复发性口腔溃疡患者病情不同阶段口腔微生态菌群和细胞免疫功能的变化

目的探讨复发性口腔溃疡(ROU)患者病情的不同阶段口腔微生态菌群和细胞免疫功能的变化。方法选取2012年1月至2018年12月在东阳市人民医院口腔科门诊就诊不同病情时期的ROU患者70例(研究组)和同期在该院体检中心检查的健康人群30例(健康组)。研究组根据病情不同时期将患者分为发作期38例(发作组)和愈合期32例(愈合组)。比较研究组和健康组以及发作组和愈合组口腔微生物菌群数量(链球菌、韦荣球菌和奈瑟菌)及细胞免疫功能指标(外周血CD4~+、CD8~+水平和CD4~+/CD8~+比值)的差异。结果研究组链球菌、韦荣球菌和奈瑟菌数量[(9.05±0.84)、(9.94±0.86)、(10.02±0.81)copies/mL]均明显少于健康组[(11.94±0.95)、(12.78±0.97)、(11.27±0.87)copies/mL](t=2.42、2.37、2.23,均P0.05);发作组链球菌、韦荣球菌和奈瑟菌数量[(7.96±0.80)、(8.85±0.83)、(9.61±0.84)copies/mL]均明显少于愈合组[(10.34±0.91)、(11.23±0.94)、(10.51±0.85)copies/mL](t=2.40、2.37、2.21,均P0.05)。研究组外周血CD4~+水平和CD4~+/CD8~+比值[(34.92±4.34)%、(0.94±0.18)]明显低于健康组[(41.16±5.13)%、(1.27±0.23)],外周血CD8~+水平[(37.14±3.62)%]明显高于健康组[(32.53±4.98)%](t=2.29、2.45、2.24,均P0.05);发作组外周血CD4~+水平和CD4~+/CD8~+比值[(32.26±4.63)%、(0.84±0.14)]明显低于愈合组[(38.08±5.26)%、(1.07±0.19)],外周血CD8~+水平[(38.55±5.12)%]明显高于愈合组[(35.46±4.87)%](t=2.30、2.38、2.19,均P0.05)。结论 ROU患者存在口腔微生物菌群及细胞免疫功能失调,且溃疡发病期口腔微生物菌群及细胞免疫功能失调尤为显著。     

CD56和CD117浆细胞免疫表型与多发性骨髓瘤患者染色体核型和预后的研究

目的:探讨CD56和CD117浆细胞免疫表型与多发性骨髓瘤患者染色体核型和预后的关系。方法:选取2011年1月至2017年3月我院收治的66例多发性骨髓瘤患者,均采用以硼替佐米为基础的VTD化疗方法。采集患者新鲜骨髓液,采用流式细胞术(FCM)和荧光原位杂交技术(FISH)检测浆细胞免疫表型和细胞染色体核型。分析浆细胞免疫表型与患者染色体核型和预后的关系。结果:66例患者浆细胞CD19+、CD20+、CD45+、CD56+、CD117+表达频率分别为7.6%(5/66)、18.2%(12/66)、45.5%(30/66)、66.7%(44/66)和40.9%(27/66)。20例行FISH检测的患者,18例(90.0%)核型异常,其中12例(66.7%)IgH重排,9例(50.0%)1q21+扩增,8例(44.4%)del(13q14.3)缺失,10例(55.6%)del(13q14)缺失,3例(16.7%)del(17p)缺失。CD56+患者1q21+扩增和del(13q14.3)发生率显著低于CD56-患者(27.3%vs 85.7%,18.2%vs 85.7%,P0.05)。CD117+患者1q21+扩增和del(17p)发生率显著低于CD117-患者(12.5%vs 80.0%,12.5%vs 20.0%,P0.05)。CD56+患者的PFS和OS明显延长[23.4(2.0-91.4)月vs 19.8(3.0-85.1)月,34.5(8.9-96.5)月vs 30.1(6.7-84.3)月,P0.05]。CD117+患者PFS和OS明显延长[22.9(1.0-94.3)月vs 20.3(2.0-84.3)月,33.9(7.4-93.5)月vs 31.4(6.7-89.7)月,P0.05]。Kaplan-Meier分析CD56和CD117阳性与阴性患者的PFS曲线和OS曲线存在显著性差异(P0.05)。结论:CD56+和CD117+患者的预后明显优于CD56-和CD117-患者,CD56-和CD117-患者染色体异常核型的发生率明显增加。     

