运城盐湖4种藜科盐生植物叶的比较解剖研究

应用扫描电镜和光学显微镜对山西运城盐湖周围盐渍环境中4种藜科(Chenopodiaceae)盐生植物叶的结构进行了比较解剖研究.结果表明,碱蓬(Suaeda glauca Bunge)和盐地碱蓬(Suaeda salsa (Linn.) Pall.)属真盐生植物,结构特征相似:叶线形、肉质化,表皮上气孔器密集,叶肉具有发达的储水组织细胞和栅栏组织.灰绿藜(Chenopodium glaucum Linn.)和西伯利亚滨藜(Atriplex sibirica Linn.)为泌盐盐生植物,其中,灰绿藜具有双细胞构成的盐腺,西伯利亚滨藜则具有盐囊泡,此外,两种泌盐盐生植物中存在的异细胞和含晶细胞,对适应盐生环境有积极意义.从表皮细胞来看,4种植物的叶都有相同的适盐特征.总之,4种藜科盐生植物的叶片结构具有适盐的共同性和个体的多样性特征.     

新疆3种藜科盐生植物NHX基因的克隆与序列分析比较

从新疆野生植物盐角草(Salicornia europaea)、盐爪爪(Kalidium foliatum)和盐穗木(Halostachys caspica)中分别克隆了约1.7kb的NHX基因cDNA片段,此片段均包含了NHX完整基因,三者之间有较高的同源性,盐角草NHX基因与盐爪爪NHX基因同源性达92.81%,盐角草与盐穗木同源性达92.19%,盐爪爪与盐穗木同源性达97.66%.它们与其它几种藜科盐生植物如滨藜、碱蓬、灰绿藜的NHX基因同源性也很高,达到80%以上,与拟南芥同源性也达到86%.此基因在植物尤其是藜科盐生植物中高度保守,其编码的功能性蛋白可能在影响植物耐盐中起作用.     

48种不同植物的异株克生作用研究初报

以油菜、黄瓜、小麦、高粱等4种作物种子作为供试对象,用“种子萌发法”初步测定了采自西北地区的6科36属48种植物样品的异株克生作用。结果表明：有43种不同植物样品对至少一种供试作物种子发芽后的生长有70％以上的抑制作用;豆科的野豌豆、白花草木犀、黄香草木犀、藜科的野滨藜、西伯利亚滨藜、盐爪爪、伊朗地肤、灰绿藜、碱莲、猪毛菜、毛茛科的美花铁线莲、银叶铁线莲等12种植物样品对供试4种作物种子幼根及幼芽的生长均具有较强抑制作用,其中野滨藜、盐爪爪、伊朗地肤3种植物样品的抑制率均高于80％,其克生作用的活性表达为进一步深入研究植物种群生理生态机制提供了理论依据。     

北疆荒漠几种盐生(耐盐)植物抗逆附属结构的初步研究

利用石蜡切片、扫描电镜、临时装片等方法,对北疆荒漠的3种藜科植物—灰绿藜、费尔干猪毛菜、蒙古猪毛菜和1种菊科植物—花花柴的表皮附属结构进行了显微和超微观察研究。结果表明:(1)对四种植物的解剖结构观察显示,其叶片都含有角质层;气孔器下陷;茎中含有大量的维管束;多数种的细胞中含有簇状晶体结构;(2)四种植物表皮附属结构研究表明:花花柴表皮具有多细胞组成的盐腺和表皮毛结构;灰绿藜表皮有大量囊泡结构;蒙古猪毛菜叶表皮有短硬毛和乳突状结构;费尔干猪毛菜表皮具大量表皮毛,且表皮毛有节。上述结构和特征反映出不同植物对干旱、盐碱土生境适应的多样性,也为旱生和盐生植物的生理学研究提供了新的实验依据。     

