关于野大豆盐腺问题的探讨

以中国3个省的盐生野大豆(Glycine soja Sieb. et Zucc.)为材料,在沙基培养、溶液培养和大田种植3种种植条件下用不同浓度的盐处理,观测了茎叶表面附着物的形态分布和腺毛的超微结构,测定了叶片腺毛分泌物中和叶片组织内部Na+和Cl-的含量变化,并对腺毛的3个细胞以及表皮细胞和叶肉细胞内的Na+相对含量变化进行了X射线微区分析.结果发现:盐生野大豆茎叶表皮上生长的附着物中只有表皮毛和腺毛,腺毛的形态类似于禾本科植物中的一些盐腺,叶片上的腺毛均生长在叶脉上;腺毛细胞内部结构具有一般盐腺的特点,如有大液泡,稠密的细胞质,大量的线粒体、叶绿体、胞间连丝以及较厚的细胞壁等.通过测定在无盐对照、盐处理和盐处理加盐腺泌盐抑制剂条件下盐生野大豆叶片腺毛分泌物中和叶片组织内部的Na+和Cl-含量,结果显示,盐生野大豆腺毛具有泌盐功能,加入泌盐抑制剂后,其泌盐作用停止;腺毛的3个细胞以及表皮细胞和叶肉细胞内的Na+在不同的盐浓度下的微区定位分析结果表明,盐生野大豆叶片的腺毛细胞有较强的积累Na+的能力.综合分析认为,盐生野生大豆的腺毛就是具有泌盐功能的盐腺,没有发现其他类型的盐腺.     

关于野大豆盐腺问题的探讨

以中国3个省的盐生野大豆(Glycine soja Sieb. et Zucc.)为材料,在沙基培养、溶液培养和大田种植3种种植条件下用不同浓度的盐处理,观测了茎叶表面附着物的形态分布和腺毛的超微结构,测定了叶片腺毛分泌物中和叶片组织内部Na^ 和Cl^-的含量变化,并对腺毛的3个细胞以及表皮细胞和叶肉细胞内的Na^ 相对含量变化进行了X射线微区分析。结果发现：盐生野大豆茎叶表皮上生长的附着物中只有表皮毛和腺毛,腺毛的形态类似于禾本科植物中的一些盐腺,叶片上的腺毛均生长在叶脉上;腺毛细胞内部结构具有一般盐腺的特点,如有大液泡,稠密的细胞质,大量的线粒体、叶绿体、胞间连丝以及较厚的细胞壁等。通过测定在无盐对照、盐处理和盐处理加盐腺泌盐抑制剂条件下盐生野大豆叶片腺毛分泌物中和叶片组织内部的Na^ 和Cl^-含量,结果显示,盐生野大豆腺毛具有泌盐功能,加入泌盐抑制剂后,其泌盐作用停止;腺毛的3个细胞以及表皮细胞和叶肉细胞内的Na^ 在不同的盐浓度下的微区定位分析结果表明,盐生野大豆叶片的腺毛细胞有较强的积累Na^ 的能力。综合分析认为,盐生野生大豆的腺毛就是具有泌盐功能的盐腺,没有发现其他类型的盐腺。     

新疆2种盐生补血草营养器官的解剖学研究

采用叶片离析法和石蜡切片法,对生长在新疆盐渍环境中的大叶补血草[Limonium gmelinii(Willd.) Kuntze]和耳叶补血草[Limoniumotolepis(Schrenk) Kuntze]的营养器官解剖学特征进行了观察研究.结果显示,2种补血草属典型泌盐植物,茎和叶片表皮上分布有多细胞组成的盐腺;叶表皮细胞排列紧密,其外切向壁增厚,表皮外还被有厚的角质层;上下表皮都有气孔,气孔与表皮细胞平齐,为不等型气孔;其中大叶补血草为异面叶,而耳叶补血草为等面叶.2种补血草茎中都散生有多轮维管束;大叶补血草根中还有大量通气组织等.研究结果表明,2种补血草的解剖结构表现出与其生境相适应的特征.     