胸腺五肽联合辛伐他汀治疗COPD合并肺动脉高压的疗效及对患者血清PAF-AH、esRAGE、CA125水平的影响

目的:探讨胸腺五肽联合辛伐他汀治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)合并肺动脉高压的疗效及对患者血清血小板活化因子乙酰水解酶(PAF-AH)、内源性分泌型晚期糖基化终末产物受体(esRAGE)、糖类抗原125(CA125)水平的影响。方法:选择2016年1月至2017年12月我院接诊的65例COPD合并肺动脉高压患者,通过随机数表法分为观察组35例和对照组30例。对照组在常规治疗基础上给予辛伐他汀治疗,观察组在对照组基础上给予胸腺五肽治疗,两组均连续治疗4周。治疗后,比较两组血清PAF-AH、esRAGE、CA125水平、免疫功能、肺功能、血气分析指标的变化及不良反应的发生情况。结果:治疗后,观察组血清PAF-AH、esRAGE水平明显高于对照组,而血清CA125水平明显低于对照组[(187.20±15.10)ng/mL vs.(135.13±11.42)ng/mL,(0.32±0.08)ng/L vs.(0.26±0.05)ng/L,(21.06±3.27)U/mL vs.(30.49±4.23)U/mL](P0.05);观察组CD3~+、CD4~+、CD4~+/CD8~+明显高于对照组[(69.56±7.89)%vs.(57.56±6.05)%,(43.30±5.11)%vs.(37.86±4.53)%,(2.14±0.30) vs.(1.82±0.26)](P0.05);观察组血清第一秒用力呼气容积(FEV1)、FEV1/用力肺活量(FVC)明显高于对照组,肺动脉收缩压(PASP)明显比对照组低[(2.17±0.34)L vs(1.84±0.29)L,(67.34±8.28)%vs.(60.37±6.05)%,(36.23±3.15)mmHg vs.(42.85±3.88)mmHg](P0.05);观察组动脉血压分压(PaO_2)明显高于对照组,二氧化碳分压(PaCO_2)明显低于对照组[(89.45±7.40)mmHg vs.(80.23±6.82)mmHg,(33.83±3.11)mmHg vs.(40.02±3.86)mmHg](P0.05)。两组不良反应的总发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:胸腺五肽联合辛伐他汀治疗COPD合并肺动脉高压患者效果显著优于单用辛伐他汀治疗,可更有效改善患者肺功能和肺动脉高压状态,其内在机制可能和调节血清PAF-AH、esRAGE、CA125水平及缓解气道炎症反应相关。     

