云南南部3产地泽蛙核型比较研究

对采自云南个旧、绿春、江城3地的泽蛙进行染色体核型分析。结果表明,3地的泽蛙核型均为2n=26（5L＋0M＋8S）,NF=52,染色体次缢痕均出现在6p上。个旧大屯泽蛙的No．3为SM染色体,其余染色体均为M染色体;绿春大黑山的泽蛙No．2、6、7为SM染色体,其余均为M染色体;江城康平的泽蛙No．2、9均为SM染色体,其余为M染色体,显示出不同地区泽蛙核型的差异性。比较了滇南3地和国内外不同地区泽蛙染色体核型变化,结果显示,染色体核型模式及其大型染色体组比较稳定,但次缢痕位置不稳定,小型染色体组变异较大。根据泽蛙次缢痕的地理演化趋势,推测次缢痕位于7p上是一种原始类型,位于6p上是一种较为进化的类型,位于9p上是一种特化的类型。泽蛙的分布及核型分化与第三纪欧亚大陆边缘断裂形成日本海有关,也与第四纪冰期气候变化和随之产生的泽蛙南迁北移有关。     

福建九龙棘蛙和小棘蛙的核型和Ag—NORs研究

福建两种棘蛙的核型和Ａｇ－ＮＯＲｓ观察结果如下：九龙棘蛙，２ｎ＝２６（２２Ｍ＋４ＳＭ），ＮＦ＝５２，５＋８模式，Ａｇ－ＮＯＲｓ位于６ｐｉｎｔｅｒ，小棘蛙，２ｎ＝２６（２０Ｍ＋６ＳＭ），ＮＦ＝５２，５＋８模式，次缢痕和Ａｇ－ＮＯＲｓ在６ｐｉｎｔｅｒ。二者均未发现与性别分化相关的异形染色体。根据已知棘蛙属内的核型资料，对该属种间和居群间的核型演化机制进行了讨论。     

天台蛙和合征姬蛙的核型及其银染色研究

本文报道了天台蛙和合征姬蛙的核型和Ag-NORs。用骨髓细胞为实验材料,采用离心法或蒸气固定法制作染色体标本。结果：天台蛙2n=26,由5对大型染色体和8对小型染色体组成,其中有2对st染色体,6对sm染色体和5对m染色体。No.11染色体上有一恒定的次组痕;合征姬蛙2n＝24,包括6对大型染色体和6对小型染色体,除NO-3为st染色体外,其余的均为m染色体。一对次绕痕位于No.9染色体长臂上。天台蛙和合征姬蛙的Ag-NoRs分别位于No.11和No.9染色体的次槛痕区,未见有扩增现象。     

福建大头蛙五个地理居群核型多样性

采用骨髓细胞蒸汽固定法制备染色体标本,研究了产于安徽、浙江、江西、福建和湖南5个地理居群福建大头蛙的核型。结果表明：5居群样本的细胞染色体数均为2n=22,NF=44,核型模式为7＋4。福建居群11对染色体全为中部着丝粒染色体;其它4个居群中的NO．3为亚中部着丝粒染色体,其余为中部着丝粒染色体;各居群中NO．3和NO．7的相对长度和臂比值存在显著或极显著差异。显示不同地理居群福建大头蛙的核型具有丰富的多样性。     

黑斑蛙核型、C-带及Ag-NORs 研究

本文采用外周血淋巴细胞培养法制备染色体标本,观察黑斑蛙的染色体标本,研究黑斑蛙的核型,C-带和Ag-NORs。研究结果表明：（1）黑斑蛙淋巴细胞染色体数目为2n=26,其中有5对大染色体和8对小染色体,核型是二型性核型;（2）分别对雌雄个体的中期分裂相进行观察,在第11号染色体长臂中部有明显的次缢痕,但变异核型次缢痕在第8号染色体长臂的中部;（3）在第5号染色体长臂上有一条明显的近端粒C-带;（4）第11号染色体是一对具有银染核仁形成区的同源染色体,且雌雄个体的银染位置相同。     

黑眶蟾蜍、黑斑蛙、中国雨蛙不同地理居群的染色体多样性

本文研究温州地区的黑眶蟾蜍、黑斑蛙、中国雨蛙的核型,分析了三个地理居群的黑眶蟾蜍、四个地理居群的黑斑蛙、三个地理居群的中国雨蛙核型.结果表明不同地理居群的同种蛙有相同的染色体数和核型模式.黑眶蟾蜍为2n=22,NF=44,核模式6+5;黑斑蛙为2n=26,NF=52,核模式5+8;中国雨蛙为2n=24,NF=48,核模式6+6.但同一种蛙的不同地理居群之间在SM数目和顺序、次缢痕或随体的位置等有所不同.说明不同地理居群的同种蛙的染色体具有丰富的多样性.     

