咖啡因加热休克诱导皱纹盘鲍多倍体的研究

报道了用咖啡因加热休克抑制受精卵的第一极体的释放诱导皱纹盘鲍（Ｈａｌｉｏｔｉｓ ｄｉｓｃｕｓ ｈａｎｎａｉ Ｉｎｏ）多倍体的研究结果。皱纹盘鲍的卵在２１℃海水中受精,受精后１０分钟开始处理,药物浓度分别为２．５ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ、５ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ、１０ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ,热休克温度分别为２４℃、２６℃、２８℃,处理的持续时间为１０分钟至３０分钟,共分５个时间段。结果表明,药物浓度５ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ和１０ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ     

三倍体九孔鲍生物学特性的初步探讨

采用细胞松弛素B(Cytochalasin B)抑制九孔鲍受精卵第二极体的释放获得三倍体材料,进行三倍体与普通二倍体的生长对比试验,试验分为仔鲍和成鲍两个养殖阶段。观察了三倍体性比和性腺发育情况。结果表明,三倍体九孔鲍比普通二倍体九孔鲍具有显著的生长优势。投放的担轮幼虫经5个月培育,三倍体平均壳长可达2.25cm,壳长绝对生长量是普通二倍体的1.20倍;平均壳长3.25cm的个体经6个月培育后壳长为5.43cm,绝对增长量是普通二倍体的1.80倍。三倍体成鲍性比和二倍体没有显著差异,接近1:1;三倍体性腺发育程度较低,雌、雄性腺大小和体积比例均明显小于同期培育的二倍体成鲍。     

杂色鲍的胚胎发育

杂色鲍（Ｈaliotis diversicolor Reeve）的胚胎发育分为个阶段共３２个发育期,其中,卵裂阶段有１３个时期：受精期、第１极体放出期、第２极体放出期、２细胞分裂早期、２细胞期、４细胞期、８细胞期、１６细胞期、３２细胞期、６４细胞期、１２８细胞期、桑椹期和囊胚期。胚胎发育阶段有４个时期：原肠期、担轮幼体早期、担轮幼体晚期和担轮幼体孵化瞬期、胚后发育阶段有１３个时期：担轮幼体期、面盘幼虫早期、面盘幼体中期、面盘幼体后期、匍匐幼体中期、铺匐幼体后期、围口壳幼体早期、围口壳幼体中期、围口壳幼体后期、上足分化幼体早期、上足分化幼体中期和上足分化幼体后期。幼鲍阶段有２个时期：第１呼吸孔出现早期,和１呼吸孔出现,须适宜水温范围内,随着水温升高,孵化期相应缩短,在水温１８－３４℃条件下,受精卵不同程度都能孵化,但孵化率和孵化时间则有很大差别。在水温18℃时,鲍卵从受精至开始孵化需经历11hr32min,孵化率占2.5‰,平均孵化期为26hr15min,孵化速率为0.0381,周限增长率为1.0010/hr;而在水温22℃条件下,经过7hr30min才开始孵化,平均孵化期为23hr5min,孵化速率为0.0415,周限增长率为1.0202/hr。鲍卵受精后,在水温为23.7-28.5℃、盐度为32.8‰-34.5‰（比重10223-1.0229）的条件下,只需经23－24d能发育为幼鲍（为第一个呼吸孔出现期）。     

皱纹盘鲍稚鲍剥离后大量死亡的原因和防治方法初探

本文报告了对大连地区皱纹盘鲍（Ｈ．ｄｉｓｃｕｓ）人工育苗过程中,稚鲍剥离后大量死亡现象的初步研究工作。实验表明,稚鲍赖以生存的波纹板上饵料残渣的积累和腐败,微生物的大量繁殖,粘液状物质的形成与稚鲍的死亡密切相关。实验中从病鲍个体及粘液状中分离出了十株优势菌,筛选出了四种有效的杀菌药物,并测出了每种药物的ＭＩＣ值,实验结果在生产实际中应用取得了良好的效果。     