布地奈德联合槐杞黄颗粒治疗小儿哮喘的疗效及对血清LTD4、NGF、TIMP-1水平的影响

目的:研究布地奈德联合槐杞黄颗粒治疗小儿哮喘的临床疗效及对患儿血清白细胞三烯D4(LTD4)、神经生长因子(NGF)、基质金属蛋白酶抑制剂-1(TIMP-1)水平的影响。方法:选取2014年3月至2015年3月我院接诊的支气管哮喘患儿90例作为本次研究对象,按照随机数表法分为观察组和对照组。每组45例。两组患儿均在入院后给予支气管解痉剂、吸氧、抗生素、糖皮质激素等常规治疗,对照组患儿在此基础上采用雾化吸入布地奈德混悬液治疗,每次0.5 mg,加入3 mL生理盐水进行持续吸入,每天两次。观察组患儿在对照组的基础上加用槐杞黄颗粒治疗,每天两次。治疗12周后,观察和比较两组患儿的治疗疗效,喘憋、咳嗽、肺部湿罗音、肺部哮鸣音等临床症状消失时间,肺功能用力肺活量(FVC)、一秒用力呼气容积(FEV1),血清LTD4、NGF、TIMP-1水平及T淋巴亚群CD3+、CD4+、CD8+。结果:治疗后,观察组总有效率显著高于对照组[93.33%(42/45)vs77.77%(35/45)](P0.05);喘憋消失、咳嗽缓解、肺部湿罗音、肺部哮鸣音消失时间显著短于对照组[(4.32±1.03)d vs(6.08±1.24)d,(5.60±1.12)d vs(7.21±1.30)d,(3.19±0.98)d vs(4.98±1.02)d,(3.25±1.03)d vs(5.89±1.35)d](P0.05);FEV1、FEV1/FVC显著高于对照组[(92.63±10.01)L/s vs(78.36±9.19)L/s,(95.37±11.72)%vs(80.19±10.23)%](P0.05);血清LTD4、NGF、TIMP-1水平显著低于对照组[(7.24±0.86)ng/ml vs(12.68±1.01)ng/mL,(68.18±9.01)pg/mL vs(80.78±10.24)pg/mL,(34.16±5.06)ng/mL vs(49.76±5.47)ng/mL](P0.05);CD3+、CD4+显著高于对照组[(66.15±7.20)%vs(62.03±6.85)%,(45.13±7.90)%vs(37.42±7.06)%](P0.05),CD8+显著低于对照组[(34.16±5.06)%vs(49.76±5.47)%](P0.05)。结论:布地奈德联合槐杞黄颗粒治疗小儿哮喘的疗效显著,能够增强患儿的免疫功能,改善肺功能,降低血清LTD4、NGF、TIMP-1的水平。     

银杏达莫对急性脑梗死患者t-PA, Hcy, MMP-9的影响

目的:研究银杏达莫治疗急性脑梗死的临床疗效及其对患者血清纤维蛋白溶煤原活化剂(t-PA)、同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)、基质金属蛋白酶9(MMP-9)水平的影响。方法:选取2014年3月至2015年3月我院接诊的急性脑梗死患者90例为研究对象并将其随机分为两组。对照组采用常规治疗,观察组采用银杏达莫治疗,观察和比较两组患者治疗后血清t-PA、Hcy、MMP-9水平,神经功能缺损(NIHSS)评分,Barthel指数、脑血流变化和临床疗效。结果:治疗后,观察组总有效率[95.55%(43/45)]显著高于对照组[71.11%(32/45)](P0.05),NIHSS评分低于对照组[(2.83±0.51)%vs(6.91±1.21)%],Barthel指数大于对照组[(82.10±4.03)%vs(64.86±5.39)%](P0.05),血清t-PA水平显著高于对照组[(0.59±0.16)IU·mL~(-1) vs(0.52±0.14)IU·mL~(-1)],血清Hcy、MMP-9水平明显低于对照组[(10.49±1.97)ng/L vs(15.92±2.01)ng/L、(16.35±1.30)mol/L vs(21.54±2.53)mol/L、(159.07±14.53)pg/mL vs(231.34±16.72)pg/mL](P0.05);观察组MCA、PCA显著大于对照组[(49.40±6.30)cm2 vs(41.36±5.76)cm2、(34.86±4.29)cm2 vs(29.76±4.20)cm2](P0.05)。结论:银杏达莫治疗急性脑梗死的临床疗效显著,能够促进神经功能恢复,改善血管内皮功能,降低Hcy、MMP-9水平,有利于患者的预后。     

CD56、CD117表达水平与来那度胺治疗多发性骨髓瘤疗效的相关性分析

目的:探讨CD56、CD117的表达水平与来那度胺治疗多发性骨髓瘤疗效的相关性,为预测来那度胺治疗多发性骨髓瘤的疗效提供参考依据。方法:将我院2016年12月至2019年3月收治的多发性骨髓瘤患者64例,均给予来那度胺联合小剂量地塞米松治疗,所有患者根据疗效分为完全缓解(CR)、非常好的部分缓解(VGPR)、部分缓解(PR)、疾病稳定(SD)、疾病进展(PD),并且采用门诊、电话、住院等随访方式定期随访。采用流式细胞仪测定所有患者入院治疗前一天的CD56、CD117的表达水平,分析CD56、CD117表达与患者病理特征以及来那度胺疗效的相关性。结果:CD56、CD117的表达水平与多发性骨髓瘤患者的轻链分型、M蛋白分型、临床分型显著相关,与性别无关。来那度胺治疗多发性骨髓瘤的64例患者中,有效例数53例,总有效率为83%;其有效组患者中,CD56、CD117的阳性率分别为56.6%、35.8%,显著高于无效组患者(18.2%、9.1%)(P<0.05)。结论:多发性骨髓瘤患者CD56、CD117均呈现高表达的状态,其表达与患者的临床分期、M蛋白类型、轻链重链类型及来那度胺治疗的疗效有显著相关性。     

