衡阳紫色土丘陵坡地不同土地利用模式下土壤种子库特征

为了解衡阳紫色土丘陵坡地不同土地利用模式下土壤种子库特征,利用土壤种子库"萌发法",对衡阳紫色土丘陵坡地种子库在封山育林(20a)模式(Ⅰ)、退耕还林(2a)模式(Ⅱ)、农耕模式(Ⅲ)的土壤种子库进行分析。结果表明:(1)3种土地利用模式种子库平均密度的大小顺序为:模式Ⅱ模式Ⅲ模式Ⅰ。(2)土壤种子集中分布于0~5cm土层,随土层深度增加,种子数量与种类趋于减少。(3)3种土地利用模式种子库物种Czekanowski相似性系数(CC)较低,Patrick丰富度指数(R)的大小顺序为:模式Ⅱ模式Ⅰ模式Ⅲ(P0.05);Shannon-Wiener指数(H)和Pielou均匀度指数(E)的大小顺序均为:模式Ⅱ模式Ⅲ模式Ⅰ(P0.05);Simpson指数(D)的大小顺序为:模式Ⅰ模式Ⅲ模式Ⅱ(P0.05)。(4)土壤种子库所含物种数较接近,物种组成以草本植物为主,菊科、禾本科占优势。(5)封山育林模式和退耕还林模式属于进展演替,封山育林模式处于较高演替阶段,农耕模式属于逆行演替。研究表明:衡阳紫色土丘陵坡地具有依靠土壤种子库实现自然恢复的潜力,但单依靠土壤种子库自然恢复到现存植被是困难的,需要在自然恢复潜力评估的基础上积极充分采取人工促进自然恢复的策略,促进当地的植被恢复。     

黔西北喀斯特土壤种子库季节动态及种子库对策

采用野外样线取样与温室萌发相结合的方法,研究了贵州省西北部喀斯特区域处于不同演替阶段群落的土壤种子库季节动态与种子库对策.实验共检测出130个物种,种子库密度变动于541～11180粒·m-2,草本种子的密度和物种数远大于木本种子.采样时间和地点对土壤种子库平均物种数和密度有显著影响.各群落类型的土壤种子库平均物种数都在4月达到最高,除草地外在12月下降到最低,草地在8月下降到最低.各群落类型土壤种子库密度都在4月达到最高,8月、12月以及次年5月的密度差异不显著.至少两种种子仅存在于1年中某些时段的短暂性土壤种子库类型和两种种子在全年的土壤种子库中都存在的持久性土壤种子库类型.植物的种子库对策是物种本身固有的生活史对策,但某些物种的种子库对策可能受干扰历史及微环境因素的影响,使其在种子数量上表现出不同的季节动态.     

铜尾矿废弃地与相邻生境土壤种子库特征的比较

土壤种子库是植被群落的重要组成部分,其特征决定了群落的演替方向。对铜陵杨山冲尾矿库6个植被群落及相邻两处生境的土壤种子库进行了研究。结果表明,尾矿内各植被群落种子库的种子密度间存在较大差异,变化范围为57—593粒/m2,平均种子密度为370粒/m2,尾矿坝体和周围山体种子库种子密度分别为999和121粒/m2,各样地土壤中种子均主要集中在0—5 cm范围内。尾矿种子库与坝体种子库间的相似性指数大于其与周围山体种子库的相似性指数,但尾矿内各植被群落种子库间的相似性较差,相似性指数的变化范围为0.308—0.636。可见,群落微生境对土壤种子库的种子密度和物种组成产生了较大的影响。尾矿种子库种类与地上植被的平均相似指数为0.355,低于坝体种子库种类与地上植被相似性系数。3处样地土壤种子库的物种多样性、丰富度和均匀度指数均表现为坝体>尾矿>山体。尾矿种子库在农田土壤中萌发并正常生长的幼苗为16科44属53种,而在尾矿基质中仅为9科36属45种,均以禾本科、菊科和豆科植物萌发和生长状况较好,这3科构成了尾矿地上植被的主要类型。尾矿种子库在尾矿基质中萌发成活率为62.2%—91.2%,约为坝体和山体土壤种子库在尾矿基质中萌发成活率的2倍。说明,组成尾矿种子库的种子大部分已经适应了尾矿的极端恶劣环境或者其本身就是耐性极强的植物类型。     