四种藜科植物不同器官主要营养元素化学计量特征比较

土壤营养匮乏是盐碱地植物生物量的主要限制因子之一，藜科植物是盐碱地的优势类群。为了明晰盐环境中不同藜科植物主要营养元素计量特征及其与矿质土壤环境间的关系差异，本研究以呼伦贝尔4种典型藜科植物——碱蓬(Suaeda glauca)、尖头叶藜(Chenopodium acuminatum)、刺沙蓬(Salsola tragus)、雾冰藜(Bassia dasyphylla)为对象，比较4种藜科植物生境土壤因子和不同器官7种元素计量特征。结果显示：(1)碱蓬种群土壤Na含量和土壤电导率显著高于其他3种藜科植物种群，刺沙蓬种群土壤N含量最低，雾冰藜种群土壤P含量最低。(2)叶片C/N依次为碱蓬种群>刺沙蓬种群>尖头叶藜种群>雾冰藜种群，尖头叶藜种群根C/P显著高于其他3种植物。雾冰藜种群、碱蓬种群和刺沙蓬种群叶N/P>16,除尖头叶藜种群外，3种植物种群根N/P<14。(3)雾冰藜种群具有显著高的叶、茎和根K含量，刺沙蓬种群具有显著高的叶、根Ca含量，碱蓬种群具有显著高的叶、茎和根Na含量，雾冰藜种群具有显著高的叶、根Mg含量。(4)刺沙蓬种群各器官具有显著高的N...     

塔里木盆地10种藜科植物种子萌发对干旱胁迫的响应及其抗旱性评价

以塔里木盆地分布的碱蓬、硬枝碱蓬、盘果碱蓬、五蕊碱蓬、星花碱蓬、刺藜、盐节木、盐穗木、盐角草、白茎盐生草等10种藜科植物的种子为材料,利用PEG-6000模拟干旱,研究种子萌发对干旱胁迫的响应规律,并对抗旱性进行综合评价。结果表明:(1)随渗透势的下降,干旱胁迫加重,10种藜科植物种子的最终萌发率受到不同程度的抑制,平均萌发时间逐渐延长,种子的胚根长度受到抑制;解除干旱胁迫后,碱蓬、硬枝碱蓬、盘果碱蓬、盐节木、盐穗木、盐角草和白茎盐生草种子可恢复萌发;(2)10种藜科植物种子萌发期抗旱(PEG)极限值从大到小依次为:盐穗木白茎盐生草盘果碱蓬硬枝碱蓬盐角草五蕊碱蓬盐节木星花碱蓬刺藜碱蓬;(3)采用隶属函数法,选取种子最终萌发率、平均萌发时间、胚根长度和恢复萌发率为主要评价指标,进行抗旱性综合评价,10种藜科植物种子抗旱性由强到弱依次为:盐穗木白茎盐生草硬枝碱蓬盐节木盘果碱蓬星花碱蓬盐角草刺藜碱蓬五蕊碱蓬;抗旱性较强的盐穗木、白茎盐生草、硬枝碱蓬和盐节木的隶属函数加权平均值分别为0.915、0.793、0.762和0.737。     

新疆10种藜科植物叶片和同化枝的旱生和盐生结构的研究

 本文应用扫描电镜和光学显微镜对生长在新疆荒漠地区10种藜科植物中亚滨藜(Atriplex centralasiatica),心叶驼绒藜(Ceratoides ewersmanniana),驼绒藜(Ceratoides latens),盐节木(Halocnemum strobilaceum),盐穗木(Halostachys caspica),梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron),圆叶盐爪爪(Kalidium schrenkianum),绒藜(Londesia eriantha),费尔干猪毛菜(Salsola ferganica),浆果猪毛菜(Salsola foliosa)的叶和同化枝进行了形态解剖学研究。结果表明,它们是通过以下结构来适应旱生和盐生环境的：叶片及角质膜厚,气孔器下陷,具表皮毛;栅栏组织发达,多为等面叶;部分植物叶片退化成鳞片状,而由同化枝执行光合功能;多数植物叶片和同化枝内部具有粘液和含晶细胞,贮水组织发达。根据盐分是否排出体外,又划分出聚盐和泌盐植物。在泌盐植物中,盐腺具有单细胞和多细胞及分泌孔类型,并对其聚盐和泌盐机理作了初步探讨。     

