贵州梵净山陆栖寡毛类初步调查

梵净山自然保护区是我国保持得较为完好的森林生态系统,生物资源十分丰富,但其陆栖寡毛类动物从未有人研究报道过,1985年5月—6月,笔者在梵净山进行了采集,现将初步研究结果报道如下。一、梵净山陆栖寡毛类名录1.日本杜拉蚓Drawida japonica Michaelsen1892;2.环串环毛蚓Pheretima moniliata Chen1946;3.异毛环毛蚓Ph.diffringens(Baird1869);4.云龙环毛蚓Ph.yunlongensis Chen et Hsu1977;5.白颈环毛蚓Ph.californica(Kinberg1867);6.舒脉环毛蚓Ph.schmardae(Horst1883);7.毛利环毛蚓Ph.morrisi(Beddard1892);8.湖北环毛蚓Ph.hupeie…     

四川两种环毛属蚯蚓特征的补充记述

在整理本省收集到的蚯蚓标本过程中,发现透明环毛蚓Pheretima.lumbricata Chen,1936和前定环毛蚓Pheretima antefixa Gates,1935两种蚯蚓的一些特征与过去的记载有较大的差异,为了避免这两种蚯蚓在分类上的混乱,特补充记述于后:透明环毛蚓P.lumbricata Chen系陈义(1936)在重庆采得的13条标本命名的。1959年,陈义在《中国动物图谱——环节动物》一书中略有改动。前两文记载的主要特征是:体无色素,微透明。刚毛退化,不易数清数目。雄孔在一乳突上,雄突外侧有皮褶腔,雄突藏于腔内或突出成一锥形,其内侧有二腺区或二腺区合而为一。受精囊孔二…     

湖南腔蚓属蚯蚓一新种(后孔寡毛目:巨蚓科)

作者在湖南长沙等地采集蚯蚓标本,发现腔蚓属Metaphire蚯蚓一新种。记述于下。 1972年Sims和Easton、1979年Easton应用数值分类方法,先后两次订正了环毛属Pheretima蚯蚓。把这一个原来包括了700多个种和亚种的大属,分为8个属,即扁体环毛属Planapherelima Michaelsen,1934、原环毛属Archipheretima Michaelsen,1928、新环毛     

蚯蚓的采集与标本制作

蚯蚓是中学生物学教学常用的实验材料。我们常用的有大环毛蚓(Pheretima magna)、参状环毛蚓(P.aspergillum)等。现介绍些标本采集和标本制作方法。     

中国陆栖寡毛类几个新种的记述

在编订中国寡毛类志的过程中,发见七种及一亚种蚯蚓未有记载过,今先予整理记述如下。1.囡环毛蚓 Pheretima nanula Chen et Yang,sp.n. 外部特点:45—50毫米长,2.3—3.0毫米宽,体节数74—88(模式:51毫米长,3毫米宽,85节)。口前叶为1/2上叶式。背孔自12/13节间起出现(首孔常常不显)。体无     

海南岛陆栖寡毛类一新种

1980年以来,笔者在海南岛尖峰岭作林地蚯蚓生态调查中,采得环节动物寡毛类一优势种,经鉴定为钜蚓科环毛蚓属Pheretima的一新种,描述如下。尖峰环毛蚓,新种Pheretima jianfengensis sp.nov.(图1—4) 外部特征:体型较大,体长160—250毫米,宽6—10毫米,体节数131—173(正模标本:160毫米长,6毫米宽,173节)。口前叶为1/2上叶式。背孔自12/13节间起出现。     

甘肃陆栖寡毛类一新亚种的记述

在调查兰州陆栖寡毛类的过程中,发现一新亚种,现记述如下。 河北环毛蚓兰州新亚种Pheretima tschiliensis Michaelsen lanzhouensis subsp.nov. 外部特征:体长245—310毫米,宽6～7毫米,体节数111～149(模式:长310毫米,宽7毫米,体节139节)。体圆柱形。土黄色、背中线深灰色。口前叶为1/2上叶式。背孔自12/13节间始。环带占ⅩⅣ～ⅩⅥ节,较长(7～8毫米),无刚毛和背孔(仅1条标本有背孔)。     