黑眶蟾蜍、黑斑蛙、中国雨蛙不同地理居群的染色体多样性

本文研究温州地区的黑眶蟾蜍、黑斑蛙、中国雨蛙的核型,分析了三个地理居群的黑星期五蟾蜍、四个地理居群的黑斑蛙、三个地理居群的中国雨蛙核型。结果表明不同地理居群的同种蛙有相同的染色体数和核型模式。黑星期五蟾蜍为2n＝22,NF＝44,核模式6＋5;黑斑蛙为2n=26,NF=52,核模式5＋8;中国雨蛙为2n＝24,NF＝48,核模式6＋6。但同一种蛙的不同地理居群之间在SM数目和顺序、次缢痕或随体的位置等有所不同。说明不同地理居群的同种蛙的染色体具有丰富的多样性。     

黑斑蛙骨髓细胞染色体标本制备的新方法

染色体标本制备是黑斑蛙分子细胞遗传学研究的基础。为了简化操作程序,缩短实验周期,建立了黑斑蛙染色体制备的一种新方法——骨髓细胞体外短时培养与秋水仙素同步处理法。该方法操作简便,重复性较好,可在较短时间里制备出分裂相较多且形态良好的蛙染色体标本,适用于核型分析、染色体荧光原位杂交、染色体显微分离和单染色体文库构建等多个方面的研究。     

0云南西双版纳蛙类一新种描述

本文描述了在云南西双纳地区发现的蛙属１新种：版纳蛙Ｒａｎａｂａｎｎａｎｉｃａｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．,并从外部形态和核型上与东南亚相近种进行了比较。     

花臭蛙核型、C-带、银袋的研究

花臭蛙Rana schmackeri的核型为2n=26,NF=52。各号染色体均具着丝粒区C-带, 2q、3q、4p、9q、上具居间区C-带、5未端具端粒区带。花臭蛙仅有一对NORs,位于10q上。另外还对无指盘臭蛙、绿臭蛙与花臭蛙的染色体进行了比较。     

泽蛙、日本林蛙、饰纹姬蛙不同地理居群的核型多样性

本文研究了温州地区的泽蛙、日本林蛙、饰纹姬蛙的核型,并分析了9个地理居群泽蛙的核型、4个地理居群日本林蛙的核型和3个地理居群饰纹姬蛙的核型。结果表明,不同地理居群的同种蛙均有相同的染色体数和核型模式。泽蛙、日本林蛙都为 2n=26,NF=52,核模式5＋8;饰纹姬蛙 2n=24,NF=48,核模式6＋6。但同一种蛙的不同地理居群之间在SM数目和顺序、次缢痕或随体的位置等都有所不同,说明不同地理居群的同种蛙的染色体具有丰富的多样性。故保护蛙品种资源多样性,不仅要从整个群体上考虑,而且要针对每个品种（或类群）进行保护。 Abstract：The karyotypes of Rana limmocharis boie,Rana j.Japonica,and Microhyla ornata from Wenzhou were studied.The karyotypes of nine populations of Rana limmocharis boie,four populations of Rana j.Japonica and three populations of Microhyla ornata from different geographical regions were compared.The results demonstrated that the same species of different geographical populations have the same amount of chromosome and karyotypic formulae. Rana limmocharis boie and Rana j.Japonica have 2n=26,NF=52 and 5＋8 karyotypic formulae.Microhyla ornata has 2n=24,NF=48 and 6＋6 karyotypic formulae.But some dissimilarities were found among them.First,the number and sequence of submetacentric chromosome were different among them,and then the secondary contriction （SC）or satellite （Sat）were also different.It was showed that the chromosomes of same species of different geographical population have diversities.Conservation of frog genetic diversity must be considered of not only the genetic diversity conservation of the total frog population but also that of every frog breed.     

东北产三种林蛙血细胞的比较研究

应用Wright染色法对桓仁林蛙、东北林蛙和黑龙江林蛙的血细胞进行比较,将所得数据用SPSS软件统计。结果表明：桓仁林蛙、东北林蛙、黑龙江林蛙的血细胞形态、数量上存在差别,这可能与其生活环境和分类地位密切相关。     

牛蛙(Rana catesbeiana)染色体研究

对牛蛙（Rana catesbeiana,Shaw）的染色体组型进行了研究。观察骨髓的C-中期细胞,结果证明牛蛙的体细胞染色体数目2n=26,其中有5对大型染色体和8对小型染色体,可以分成A、B、C3个组,雌性和雄性个体间没有发现异型性染色体。上述结果与前人的研究结果基本一致。但是作者发现牛蛙骨髓细胞的第7、8、10、12号染色体上均有次缢痕。牛蛙的核型为2n：26=22m＋4sm。     

Allozyme variation among Rana balcanica,R. levantina,and R. ridibunda (Amphibia: Anura)1

The allozyme variation among water frogs of the species R. balcanica, R. levantina and R. ridibunda, all formerly considered as one species (R. ridibunda Pallas, 1771), was studied using horizontal starch gel electrophoresis. Blood samples (N # 63) of frogs were collected from five populations in Greece and Israel. Samples (N = 9) of the hybrid frog R. esculenta collected from a locality in Germany were used as an outgroup for phylogenetic analyses. Fifteen enzymes controlled by twenty presumptive loci were identified. Thirteen loci were polymorphic within or among the studied populations. Genetic differentiation among the species was considerably greater than among populations of the same species. Even at Nestos River where R. ridibunda and R. balcanica occur in the same habitats, individuals could be assigned to either species due to characteristic differences of the genotypes (GPI1). This indicates reproductive isolation among these species. The reconstruction of phylogenetic relationships among the three species based on the allozyme data corroborated the model presented on the basis of bioacoustic data: R. ridibunda and R. balcanica (Nei's genetic distance D = 0.0820) are sibling species pertaining to an Eurasian lineage, whereas R. levantina (distance to the European species D = 0.1780 - 0.1955) together with R. perezi represent an independent afroasian lineage.     