天山中部天山云杉林土壤种子库年际变化

通过定点采样,采用萌发法对天山中部天山云杉(Picea schrenkiana Fisch.et Mey.)近熟林(101-120a)和成熟林(121-160a) 2004-2011年(8a)土壤种子库物种组成、种子密度的年际变化和不同间隔年限土壤种子库物种组成的相似性进行了分析.结果表明:(1)土壤种子库中共萌发鉴定出种子植物87种,隶属29科70属,其中乔木种子植物2种,灌木种子植物2种,草本种子植物83种,土壤种子库中草本植物种子密度远远大于木本植物种子密度;8个采样年份土壤种子库恒有种仅有6种;(2)土壤种子库种子密度及其中天山云杉种子密度存在巨大的年际变动,且不具有同步性;土壤种子库种子密度最大(2009年)值为(953.75±66.12)粒/m2,最小(2008年)值为(186.50±20.37)粒/m2,其中天山云杉种子密度最高(2006年)达到(584.50±53.58)粒/m2,最低(2005年)仅有(0.25±0.26)粒/m2;(3)天山云杉林土壤种子库年际间物种组成的相似性不高,Czekanowski相似系数均值仅为0.344,并随间隔年限的增加呈现减小—增大—减小的变化趋势.天山云杉林土壤种子库物种组成和种子密度稳定性差,年际间相差悬殊,物种组成的相似性不高,种子库中天山云杉种子密度主要受其种子库采样前一年天山云杉结实丰歉的影响,属间断型.土壤种子库年际变化特征可为天山森林的更新恢复和可持续经营提供科学依据.     

瑞昌石灰岩红壤区退耕还林土壤动物群落特征

以江西瑞昌石灰岩红壤区采取多树种混交、竹阔混交和林苗一体化3种模式退耕还林6年后的林地为研究对象,分析退耕还林对土壤动物群落及其数量变化的影响.退耕还林地土壤动物隶属于6门17纲34目,优势类群为线虫纲,占总类群数的86.7％;常见类群为蜱螨目、线蚓科以及弹尾目.对照农耕地土壤动物隶属于5门10纲21目,优势类群为线虫纲,占总密度的86.7％;常见类群为蜱螨目和线蚓科.退耕还林地土壤稀有类群数(30类)明显大于农耕地(18类).除冬季外退耕还林地土壤动物类群数和平均密度显著高于农耕地.土壤动物的垂直分布具有明显的表聚性,表层(0～5 cm)土壤动物数量与5～10、10～15 cm土层存在极显著差异,且退耕还林地表聚性较农耕地更明显.退耕还林地土壤动物类群数均为夏季＞秋季＞春季＞冬季,且夏、秋季与春、冬季差异显著;平均密度为秋季＞夏季＞春季＞冬季,季节间差异显著.退耕还林地土壤动物生物多样性指数显著高于农耕地,3种退耕还林模式中,多树种混交模式的生物多样性最高,林苗一体化模式最低.     

长白山森林不同演替阶段采伐林隙土壤种子库特征

对长白山地区不同恢复演替阶段的杨桦次生林、次生阔叶林和阔叶红松林采伐林隙内的土壤种子库进行了研究.结果表明：次生阔叶林林隙内土壤种子库的种子密度最大,为652粒·m^-2.随着森林群落的演替,土壤种子库的多样性指数和均匀度指数逐渐增大,而优势度指数则逐渐降低;红松、臭松和色木槭等顶极种的种子密度逐渐增大,山槐、水曲柳等树种的种子密度逐步降低;种子库的物种组成同更新幼苗的相似性越来越高,相异性则越来越低.在3种林型中,非林隙林分土壤种子库的种子密度,以及同幼苗的相似性均与林隙内种子库相同.说明土壤种子库为群落的恢复演替提供了丰富的种源基础,且随着恢复演替的进行,对地表植被更新的影响越来越强.     

农田开垦对三江平原湿地土壤种子库影响及湿地恢复潜力

种子库是湿地植被恢复的重要途径之一,不同时期的耕作土壤中残留的种子对开垦湿地恢复具有重要的作用.本文采用温室萌发法在两种水分条件下对三江平原天然湿地、不同开垦年限湿地种子库结构和规模进行了研究,以了解不同开垦年限湿地种子库特征及其在湿地植被恢复中的潜力.本次实验共萌发物种50种,随着开垦年限增加,萌发物种逐渐减少,天然湿地、开垦1年、3年、10年、20年的湿地分别为34种、31种、21种、21种和8种,萌发物种数与种子库规模均表现出极显著差异(F1=8.32,F2=5.946,P＜0.001).种子库密度以天然湿地和开垦1年湿地最大,分别为7624粒/m2,9836粒/m2.随着开垦年限增加,种子库规模逐渐减小,开垦3年、10年种子库密度为4336粒/m2,4872粒/m2.开垦20 a后,显著减少为432粒/m2.湿润条件下萌发物种数及种子密度显著高于淹水处理,种子库具有明显的分层现象,0-5 cm土层种子库规模显著高于5-10 cm.小叶章(Calamagrostis angustifolia)作为该地区优势物种,由最初的1192粒/m2,经过20 a开垦后在种子库中消失.研究表明,在一定的开垦年限范围内,开垦湿地土壤中仍然保留大量的湿地物种种子,在湿地恢复中具有重要的作用.     