杂色鲍足的显微与超微结构

杂色鲍（Haliotis diversicolor）隶属软体动物门、腹足纲、前鳃亚纲、原始腹足目、鲍科、鲍属。鲍的足是柔韧性很好的器官,它具有运动、支持、感觉与辅助捕获功能,是鲍生活中匍匐和吸附岩石等固着物的重要部位,因其首先接触环境而成为脓疱病、裂壳病、弧菌病等病病原体的主要侵袭部位,这些病可造成十分严重的鲍死亡现象。国内学者对鲍足的研究文献较少,仅有关于皱纹盘鲍（Haliotis discus hannai Ino）足的组织学（崔龙波等,1997）及皱纹盘鲍足的粘液细胞的片断研究（王宜艳等,2004）报道。     

皱纹盘鲍受精过程的电镜观察

本文用透射电镜观察了皱纹盘鲍的受精过程。鲍卵子的胶膜使精子活化,并诱发了顶体反应,卵黄膜使顶体反应达到高潮。精子入卵后,卵发生皮层反应并形成受精膜开 减数分裂。此外,还观察到鲍的多精入卵现象。     

皱纹盘鲍一种球形病毒的感染及其发生

在发病的皱纹盘鲍（HaliotisdiscushannaiIno）幼鲍的足、内脏团、外套膜的血细胞质内,发现一种直径为90～140um的球形病毒粒子,带双层囊膜,无包涵体。负染病毒粒子与超薄切片大小形态相同。用被病毒感染的患病幼鲍感染健康鲍获同样症状,死亡率为50％。并于人工感染死亡鲍鱼体内观察到同样病毒。     

皱纹盘鲍脓毒败血症的流行病学研究

在１９９２年９月到１９９５年１１月间,我们对辽宁、山东沿海数个皱纹盘鲍Ｈａｌｉｏｔｉｓｄｉｓ－ｃｕｓｈａｎｎａｉＩｎｏ．产区进行了实地调查和样本的细菌学检验,证实了鲍脓毒败血症的发生和流行遍布辽宁、山东沿海,发现：病原菌Ｖｉｂｒｉｏｃａｍｐｌｂｅｌｉ主要是在鲍的消化道内越冬的。海水温度是启动鲍脓毒败血症爆发、流行和结束的首要因子。在浮筏式养殖体系中,Ｖ．ｃａｍｐｂｅｌｉ主要是经由消化道感染鲍的。人工感染实验中,第一周内的死亡数占总死亡数的７０％以上。     

对二甲苯对皱纹盘鲍肝胰腺细胞DNA的损伤

为研究对二甲苯对皱纹盘鲍肝胰腺的毒性作用,设置4个浓度(0.5、1.0、1.5和2.0 mg·L^-1)和对照组,开展为期21 d的对二甲苯对皱纹盘鲍的亚慢性毒性试验,采用彗星试验技术进行皱纹盘鲍肝胰腺细胞DNA损伤分析,采用CASP分析软件对拖尾率、彗星尾长、彗尾DNA相对含量、Olive矩等损伤指标进行统计。结果表明: 与对照组相比,各染毒组皱纹盘鲍肝胰腺细胞DNA均受到损伤,且损伤程度存在显著性差异。随着染毒浓度的增加,肝胰腺细胞DNA受损程度加重,高浓度甚至可以引发细胞凋亡,呈现一定的剂量-损伤效应。中浓度对二甲苯短时间暴露即可对皱纹盘鲍肝胰腺细胞造成DNA损伤,随着暴露时间延长,细胞DNA受损程度加重,呈现一定的时间-损伤效应。但长时间暴露细胞DNA各损伤指标有所减小,这可能与细胞自身的DNA修复机制和生物体解毒系统的代谢机制有关。研究表明,对二甲苯可对皱纹盘鲍肝胰腺细胞产生氧化损伤,导致DNA断裂,高浓度的对二甲苯长时间暴露可导致其细胞凋亡。     