山东滨海盐生植物叶结构的比较研究

通过对１１科１４属１４种滨海盐生植物的叶焉结构的比较研究表明：（１）生长在同一盐生环境中的１４种植物,其中片具有许多结构的共同适应特征,如表皮细胞大小不等,外切向壁外突;栅栏组织发达;存在结晶细胞,单宁细胞和贮水细胞;机械绷带和维管组织都不发达等。     

四种补血草属植物叶片泌盐结构的扫描电镜观察

利用扫描电镜技术,对4种补血草属植物大叶补血草（Limonium gmelinii (Willd.) Kuntze）、耳叶补血草（Limoniu otolepis (Schrenk) Kuntze）、繁枝补血草（Limonium myrianthum (Schrenk) Kuntze）和簇枝补血草（Limonium auream）的叶表面进行了研究,以探讨植物微形态结构与生态环境的关系。结果表明,这4种植物的上下表皮都分布有盐腺,且上表皮的盐腺密度大于下表皮,盐腺的基本结构相同,多由20个细胞构成,其中4个分泌细胞顶端的角质层中央有一小孔,植物体靠盐腺的泌盐孔泌盐。但4种植物在盐腺的密度、盐腺的大小、盐腺与周围表皮细胞的位置等方面存在差异。植物在对盐碱生境的长期适应过程中,促使其强烈地分化出泌盐结构,因而,具有明显的生态适应性。     

植物盐腺泌盐及发育研究进展

盐腺是泌盐盐生植物抵御盐胁迫的重要表皮结构，泌盐盐生植物可以通过盐腺将体内多余的盐离子排出体外，从而避免盐胁迫。盐腺作为泌盐盐生植物实现高效抗盐的重要结构，在逆境生理、发育和进化等领域都引起了关注和讨论，集中在盐腺的超微结构、生理功能、泌盐机制以及发育模式等不同层面已有广泛的研究报道。本文综述了盐腺结构、分泌机制、盐腺发育的研究进展，总结了盐腺泌盐的可能途径以及盐腺发育的调控方式和关键基因，对未来盐腺泌盐和发育的研究提出了相关见解，讨论了盐腺这一独特形态学结构对于植物耐盐性的作用，并对提高植物耐盐性、培育耐盐品种提出了理论依据和建议，有利于深入解析植物耐盐适应演化、培育抗盐作物和高效利用盐碱地。     

运城盐湖4种藜科盐生植物叶的比较解剖研究

应用扫描电镜和光学显微镜对山西运城盐湖周围盐渍环境中4种藜科（Chenopodiaceae）盐生植物叶的结构进行了比较解剖研究。结果表明,碱蓬（Suaeda glauca Bunge）和盐地碱蓬（Suaedasalsa（Linn．）Pall．）属真盐生植物,结构特征相似：叶线形、肉质化,表皮上气孔器密集,叶肉具有发达的储水组织细胞和栅栏组织。灰绿藜（Chenopodium glaucum Linn．）和西伯利亚滨藜（Atriplex sibirica Linn．）为泌盐盐生植物,其中,灰绿藜具有双细胞构成的盐腺,西伯利亚滨藜则具有盐囊泡,此外,两种泌盐盐生植物中存在的异细胞和含晶细胞,对适应盐生环境有积极意义。从表皮细胞来看,4种植物的叶都有相同的适盐特征。总之,4种藜科盐生植物的叶片结构具有适盐的共同性和个体的多样性特征。     

二色补血草叶片泌盐结构的扫描电镜观察

对二色补血草盐泉结构进行比较研究,发现二色补血草叶下表皮具有花型盐腺,这些盐腺是由基细胞和帽细胞构成,植物体靠盐腺的泌盐孔和基细胞破碎释盐,表明二色补血草具有演化较高级的双重泌盐结构,是二色补血草能在盐碱地生长而不受盐害的主要原因。     

烟台补血草盐腺结构及发育过程观察

利用叶表皮离析、扫描电镜以及常规石蜡切片法对烟台补血草[ Limonium franchetii( Debx.) Kuntze]叶片盐腺的分布和结构特征及其发育过程进行了观察.结果表明:烟台补血草叶片上、下表皮均有盐腺分布,上、下表皮的盐腺密度分别为7.57和8.09 mm-2,同一时期叶片上表皮盐腺密度略小于下表皮.烟台补血草的成熟盐腺是由20个细胞构成的复合结构,其中,中央有4个分泌细胞,每个分泌细胞外侧均伴有1个长方形的毗邻细胞,再向外依次包围着4个内杯状细胞和4个外杯状细胞,靠近叶肉细胞处还有4个收集细胞,收集细胞与盐腺的其他细胞同源;在4个分泌细胞顶端的角质层中央各有1个小孔,称为泌盐孔.烟台补血草盐腺发育过程依次经历原表皮细胞期、2细胞期、4细胞期、8细胞期、16细胞期和20细胞期6个阶段,由1个单独的原表皮细胞发育而成,发育过程中细胞均进行垂周分裂;另外,同一时期的叶片存在盐腺发育不同步的现象.根据观察结果推测烟台补血草主要通过泌盐孔L向外泌盐.     