乙酰半胱氨酸辅助治疗小儿支原体肺炎的疗效及对CD分子含量的影响

目的:探讨乙酰半胱氨酸辅助治疗小儿支原体肺炎的疗效及对CD分子含量的影响。方法:选择2019年1月至2019年12月我院收治的90例支原体肺炎患儿,通过随机数表法分为观察组和对照组,每组45例。对照组给予常规处理,观察组在对照组基础上,联合吸入乙酰半胱氨酸溶液治疗,两组均连续治疗5 d。比较两组临床疗效、症状消失时间、住院时间、治疗前后、白细胞计数(WBC)、C反应蛋白(CRP)、CD_3~+、CD_4~+、CD_4~+/CD_8~+的变化及不良反应的发生情况。结果:治疗后,观察组临床疗效总有效率为93.33%,明显高于对照组(77.78%,P0.05);观察组咳嗽及肺啰音消失时间、住院时间明显短于对照组[(5.24±1.07)d vs (6.59±1.16)d,(5.53±0.76)d vs (6.75±1.04)d,(7.01±1.40)d vs (8.11±1.36)d](P0.05);观察组白细胞计数(WBC)、C反应蛋白(CRP)明显低于对照组[(5.06±0.72)×10~9/L vs(7.34±1.30)×10~9/L,(1.86±0.20)mg/L vs (4.63±0.61)mg/L],CD_3~+、CD_4~+、CD_4~+/CD_8~+明显高于对照组[(64.81±5.63)%vs(58.03±4.27)%,(36.86±3.09)%vs(29.17±2.64)%,(1.32±0.18)%vs(1.20±0.12)%](P0.05)。两组治疗期间均未见明显不良反应。结论:乙酰半胱氨酸辅助治疗小儿支原体肺炎效果明显,其有助于促进疾病恢复,且安全性好,其内在机制可能和调节CD分子含量、修复免疫紊乱等相关。     

经皮导管接触溶栓腔内治疗与标准抗凝治疗用于急性下肢深静脉血栓的临床效果比较

目的:分析和比较经皮导管接触溶栓腔内治疗与单纯标准抗凝治疗急性下肢深静脉血栓形成的临床效果的安全性。方法:回顾性分析93例中央型(髂股静脉)和混合型(全下肢深静脉)深静脉血栓患者临床资料,根据治疗方法的不同分为导管溶栓治疗组(试验组)65例、单纯抗凝治疗组(对照组)28例,比较两组患者治疗后患肢消肿率、下肢深静脉血栓的溶栓率及并发症的发生率。结果:治疗后,试验组患者患肢大腿消肿率[(83.03±4.53)%]显著高于对照组[(50.42±7.41)%](P0.05);患肢小腿消肿率[(76.48±8.24)%]亦显著高于对照组(54.95±8.14)%(P0.05)。试验组患者下肢深静脉血栓溶栓有效率为92.31%(60/65),显著高于对照组[14.29%(4/28)](P0.05)。随访半年后,试验组患者下肢血管的通畅率为90.67%(57/65),PTS率为7.69%(5/65);而对照组患者下肢血管的通畅率为21.42%(6/28),PTS率为14.28%(4/28)。试验组血管通畅率明显高于对照组(P0.05),而PTS发生率明显低于对照组(P0.05)。两组患者并发症发生率比较差异无明显统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:经皮导管接触溶栓腔内治疗急性中央型和混合型下肢深静脉血栓的短期疗效优于单纯抗凝治疗,且两种方法的安全性相当。     

不同治疗方案对原发免疫性血小板减少症患者外周血调节T细胞水平变化的影响及其意义分析(英文)