CyclinD1在鲍温病中的表达

目的:探讨cyclinD1(细胞周期蛋白D1)在鲍温病皮肤组织中的表达及其临床意义。方法:采用免疫组化S-P法观察16例鲍温病标本中cyclinD1的表达模式。结果:正常人皮肤组织中,cyclinD1阳性细胞主要分布在基底层及毛囊漏斗部的基底层细胞上。在16例鲍温病标本中14例细胞核内cyclinD1过度表达,阳性细胞分布于肿瘤组织。结论:cyclinD1的异常表达可能与鲍温病的发生相关。     

Influences of DMP on the fertilization process and subsequent embryogenesis of abalone (Haliotis diversicolor supertexta) by gametes exposure

Di-methyl phthalate (DMP), a typical endocrine disrupting chemical (EDC), is ubiquitously distributed in aquatic environments; yet studies regarding its impact on gametes and the resulting effects on embryogenesis in marine gastropods are relatively scarce. In this study, the influences of DMP on the gametes and subsequent developmental process of abalone (Haliotis diversicolor supertexta, a representative marine benthic gastropod) were assessed. Newborn abalone eggs and sperm were exposed separately to different DMP concentrations (1, 10 or 100 ppb) for 60 min. At the end-point of exposure, the DMP-treated eggs and sperm were collected for analysis of their ultra-structures, ATPase activities and total lipid levels, and the fertilized gametes (embryos) were collected to monitor related reproductive parameters (fertilization rate, abnormal development rate and hatching success rate). Treatment with DMP did not significantly alter the structure or total lipid content of eggs at any of the doses tested. Hatching failures and morphological abnormalities were only observed with the highest dose of DMP (100 ppb). However, DMP exposure did suppress sperm ATPase activities and affect the morphological character of their mitochondria. DMP-treated sperm exhibited dose-dependent decreases in fertilization efficiency, morphogenesis and hatchability. Relatively obvious toxicological effects were observed when both sperm and eggs were exposed to DMP. Furthermore, RT-PCR results indicate that treatment of gametes with DMP changed the expression patterns of physiologically-regulated genes (cyp3a, 17β-HSD-11 and 17β-HSD-12) in subsequent embryogenesis. Taken together, this study proofed that pre-fertilization exposure of abalone eggs, sperm or both to DMP adversely affects the fertilization process and subsequent embryogenesis.     

The distribution of polymerized actin in the rat egg and its sensitivity to cytochalasin B during fertilization

The distribution of polymerized actin in rat eggs fertilized in vitro was determined using NBD-phallacidin (NBD-ph). Unfertilized and fertilized eggs exhibited a 3-5-micron-thick band of fluorescence that encompassed the entire cortical cytoplasm. There was no dramatic increase in the staining of the cortex in association with any component of the fertilizing sperm during its incorporation into the egg. Unfertilized eggs and fertilized eggs obtained at intervals after sperm-egg fusion were treated with cytochalasin B (CB; 5 micrograms/ml) and subsequently stained with NBD-ph. Unfertilized eggs treated with CB exhibited a continuous ring of cortical staining identical to that seen in untreated eggs. Eggs treated with CB 15 min after sperm-egg fusion exhibited small gaps in the cortical staining pattern, whereas those exposed to CB 1 hr after fusion exhibited larger gaps and the staining pattern appeared punctate. This pattern could be seen throughout the remainder of the 7 hr period of sperm incorporation and for at least 13 hr thereafter. CB-treated fertilized eggs that were washed to remove the drug again exhibited uninterrupted cortical staining on treatment with NBD-ph. CB also induced the resorption of surface elevations that are normally seen on the eggs during sperm incorporation, but it did not affect the morphology of unfertilized eggs. The sensitivity to CB during fertilization coincides with the onset of a variety of egg shape changes that occur during the period of sperm incorporation (Battaglia and Gaddum-Rosse, Gamete Res., 10:107-118, 1984a).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Organization of microfilaments in sea urchin (Arbacia punctulata) eggs at fertilization: Effects of cytochalasin B