8种盐生植物种子萌发特征与NaCl盐度的关系

耐盐植物的选育是盐渍土地生物改良的关键。通过对13个NaCl盐度梯度下，真盐生植物囊果碱蓬、盐地碱蓬、高碱蓬、盐角草、盐爪爪，泌盐植物大叶补血草、耳叶补血草、黄花补血草8种盐生植物的萌发试验，测定其种子发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数和相对盐害率等指标，研究不同NaCl盐度胁迫对其萌发特性的影响。结果表明：低盐度（50 mmol/L）能促进8种盐生植物的萌发；随着盐度的上升，盐角草、盐地碱蓬、囊果碱蓬、高碱蓬表现出较强的萌发耐盐性，发芽势和发芽指数优于其他植物；盐角草的萌发耐盐性最佳，在1000 mmol/L盐度下萌发率仍能达到54.0%。进一步通过S型生长曲线和线性模型分析得出，8种植物为对抗逆境大致分为"快速型"和"缓慢型"两种萌发策略；随盐度的升高，初始萌发时间和萌发高峰时间均不同程度的向后推迟。盐度≤200 mmol/L时，囊果碱蓬的萌发占据优势，其萌发速率大于其他植物，且差异显著；中盐度400 mmol/L左右时，盐地碱蓬和盐角草萌发最快，二者无显著差异；盐度≥600 mmol/L时，盐角草萌发速率较快，相比其他植物差异显著。泌盐植物的萌发耐盐适宜浓度和耐盐极限浓度均低于真盐生植物。8种植物均有作为氯化物为主盐渍土地区生物改良材料的潜力。     

四种补血草属植物叶片泌盐结构的扫描电镜观察

利用扫描电镜技术,对4种补血草属植物大叶补血草（Limonium gmelinii (Willd.) Kuntze）、耳叶补血草（Limoniu otolepis (Schrenk) Kuntze）、繁枝补血草（Limonium myrianthum (Schrenk) Kuntze）和簇枝补血草（Limonium auream）的叶表面进行了研究,以探讨植物微形态结构与生态环境的关系。结果表明,这4种植物的上下表皮都分布有盐腺,且上表皮的盐腺密度大于下表皮,盐腺的基本结构相同,多由20个细胞构成,其中4个分泌细胞顶端的角质层中央有一小孔,植物体靠盐腺的泌盐孔泌盐。但4种植物在盐腺的密度、盐腺的大小、盐腺与周围表皮细胞的位置等方面存在差异。植物在对盐碱生境的长期适应过程中,促使其强烈地分化出泌盐结构,因而,具有明显的生态适应性。     

真盐生植物盐地碱蓬资源特征与利用开发研究进展

盐地碱蓬为藜科碱蓬属一年生真盐生植物,能适应特殊的盐碱生境,具有典型的摄盐性和集积特征及种子二型性.本研究简要介绍了盐地碱蓬的生物学特性,重点概述了盐地碱蓬在盐碱地、重金属污染、石油污染、水体污染等生态价值,系统地综述了在食用蔬菜、黄酮类和多糖类、食用油和生物柴油、色素、膳食纤维、植物盐和植物碱、新型饲料和饲料添加剂、...     