用COI基因确定直隶环毛蚓(Pheretima tschiliensis tschiliensis)的属的地位

目的:由于采用新的分类体系,国内外学者通过形态学特征对直隶环毛蚓(Pheretima tschiliensis tschiliensis,Michealson,1928)的分类地位一直存在争议,该文的目的在于将此种给予明确的划分。方法:用采自不同地区的直隶环毛蚓COI基因(534bp)及结合其相应的氨基酸(178个),以陆正蚓(Lumbricus tereistial)为外群,用最大简约法和贝叶斯法构建进化树的方法,结果:试验结果表明,构建的系统树将直隶环毛蚓与腔蚓属聚为一族,并得到很好的支持(BP>76,pp≥0.94),种间校正基因距离介于0.006~0.263,种内校正基因距离介于0.000~0.162,结论:因具有交配腔,故分子生物学和形态学特征均表明,直隶环毛蚓应属于腔蚓属而不是远盲蚓属。其学名应为Metaphire tschiliensis tschiliensis(Michealson,1928)。     

海南岛陆栖寡毛类二新种记述(寡毛纲:巨蚓科)

1982年采自海南岛尖峰岭热带原始森林的巨蚓科(Megascolecidae)远盲,属Amynthas蚯蚓二新种:双陷远盲蚓 Amynthas biconcavus sp.nov.和四突远盲蚓 Amynthas tetrapapillatus sp.nov.。文中采用的是Sims & Easton 1972和Easton 1979对环毛属Pheretima订正后的分属系统。     

对Sims氏等关于环毛属Pheretima(Oligochaeta)新分类系统的介绍

全世界蚯蚓有1800种(Edwards et Lofty,1977),其中环毛属Pheretima就有746种(亚种),为已知蚯蚓中的最大属。环毛属系Kinberg依据Ph.californica及Ph.montana这两个种于1867年建立起来的。从动物进化观点看,环毛属是新近起家的。密契尔逊(Michaelsen)认为该属源于菲律宾或加里曼丹,由此分散出去,东到太平洋所罗门群岛,南只到澳洲北部海上,西到安达曼群岛。该属到了中国,发展很快,计有116种(亚种),把古老的属和种挤走了或消灭了。这个属的种数多,分布的地域广,土著种也较多。Beddard及Miehaelsen于1900年先后对本属作过订正,前者确认109…     

A novel antimicrobial peptide from skin secretions of the earthworm, Pheretima guillelmi (Michaelsen)

A novel lumbricin-like antimicrobial peptide named lumbricin-PG was isolated from skin secretions of the earthworm, Pheretima guillelmi (Michaelsen), using a procedure of one step Sephadex G-50 gel filtration and one step C₈ reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). Its amino acid sequence was determined as FSRYARMRDSRPWSDRKNNYSGPQFTYPPEKAPPEKLIKWNN EGSPIFEMPAEGGHIEP by Edman degradation combined with cDNA cloning and mass spectrometry analysis. The cDNA encoding lumbricin-PG was cloned by cDNA library screening. The predicted protein from the cDNA sequence was composed of 73 amino acid residues including a mature lumbricin-PG and predicted signal peptide. It showed similarity with lumbricin antimicrobial peptide from the earthworm, Lumbricus rubellus by BLAST search. Purified lumbricin-PG exerted potential antimicrobial activities against bacteria and fungi; it showed weak hemolysis activity against human and rabbit red cells.     

A revision of Lycodrilus phreodriloides (Oligochaeta, Tubificidae)

The taxon Lycodrilusphreodriloides Michaelsen, 1905 is fully described for the first time. It is now recognized as Baikalodrilus phreodriloides (Michaelsen) comb.n., a member of the Tubificidae. This is the last of the original Lycodrilus species to be reclassified.     