Isolation and characterization of microsatellite markers in the lowland leopard frog (Rana yavapaiensis) and the relict leopard frog (R. onca), two declining frogs of the North American desert southwest

We characterized 15 microsatellite loci for the lowland leopard frog (Rana yavapaiensis) and the relict leopard frog (R. onca) for future studies of population genetic structure and relatedness. Analysis of 20 individuals from single populations of each species showed that all markers were polymorphic in at least one species. Observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0 to 0.94 and from 0.11 to 0.85, respectively, and there were three to 11 alleles per locus. No loci were in linkage disequilibrium, but six loci deviated significantly from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, and the presence of a null allele was detected in two of these loci.     

A taxonomic study of the Rana narina complex, with description of three new species (Amphibia: Ranidae)

A morphometric and electrophoretic survey was conducted to examine taxonomic relationships among eight population samples of the Rana narina complex from the Ryukyu Archipelago of Japan and Taiwan. Five discrete morphotypes are differentiated, and these showed considerable genetic differentiation from each other. From the available information, each of the five morphotypes is judged to represent a species, and three are described as new. Rana utsunomiyaorum sp. nov. and R. supranarina sp. nov. are sympatric in Ishigakijima and Iriomotejima islands of the Yaeyama Group, and differ from the other members by having a shorter hindlimb. Rana utsunomiyaorum is the smallest in the complex, while R. supranarina is the largest. Rana amamiensis sp. nov . occurs on Amamioshima and Tokunoshima islands of the Amami Group and, like R. narina from Okinawajima of the Okinawa Group, has a long hindlimb; it differs from the latter species by having a larger body and relatively small tympanum. These two species differ from R. swinhoana from Taiwan by having a narrower disk on the third finger. A key to known species of the complex is given. Further, syslematics of the R. narina complex within Rana , body size in the two sympatric species, and sexual dimorphism found in this complex are discussed.     

Bioacoustic assessment of the taxonomic status of pool frog populations (Rana lessonae) with reference to a topotypical population

Six structural and temporal features of the mating calls of pool frogs recorded at eight localities in Italy, Germany, Yugoslavia and Albania were compared with those of the calls of topotypical Rana lessonae in northern Italy. All populations shared three out of six characters studied: call duration, intercall interval and call period. The pool frogs of three localities in peninsular Italy significantly differed in three characters from those of the other six localities, including the northern Italian one: pulses per pulse group, pulse groups per call, and pulse groups per second. This study demonstrates the existence of Rana bergeri , a pool frog species different from R. lessonae in peninsular Italy, but does not support the species status of the chemotaxonomically established R. shqiperica , which is considered as a synonym of R. lessonae .     

Sex reversal and primary sex ratios in the common frog (Rana temporaria)

Sex reversal has been suggested to have profound implications for the evolution of sex chromosomes and population dynamics in ectotherms. Occasional sex reversal of genetic males has been hypothesized to prevent the evolutionary decay of nonrecombining Y chromosomes caused by the accumulation of deleterious mutations. At the same time, sex reversals can have a negative effect on population growth rate. Here, we studied phenotypic and genotypic sex in the common frog (Rana temporaria) in a subarctic environment, where strongly female‐biased sex ratios have raised the possibility of frequent sex reversals. We developed two novel sex‐linked microsatellite markers for the species and used them with a third, existing marker and a Bayesian modelling approach to study the occurrence of sex reversal and to determine primary sex ratios in egg clutches. Our results show that a significant proportion (0.09, 95% credible interval: 0.04–0.18) of adults that were genetically female expressed the male phenotype, but there was no evidence of sex reversal of genetic males that is required for counteracting the degeneration of Y chromosome. The primary sex ratios were mostly equal, but three clutches consisted only of genetic females and three others had a significant female bias. Reproduction of the sex‐reversed genetic females appears to create all‐female clutches potentially skewing the population level adult sex‐ratio consistent with field observations. However, based on a simulation model, such a bias is expected to be small and transient and thus does not fully explain the observed female‐bias in the field.     

Comparative cytotaxonomy of 3 species of Cichlasoma (Pisces: Cichlidae) native of Costa Rica]

The karyotype of three species of Cichlasoma: C. dovii, C. managuense and C. friedrichstali were studied. The number of diploid chromosomes is 2n = 48 in the first two species. Their karyotypes are composed of four pairs of meta-submetacentric chromosomes. The arms fundamental number (NF) is 56. C. friedrichstali has three pairs of meta-submetacentric chromosomes and 21 pairs of subtelocentric-telocentric chromosomes. This species presents two different diploid numbers, 2n = 48 and 2n = 47.