCP and HA analysis. In a cross between two lines, SSCP or HA alleles of expressed genes have 54% probability to be different.