Investigations were carried out to examine more closely the aggregations of microfilaments associated with the elongation of microvilli and formation of fertilization cones and the effects of cytochalasin B (CB) on these processes in Arbacia eggs following insemination. At 1 to 5 min postinsemination fertilized eggs were treated with 1–10 μg/ml CB and then prepared for electron microscopy at periodic intervals. Examination of CB-treated and untreated specimens demonstrated that: (1) Reorganization of the egg's microvilli took place soon after insemination; this process, as well as formation of fertilization cones, was correlated with the appearance of fascicles of microfilaments. (2) CB inhibited the formation of fertilization cones and the elongation of microvilli. Bundles of microfilaments were not observed in CB-treated zygotes. (3) CB prevented the normal movements (rotation) of the incorporating spermatozoon into the egg cortex but did not inhibit the migration or fusion of the male and female pronuclei.     

T-1, a mitotic arrester, alters centrosome configurations in fertilized sea urchin eggs

T-1 induces modifications in the shape of the centrosome at division in fertilized eggs of the North American sea urchin, Lytechinus pictus. Phase contrast microscopy observations of mitotic apparatus isolated from T-1-treated (1.7-8.5 microM) eggs at first division shows that the centrosomes already begin to spread or to separate by prophase and that the mitotic spindle is barrel-shaped. When eggs are fertilized with sperm that have been preteated with T-1, the centrosomes become flattened; the spindles are of normal length. Immunofluorescence microscopy using an anti-centrosomal monoclonal antibody reveals that T-1 modifies the structure of the centrosome so that barrel-shaped spindles with broad centrosomes are observed at metaphase, rather than the expected focused poles and fusiform spindle. Higher concentrations of T-1 induce fragmentation of centrosomes, causing abnormal accumulation of microtubules in polar regions. These results indicate that T-1 directly alters centrosomal configuration from a compact structure to a flattened or a spread structure. T-1 can be classified as a new category of mitotic drugs that may prove valuable in dissecting the molecular nature of centrosomes.     

From oocyte to embryo: a model, deduced from in vitro fertilization, for natural selection against chromosome abnormalities

A cytogenetical analysis was performed on 151 unfertilized oocytes, 22 fertilized eggs at the pronuclear stage, and 108 cleaved embryos obtained in the course of in vitro fertilization (IVF). Thirty-two per cent of unfertilized oocytes were abnormal, carrying nullisomies or disomies, mainly of D and G chromosomes, and a structural anomaly (Gq-) in one case. Fertilized eggs showed frequent asynchronism in the development of pronuclei and only 2 out of 8 karyotyped pronuclei were normal. Cleaved embryos were classified according to the number of pronuclei observed 17 hours after insemination. One per cent displayed a single pronucleus, and haploid chromosome complements were found in the corresponding cleaved embryos which were considered to be parthenotes. The rate of chromosome abnormalities of diploid eggs depended on their morphological aspect. Healthy cleaved embryos carried 12.5% of anomalies while this rate reached 37% in fragmented embryos (p less than 0.05). Lastly, 6% of fertilized eggs displayed three pronuclei or more. Only 41% of the corresponding embryos were triploid. Diploidy or diploidtriploid mosaicism were often encountered. This leads to a 21% rate of abnormalities in the preimplantation embryos. Parental karyotyping and HLA typing were carried out in a series of eight couples with in vitro idiopathic infertility or recurrent embryo degeneration in vitro. No abnormality was noted. According to these results, a model of natural selection of normal conceptuses is proposed.     

Obstruction of Blastodisc Formation by Cytochalasin B in the Zebrafish, Brachydanio rerio

The blastodisc formation in the zebrafish, Brachydanio rerio , was obstructed by treatment with 1.0 μg/ml of cytochalasin B (CB), but not by 1.0 μg/ml of colchicine. The cortex in normal eggs contained a meshwork of microfilaments associated with the plasma membrane. The cortex was thicker at the vegetal pole and thinner at the animal pole of the egg. In CB treated eggs the cortex contained masses of microfilaments detached in places from the plasma membrane. Microtubules were never observed in the cortex of eggs with or without CB treatment. These results suggest that ooplasmic segregation, which results in blastodisc formation, is carried out by activity of the cortex, which contains CB sensitive microfilaments.     