三峡库区消落带回水区水淹初期土壤种子库特征

将三峡库区消落带回水区次生灌丛和弃耕地分成水淹区段、未水淹区段和对照样带,通过萌发法对其土壤种子库进行研究.结果表明:两种植被类型的土壤种子库储量存在极显著差异,次生灌丛种子密度为(6991±954)粒·m^-2、弃耕地种子密度为(26193±6928)粒·m^-2.3种生境中,水淹区段的种子密度最低,未水淹区段最高.随着土层加深,种子库密度逐渐下降.土壤种子库萌发试验出现的物种分属45科97属118种,以一年生和多年生草本植物为主,其中菊科、禾本科、玄参科和十字花科为优势科;个体数量占土壤种子库总储量小于0.01%的物种有34种,占28.8%.两种植被类型的土壤种子库中物种数较接近,物种多样性指数和均匀度较高,但优势物种组成差异很大,生态优势度较低.3种生境中,未水淹区段的生物多样性最高,水淹区段的生态优势度最高;而水淹区段和未水淹区段相似性指数最大.     

荒漠草原区4种植物群落土壤种子库特征及其土壤理化性质

土壤种子库作为地上植被更新的潜在种源,在植被自然恢复和演替过程以及生态系统建设中起着重要作用。以宁夏盐池县荒漠草原区4种植物群落为研究对象,通过对封育16年后植物群落土壤理化性质的变化与其土壤种子库的特征之间的关系的探讨,揭示荒漠草原植物群落的土壤种子库分布特征和演替趋势,以及土壤质量的改变如何影响土壤种子库特征。研究结果表明：（1）不同植物群落土壤种子库物种组成及种子密度不同,同一物种在不同植物群落土壤种子库中出现时种子密度也存在差异;禾本科、菊科、藜科植物种在4种植物群落土壤种子库中出现比例均较高,分别占到26.19%、21.43%和19.05%,占总物种数的66.7%;灰绿藜、冰草、碱蓬在4种植物群落土壤种子库中均有出现。（2）4种植物群落土壤种子库中多年生植物和一年生植物种子居多,灌木、半灌木植物种较少。（3）4种植物群落土壤种子库中物种数和种子密度均表现为：芨芨草群落 > 苦豆子群落 > 油蒿群落 > 盐爪爪群落;且随着土层的加深,4种植物群落土壤种子库中物种数和种子密度均呈递减趋势。（4）4种植物群落土壤种子库中Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpsin指数、Pielou指数和Patrick指数均表现为芨芨草群落 > 苦豆子群落 > 油蒿群落 > 盐爪爪群落。此外,芨芨草群落土壤种子库与油蒿群落土壤种子库相似性最高,油蒿群落与盐爪爪群落的最低。（5）土壤种子库物种多样性特征指数与土壤pH、含水量、碱解氮呈正相关,与土壤电导率呈负相关,其中土壤pH和电导率对种子库物种多样性的影响较大。荒漠草原封育以后,土壤种子库中植物种数、种子密度和物种多样性均呈增加趋势,且以多年生植物和一年生植物种子居多;禾本科和豆科植物的物种数和种子密度大于菊科和藜科,这表明围封后牧草品质改善,植物群落正向演替。     

西双版纳白背桐次生林土壤种子库、种子雨研究

 本文讨论了西双版纳常见的次生林白背桐(Mallotus paniculatus )林的土壤种子库和种子雨的组成及动态。结果表明该林地的种子雨年输入量为745粒/m2,土壤种子库储量在雨季末期为3345±438粒/m2,旱季末期为4555±554粒/m2,种子雨的输入高峰出现在旱季,导致旱季末期土壤种子库储量大于雨季末期。森林破碎化导致的隔离效应阻碍了种子的传播途径,使土壤种子库储量下降,种子雨和土壤种子库中鸟类传播的种子比例增大。传播成熟林树种的大型动物到达不了该样地,植被的演替受到了阻碍。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.