运城盐湖4种藜科盐生植物叶的比较解剖研究

应用扫描电镜和光学显微镜对山西运城盐湖周围盐渍环境中4种藜科(Chenopodiaceae)盐生植物叶的结构进行了比较解剖研究.结果表明,碱蓬(Suaeda glauca Bunge)和盐地碱蓬(Suaeda salsa (Linn.) Pall.)属真盐生植物,结构特征相似:叶线形、肉质化,表皮上气孔器密集,叶肉具有发达的储水组织细胞和栅栏组织.灰绿藜(Chenopodium glaucum Linn.)和西伯利亚滨藜(Atriplex sibirica Linn.)为泌盐盐生植物,其中,灰绿藜具有双细胞构成的盐腺,西伯利亚滨藜则具有盐囊泡,此外,两种泌盐盐生植物中存在的异细胞和含晶细胞,对适应盐生环境有积极意义.从表皮细胞来看,4种植物的叶都有相同的适盐特征.总之,4种藜科盐生植物的叶片结构具有适盐的共同性和个体的多样性特征.     

松嫩平原两个生态型羊草实验种群对盐碱胁迫的生理响应

采用盆栽实验,对灰绿型和黄绿型两个生态型羊草(Leymus chinensis)在幼苗期分别用不同强度的NaCl、Na2CO3和混合盐碱胁迫,测定其叶片叶绿素含量、电解质外渗率和植株脯氨酸、Na／K等生理指标。结果表明,在3种盐碱胁迫条件下,灰绿型和黄绿型羊草的叶片叶绿素含量、电解质外渗率和植株脯氨酸、Na／K均与胁强之间呈直线y=a+bx变化,达到了显著或极显著水平,两个实验种群均具有耐盐碱能力,叶片叶绿素含量、电解质外渗率和植株脯氨酸、Na／K均有显著或极显著差异,它们在耐盐碱生理特性上已产生了分化,其中,灰绿型的耐盐碱能力强于黄绿型,本文为羊草生态型分化主导生态因子是土壤盐碱所致提供了的生理学证据。     

盐生野大豆的异黄酮积累及其生态学意义

以自然生长在盐碱地上的野大豆(Glycine soja)和不耐盐的栽培大豆(G. max)为材料,测定了它们在不同盐度条件下叶片、根部和种子的异黄酮含量,并测定了它们叶片的L-苯丙氨酸含量和苯丙氨酸裂解酶(PAL)活性,还测定了它们根部的结瘤量和固氮酶活性。通过两者比较,分析了它们的大豆异黄酮代谢和盐渍环境的关系。结果表明:盐渍处理不抑制盐生野大豆PAL酶的活性,其大豆异黄酮大量积累;相反,盐渍处理明显抑制栽培大豆PAL酶活性,其大豆异黄酮含量减少,而大豆异黄酮合成前体L-苯丙氨酸积累。结果还显示:在盐渍条件下,盐生野大豆根部异黄酮积累的同时,其根瘤结瘤量较多,且固氮酶活性也较高;而栽培大豆随着其根部异黄酮的减少,其根瘤结瘤量大大减少,且固氮活性大大下降。野大豆和栽培大豆的这些差别说明:盐生野大豆积累大豆异黄酮有其生态学意义,这很可能是野大豆通过异黄酮次生代谢途径适应盐渍环境的一种重要机制。     

The importance of ecotype diversity on duckweed growth with and without salt stress