Phylogenetics of some Enchytraeidae (Annelida: Oligochaeta): A preliminary investigation of relationships to the Haplotaxidae

In phylogenetic considerations of the Oligochaeta and the family Enchytraeidae, Propappus has been considered the ancestral or even the archetypal enchytraeid genus. Three nominal species are presently included in Propappus Michaelsen, 1905, P. volki Michaelsen, 1916, P. arhyncotus Sokolskaja, 1972, and the type species of the genus, P. glandulosus Michaelsen, 1905. Examination of type material of P. glandulosus and P. volki, as well as other material of the latter, showed that these species have a single pair of testes in segment XI and a single pair of ovaries in segment XIII. According to current classifications of the Oligochaeta, these species of Propappus cannot be retained in the Enchytraeidae. A phylogenetic analysis including two species of Propappus and 29 species of Haplotaxidae suggest a sister group relationship between Propappus and some Enchytraeidae and Haplotaxidae.     

两种生态类型蚯蚓几种消化酶活性比较研究

蚯蚓在有机残体转化和土壤养分循环中起着重要的作用,为明确不同生态类型蚯蚓的食性及其消化有机物质的能力,测定了表居型蚯蚓赤爱胜蚓（Eisenia fetida）和上食下居型蚯蚓威廉环毛蚓（Pheretima guillemi）肠道内纤维素酶、蛋白酶、酸性磷酸酶和碱性磷酸酶的活性;同时还对威廉环毛蚓排泄物中蛋白酶、磷酸酶以及CO2呼吸强度与原土进行了比较,结果表明,赤爱胜蚓肠道内纤维素酶活性远远高于威廉环毛蚓,而蛋白酶和酸性及碱性磷酸酶活性显著低于威廉环毛蚓;两种蝗 蚓肠道消化酶活化的差异与赤爱胜蚓直接以植物残体为食,而威廉环毛蚓以半分解的有机残体上的微生物为食有关。根据研究结果,提出了饲养环毛 时要注意增加饵料中微生物量的观点。     

Plant transformation by microinjection techniques

Several techniques have been developed for introducing cloned genes into plant cells. Vectorless delivery systems such as PEG-mediated direct DNA uptake (e.g. Pasz-kowski et al. 1984), electroporation (e.g. Shillito et al. 1985), and fusion of protoplasts with liposomes (Deshayes et al. 1985) are routinely used in many experiments (see several chapters of this issue). A wide range of plant species, dicotyledonous as well as monocotyledonous, has been transformed by these vectorless DNA transfer systems. However, the availability of an efficient protoplast regeneration system is a prerequisite for the application of these techniques. For cells with intact cell walls and tissue explants the biological delivery system of virulent Agrobacterium species has been routinely used (for review see Fraley et al. 1986). However, the host range of Agrobacterium restricts the plant species, which can be transformed using this vector system. In addition, all these methods depend on selection systems for recovery of transformants. Therefore a selection system has to be established first for plant species to be transformed. The microinjection technique is a direct physical approach, and therefore host-range independent, for introducing substances under microscopical control into defined cells without damaging them. These two facts differentiate this technique from other physical approaches, such as biolistic transformation and macroinjection (see chapters in this issue). In these other techniques, damaging of cells and random manipulation of cells without optical control cannot be avoided so far. In recent years microinjection technology found its application in plant sciences, whereas this technique has earlier been well established for transformation of animal tissue culture cells (Capecchi 1980) and the production of transgenic animals (Brin-ster et al. 1981, Rusconi and Schaffner 1981). Furthermore, different parameters affecting the DNA transfer via microinjection, such as the nature of microinjected DNA, and cell cycle stage, etc, have been investigated extensively in animal cells (Folger et al. 1982, Wong and Capecchi 1985), while analogous experiments on plant cells are still lacking.     