Artificial insemination of the American lobster (Homarus)

A technique has been developed for artificially inseminating freshly molted female lobsters (Homarus). Using the criterion that eggs were fertilized if they showed development of normal cleavage patterns, at least 49.5% of the inseminated females extruded fertilized eggs. Sixty-two percent of the fertilized eggs developed to the eyespot stage, and 26.6% of these subsequently hatched. Eggs were not fertilized in 7.7% of the extrusions. In 42% of the samples, it was not possible to establish whether fertilization had occurred because either samples were collected prior to initiation of cleavage or eggs were too poorly preserved to assess cleavage with confidence. It is probable that many of the eggs that were evaluated as equivocal were also fertilized. This technique should be valuable in the experimental and commercial aquaculture of lobsters and might be directly applicable to other crustaceans.     

Protein synthesis in mouse embryos with experimentally produced asynchrony between chromosome replication and cell division

Summary The cleavage of fertilized mouse eggs was prevented during cytochalasin B incubation and consequently these eggs became tetraploid the following day during in vitro culture. When the eggs were cultured further in normal medium, they cleaved and gave rise to tetraploid blastocysts. Protein synthesis was analysed in these embryos at different developmental stages using two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The protein synthesis pattern of one-cell tetraploid eggs was intermediate between those of normal one- and two-cell embryos. Tetraploid two-cell embryos expressed protein sets equivalent to those of untreated four-cell embryos, and tetraploid four-cell embryos synthesized proteins similar to those of four- to eight-cell controls. At subsequent pre-implantation stages the asynchrony was no longer detectable. When fertilized eggs were cultured continuously in the presence of cytochalasin B, they became tetraploid, octoploid and more and more polyploid without cleavage occurring. The protein synthesis patterns expressed by these one-cell polyploid eggs did not resemble that of normal fertilized eggs, but were similar to those of cleaving control embryos and blastocysts of equivalent age and nuclear division. These results strongly suggest that in early mouse embryos stage-specific translation is temporally correlated with chromosome replication (karyokinesis) and independent of cell division (cytokinesis) or cell interaction.Some of these results were presented at the IX Congress of the International Society of Developmental Biologists in Basle, Switzerland, August 28–September 1, 1981     

Intracellular pH shift leads to microtubule assembly and microtubule-mediated motility during sea urchin fertilization: correlations between elevated intracellular pH and microtubule activity and depressed intracellular pH and microtubule disassembly

The regulation of the microtubule-mediated motions within eggs during fertilization was investigated in relation to the shift in intracellular pH (pHi) that occurs during the ionic sequence of egg activation in the sea urchins Lytechinus variegatus and Arbacia punctulata. Microtubule assembly during formation of the sperm aster and mitotic apparatus was detected by anti-tubulin immunofluorescence microscopy, and the microtubule-mediated migrations of the sperm and egg nuclei were studied with time-lapse video differential interference contrast microscopy. Manipulations of intracellular pH were verified by fluorimetric analyses of cytoplasmic fluorescein incorporated as fluorescein diacetate. The ionic sequence of egg activation was manipulated i) to block the pHi shift at fertilization or reduce the pHi of fertilized eggs to unfertilized values, ii) to elevate artificially the pHi of unfertilized eggs to fertilized values, and iii) to elevate artificially or permit the normal pHi shift in fertilized eggs in which the pHi shift at fertilization was previously prevented. Fertilized eggs in which the pHi shift was suppressed did not assemble microtubules or undergo the normal microtubule-mediated motions. In fertilized eggs in which the pHi was reduced to unfertilized levels after the assembly of the sperm aster, no motions were detected. If the intracellular pH was later permitted to rise, normal motile events leading to division and development occurred, delayed by the time during which the pH elevation was blocked. Microtubule-mediated events occurred in eggs in which the intracellular pH was elevated, even in unfertilized eggs in which the pH was artificially increased. These results indicate that the formation and normal functioning of the egg microtubules is initiated, either directly or indirectly, by the shift in intracellular pH that occurs during fertilization.