生态型多样性对存在盐分胁迫和不存在盐分胁迫下浮萍生长的重要性 淡水生态系统受到的污染正在威胁着全世界淡水植物物种的多样性。浮萍(Lemna minor)等淡水植物对新出现的逆境条件具有潜在的敏感性。为了测试生态型的多样性是否可以增强这类植物对逆境的抗性，本研究使用了7个浮萍种群，并沿着一个生态型多样性梯度对存在和不存在中度盐分胁迫时的种群生长速率进行了测量。这些浮萍种群在92个实验围隔中生长了5个月，其中有生态型单一栽培，也有在5或3个同种生态型(23种独特组合)中混合栽培。在无扰条件下生长一段时间(阶段1)后，这些浮萍栽培物将被置于中等盐分胁迫(50 mmol/L NaCl)条件下数周时间(阶段2)。实验进行时存在着与不同生态型伴生的天然表观微生物群落(epimicrobial community)。在阶段2中，这些藻类的一部分受到了随机二次胁迫。这些生态型表现出了不同的生长速率，其中最快的生长速率是其它生态型的两倍。多样性的环境进一步影响了生态型的生长速率，生态型混合栽培的植株在实验结束时具有更高的丰度，因此，随着时间的推移，环境逐渐恶化，生态型的多样性也将变得更为重要。上述研究结果表明，种内生长速率的差异体现了生态型多样性对种群丰度的正向影响。在中等盐度水平下的暴露并未显著影响浮萍的生长速率，尽管这种效应可能被盐性环境中更小的藻类压力所掩盖。     

超积累和非超积累生态型东南景天茎、叶内生细菌多样性分析

【目的】探究和比较超积累和非超积累生态型东南景天茎、叶微生物群落结构的异同。【方法】采用高通量测序技术研究野外两种生态型东南景天茎和叶片的内生细菌群落结构。【结果】4个样品总共得到366 783条有效序列和39 948个OTU(97%相似度)。从Shannon指数得知:两种生态型东南景天叶片内生菌的多样性均高于茎;超积累生态型东南景天叶片内生菌的多样性高于非超积累生态型,但非超积累生态型东南景天茎组织中内生菌多样性高于超积累生态型东南景天。超积累生态型东南景天的叶片和茎中的内生菌分别包括26和21个门,123和117个科;非超积累生态型东南景天叶片和茎中的内生菌分别包括43和22个门,175和83个科,4个样品的优势菌群均为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)和蓝藻细菌门(Cyanobacteria)。在属分类水平上,超累积生态型东南景天叶片和茎第一优势菌属分别为Synechococcus和Plesiomonas;非超积累生态型东南景天叶片和茎组织第一优势菌群分别为Pseudomonas和Dechloromonas。【结论】两种生态型东南景天的叶片和茎中均具有丰富的内生细菌,但超积累生态型东南景天叶片内生菌多样性最大,且存在一些独有的功能菌群。     

Differential sensitivity to chloride and sodium ions in seedlings of Glycine max and G. soja under NaCl stress

High Na+ and Cl- concentrations in soil cause hyperionic and hyperosmotic stress effects, the consequence of which can be plant demise. Ion-specific stress effects of Na+ and Cl- on seedlings of cultivated (Glycine max (L.) Merr) and wild soybean (Glycine soja Sieb. Et Zucc.) were evaluated and compared in isoosmotic solutions of Cl-, Na+ and NaCl. Results showed that under NaCl stress, Cl- was more toxic than Na+ to seedlings of G. max. Injury of six G. max cultivars, including 'Jackson' (salt sensitive) and 'Lee 68' (salt tolerant), was positively correlated with the content of Cl- in the leaves, and negatively with that in the roots. In subsequent research, seedlings of two G. max cultivars (salt-tolerant Nannong 1138-2, and salt-sensitive Zhongzihuangdou-yi) and two G. soja populations (BB52 and N23232) were subjected to isoosmotic solutions of 150mM Na+, Cl- and NaCl, respectively. G. max cv. Nannong 1138-2 and Zhongzihuangdou-yi were damaged much more heavily in the solution of Cl- than in that of Na+. Their Leaves were found to be more sensitive to Cl- than to Na+, and salt tolerance of these two G. max cultivars was mainly due to successful withholding of Cl- in the roots and stems to decrease its content in the leaves. The reverse response to isoosmotic stress of 150 mM Na+ and Cl- was shown in G. soja populations of BB52 and N23232; their leaves were not as susceptible to toxicity of Cl- as that of Na+. Salt tolerance of BB52 and N23232 was mainly due to successful withholding of Na+ in the roots and stems to decrease its content in the leaves. These results indicate that G. soja have advantages over G. max in those traits associated with the mechanism of Cl-tolerance, such as its withholding in roots and vacuoles of leaves. It is possible to use G. soja to improve the salt tolerance of G. max.     