Evidence for the Colonization of Lactic Acid Bacteria in the Gastrointestinal Tract of Suckling Mink

Lactic acid bacteria are considered indigenous members of the gastrointestinal microflora in a number of animal species (Savage 1977a). Some intestinal strains of lactobacilli and streptococci are aWe to adhere to stratified squamous epithelium of some animals (Tannock et al. 1987), in the non-secreting part of the stomach of piglets (Barrow et al. 1980, Fuller et al. 1978) and rodents (Tannock et al. 1982), and in the crop of poultry (Fuller 1978). The presence of lactic acid bacteria in the digestive tract is believed to be of beneficial value to the host animal (Fuller 1989). The production of organic acids in the stomach or the crop helps maintaining a low pH which may be important for inhibiting the colonization of potentially pathogenic bacteria, particularly in the newborn animal (Barrow et al 1980, Fuller 1977, Fuller 1978). The adhesion of lactobacilli to squamous epithelium is host specific: strains capable of adhering to the epithelium of piglets are usually not able to adhere in rodents or poultry and vice versa (Fuller 1978, Lin & Savage 1984, Tannock et al 1982). Adhesion of lactic acid bacterial strains to other epithelia than stratified squamous epithelium has been reported. Thus, the attachment of lactobacilli to cells from the secreting epithelium of the murine stomach (Kotarski & Savage 1979), to intestinal cells of humans (Goldin & Gorbach 1987), and to columnar epithelial cells of piglets and calves (Mäyrä-Mäkinen et al 1983) has been demonstrated using in vitro methods. In another study the in vivo attachment of Enterococcus faecium to duodenal epithelium of gnotobi-otic chickens was demonstrated (Fuller et al 1981). Recent research indicated that in adult mink lactic acid bacteria are not indigenous members of the intestinal flora, and they do not attach to epithelium in any part of the gastrointestinal tract (Federsen & Jørgensen 1992). The present paper presents evidence that Gram positive cocci may colonize the gut of suckling mink kits and attach to the gut mucosa.     

Isolation of Yersinia Enterocolitica from a Dog with Chronic Enteritis

During recent years, Yersinia enterocolitica has been isolated from humans and various animal species in connection with intestinal disorders, such as acute ileitis and appendicitis. Cases of septicaemia, polyarthritis and erythema nodosum have also been described (Mollaret & Destombes 1964, Nilehn 1969, Winblad 1969, Lassen 1972, Langford 1972). Y. enterocolitica has been isolated most frequently from chinchillas and hares, but sporadic isolations from deer, cow, horse, rabbit, goat and dog have been reported (Langford, Krogstad et al. 1972). In Norway, an outbreak of the disease in a goat herd is the only described case of yersiniosis among animal species (Krogstad et al.). A case of chronic enteritis in a dog from which Y. enterocolitica was isolated is presented in the following.     

Relapsing murine experimental allergic encephalomyelitis induced by myelin basic protein

Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), an experimental autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS), is readily induced in many mammalian species by immunization with CNS tissue or myelin basic protein (MBP) purified from the CNS. EAE has been frequently used as a model for multiple sclerosis (MS). However, EAE generally presents as an acute monophasic disease in the adult animal after immunization with MBP. After recovery, the animal is resistant to rechallenge with encephalitogen (1). Two exceptions to these observations have been reported. McFarlin et al. (2) reported that a variable number of Lewis rats showed signs of a single, mild relapse about a week after recovery from MBP-induced acute EAE. Panitch and Ciccone (3) have reported induction of recurrent EAE in rats immunized with human MBP. Chronic, relapsing EAE has been induced in the mouse; however, an apparent requirement for CNS tissue had been noted (4, 5). Recently, during the course of a series of experiments on the induction of EAE in SJL/J, PL/J, and (SJL/J X PL/J)F1 (SPL F1) mice, it was observed that the F1 mice frequently had paralytic relapses after recovery from MBP-induced symptoms. Experiments were initiated to examine this phenomenon, and the findings are presented below.