目的:探讨原发免疫性血小板减少症(immune thrombocytopenia,ITP)患者治疗前后外周血调节性T细胞(regulatory T cell,Treg)水平变化及其在ITP发病中的作用。方法:选取2010年6月至2013年7月间276例新诊断ITP患者,男114例、女162例,中位年龄40(18-70)岁。按治疗方案随机分为地塞米松组(90例):地塞米松40 mg/d第1~4天口服;泼尼松组(98例):泼尼松1.5 mg·kg-1·d-1口服;2泼尼松组(98例):泼尼松1.5 mg·kg-1·d-1口服;地塞米松+小剂量利妥昔单抗组(88例):地塞米松40 mg/d第1-4天口服,利妥昔单抗100 mg第7、14、21、28天静脉滴注。各组患者于治疗前、治疗后14 d和28 d分别采取外周静脉血,采用流式细胞术检测CD4+CD25+CD127-细胞水平。以60名健康体检者为正常对照组。结果:治疗后第28天,地塞米松组、泼尼松组、地塞米松+小剂量利妥昔单抗组的总有效率分别66.7%、69.4%、79.5%,差异无统计学意义;随访12个月,泼尼松组(37.8%)和地塞米松组(22.7%)之间差异无统计学意义,而与地塞米松+小剂量利妥昔单抗组持续有效率(66.7%),差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。所有ITP患者治疗前外周血CD4+CD25+CD127-细胞表达水平低于健康对照组[(1.66±0.69)%对(4.01±0.38)%,P0.05];地塞米松组、泼尼松组患者治疗后14d CD4+CD25high CD127low细胞水平均高于治疗前[(3.46±0.76)%对(1.68±0.72)%、(3.22±0.77)%对(1.69±0.74)%,P值均0.05];地塞米松+小剂量利妥昔单抗组治疗后14、28d CD4+CD25+CD127-细胞水平[(4.27±1.08)%、(4.43±0.62)%]均高于治疗前[(1.67±0.67)%],差异有统计学意义(P值均0.05);治疗后28 d,泼尼松组、地塞米松组患者CD4+CD25+CD127-细胞水平[(2.68±0.63)%、(2.58±0.66)%]与治疗前比较差异无统计学意义。结论:地塞米松联合小剂量利妥昔单抗在长期疗效及提升T细胞数量方面显著优于地塞米松和泼尼松,值得临床推广。     

雷公藤多苷联合甲氨蝶呤治疗类风湿关节炎活动期患者的疗效及对血清CD62p、CD41的影响

目的:探讨雷公藤多苷联合甲氨蝶呤治疗类风湿关节炎(RA)活动期患者的疗效及对血清释放黏附分子CD62p、CD41的影响。方法:选择2015年6月至2017年6月我院接诊的90例类RA活动期患者作为研究对象,通过随机数表法分为观察组(n=45)和对照组(n=45),对照组口服甲氨蝶呤治疗,观察组联合雷公藤多苷片治疗,均连续用药12周。比较两组临床疗效、治疗前后临床症状评分、实验室指标[红细胞沉降率(ESR)、C反应蛋白(CRP)、血小板计数(PLT)]及血清CD62p、CD41的变化,并比较治疗期间不良反应。结果:观察组临床疗效总有效率为91.11%(41/45),明显高于对照组的66.67%(30/45)(P0.05);治疗后,两组临床症状评分及实验室指标较治疗前均显著降低(P0.05),观察组晨僵时间、关节疼痛、关节肿胀、关节压痛评分及ESR、CRP、PLT均明显比对照组,比较均具有显著差异(P0.05);治疗后,两组血清CD62p、CD41较治疗前均显著降低(P0.05),观察组血清CD62p、CD41均明显低于对照组[(16.58±2.10)%vs(25.46±2.58)%,(67.83±11.03)%vs(76.40±13.45)%](P0.05);两组治疗期间肝肾功能均未发生异常,两组头痛、皮疹、胃肠道反应、感染、脱发发生率均无显著差异(P0.05)。结论:在RA活动期患者中使用雷公藤多苷联合甲氨蝶呤效果显著,可有效改善临床症状及实验室指标,其内在机制可能和降低血清CD62p、CD41的表达相关,且联合用药安全性高,值得应用推广。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.