大蒜品种生态型性状指标分析

在用１２个生态性状对大蒜生态型进行数量分类的基础上,采用主成分分析和判别分析的方法,分析了区分不同生态型的性状指标,主成分分析表明,越冬期叶片生长量。叶片受冻比率和秋,春播叶片数差比（Ｘ９）在各生态型中比较稳定,可做为区分各生态型的代表性状,判别分析筛选出抽薹指数和Ｘ９为判别各生态型的性状,用这２个性状建立的分类函数回判后,判准率为９３．２％,研究结果还表明Ｘ９在生型型分类中有重要意义。     

Morphology and taxonomy of the genus Cochlearia (Brassicaceae) in Northern Scandinavia

The morphological variation between populations of Cochlearia in Northern Scandinavia has been analysed. The variation is correlated to ecology, and four ecotypes are recognized. Based on the morphological differentiation of the ecotypes and the results of crossing experiments, the populations are referred to the following three taxa: C. officinalis ssp. officinalis which includes the common beach ecotype and the bird cliff ecotype; C. officinalis ssp. integrifolia stat. nov. which includes the spring ecotype growing in inland localities up to about 600 m a.s.l. in cold more or less eutrophic springs, and C. officinalis ssp. norvegica ssp. nov. which includes the estuary ecotype, growing in poor, often inundated habitats near river outlets at the fjord ends. All the differentiation has taken place at the tetraploid level (2n = 24). The subspecies are kept more or less distinct due to ecological and seasonal isolating mechanisms rather than internal, reproductive barriers. A key to the subspecies and distribution maps for ssp. integrifolia and ssp. norvegica are presented.     

Physiological and biochemical adaptations of Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. from the Salt Range (Pakistan) to salinity stress

Naturally adapted salt tolerant populations provide a valuable material for exploring the adaptive components of salt tolerance. Under this aspect, two populations of Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. were subjected to salt stress in hydroponics. One was collected from a heavily salt-affected soil in the vicinity of a natural salt lake, Uchhali Lake, in the Salt Range of the Punjab province of Pakistan, and the other from a normal non-saline habitat from the Faisalabad region. The NaCl treatments in Hoagland's nutrient solution were: Control (no salt), 50, 100, 150 and 200 mM of NaCl. After 8 weeks of growth in hydroponics produced biomass, ion relations, and photosynthetic capacity were measured in the differently adapted ecotypes. In the ecotype of C. dactylon from the Salt Range, shoot dry weight was only slightly affected by varying levels of salt. However, in contrast, its root weight was markedly increased. On the other hand, the ecotype from Faisalabad (non-saline habitat) showed a marked decrease in shoot and root dry weights under saline regimes. The ecotype from the Salt Range accumulated relatively less amount of Na⁺ in the shoot than did that from Faisalabad, particularly at higher salt levels. Shoot or root K⁺ and Ca²⁺ contents varied inconsistently in both ecotypes under salt stress. All the photosynthetic parameters, leaf water potential and osmotic potential, and chlorophyll content in both ecotypes were adversely affected by salt stress, but all these physiological attributes except turgor potential and soluble sugars were less affected at high salinities in the salt tolerant ecotype from Salt Range. This ecotype accumulated significantly higher organic osmotica (total free amino acids, proline, total soluble proteins, and total soluble sugars) under saline conditions than its intolerant counterpart. Overall, the salt tolerant ecotype of C. dactylon from the Salt Range showed high salt tolerance due to its restricted uptake of Na⁺ accompanied by an increased uptake of K⁺ and Ca²⁺ in the roots as well as shoot due to its higher photosynthetic capacity and accumulation of organic osmotica such as free amino acids and proline under saline conditions.     

The density of stomata in leaves of different ecotypes ofPhragmites communis

In two investigated ecotypes ofPhragmites communis differences in the density and the total number of stomata in the leaves in sites with one ecotype only and in sites with both ecotypes were established. These characteristics did not differ significantly between the sites. The gradients of the density of stomata in successive leaves increased from the base to the apex of the shoot. The differences between the types are due to the high inserted leaves. The gradients were found in a leaf blade; their shape was influenced by the habitats.