Salt regulation in halophytes

Summary Ion concentration and saturation water content were measured in various aged leaves of halophytes growing in saline soils east of lake Neusiedlersee (Austria).All species investigated showed a substantial sodium accumulation within the maturing organs accompanied by a considerable potassium decline. In most species chloride concentration rises distinctly with increasing leaf age, too, whereas concentration shifts of alkaline earth ions and of sulfate (except in Plantago maritima, Lepidium crassifolium and Crypsis aculeata) are of comparably less importance.Saturation water increases markedly in succulent species (Suaeda maritima, Chenopodium glaucum, Spergularia media, Lepidium crassifolium) and to a less degree in xerophytic monocotyledons (Puccinellia distans, Crypsis aculeata, Bolboschoenus maritimus). However, this surplus of water in older leaves is not sufficient to dilute the salt to such an extent that a rise in concentration can be prevented (except chloride in Suaeda maritima and Chenopodium glaucum).Rosette plants (Triglochin maritimum, Plantago maritima, Scorzonera parviflora, Aster tripolium) with the ability to renew their leaves continuously throughout the growth period are characterized by only insignificant changes of saturation water content with increasing leaf age. In these plants, shedding of old salt-saturated leaves is thought to be the main strategy for salt regulation.A modification of Steiner's classical concept of different salt regulation types is proposed, based on original findings about salt regulation in Austrian halophytes and on new bibliographical data upon additionally revealed regulatory principles in halophytes and saltaffected nonhalophytes.Respectfully and thankfully dedicated to Prof. Dr. H. Kinzel on the occasion of his 50th birthday.     

The effect of salt on protein synthesis in the halophyte Suaeda maritima

Summary An amino acid-incorporating microsomal fraction has been isolated from the leaves of the halophyte Suaeda maritima and the characteristics of the incorporation described. There were no differences in the properties of the microsomes isolated from plants grown in saline and non-saline conditions. The incorporation was severely inhibited by high concentrations of sodium or potassium ions. The results are discussed in relation to the mechanism of salt tolerance in halophytes and the localization of salt in the cells.     

盐胁迫下3种滨海盐生植物的根系生长和分布

我国广大滨海地区的盐土上发育着大量的盐生植物,这些植物的根系对维持土壤稳定性,减小风蚀和水蚀具有重要作用。在水培条件下,针对碱蓬、盐角草和盐地碱蓬3种滨海盐生植物,研究它们在不同盐浓度条件下根系分布的差异。结果表明:一定浓度的盐分可以促进3种盐生植物生长,但较高浓度的盐抑制其生长,特别是对根系生长的抑制作用更大。在同样盐浓度下,盐地碱蓬的生长最快,生物量也最大。在盐分浓度较低时,3种盐生植物的主根长和总根长都有所增加,与对照相比,盐角草增加的幅度较大,但高浓度的盐会抑制根系总长度的增加,其中盐角草较碱蓬和盐地碱蓬抑制的程度轻。盐分对3种植物的根系平均直径没有显著的影响,但有减小的趋势。在水培条件下,碱蓬和盐角草的根系上、中、下部分布的较均匀,而盐地碱蓬的根系中部比上部和下部有显著的增加,盐分对每种植物的根系的分布没有显著的影响。从根系的分布特征可以推断:盐角草比碱蓬和盐地碱蓬具有较强的抗盐性和耐瘠薄能力;碱蓬的耐盐能力较其它两种植物差,盐角草的耐盐性最强。根据3种滨海盐生植物的根系生长和分布特征,证明这3种植物的根系分属于2种功能型,碱蓬是浅根系功能型,盐角草和盐地碱蓬是深根系功能型。根系分布的参数表明3种滨海盐生植物中盐地碱蓬是用来加强土壤稳定性最好的植物。     

藜科植物藜和灰绿藜实时荧光定量PCR内参基因的选择

选择合适的内参基因是实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)研究的关键,目前对藜科耐盐(盐生)植物胁迫相关基因的表达分析中所用内参基因的报道较为有限.该研究利用GeNorm、NormFinder和BestKeeper 3个内参基因分析软件,对已选择过的β-TUBULIN、β-ACTIN、GAPDH 3个常用候选内参基因进行了比较分析,筛选出在NaCl和PEG胁迫下藜和灰绿藜中表达相对稳定的内参基因.结果表明:GeNorm、NormFinder内参软件分析在NaCl和PEG胁迫下,GAPDH是藜和灰绿藜中均共同稳定表达的内参基因,同时在藜和灰绿藜中也有各自表达较稳定的内参基因,β-ACTIN在藜中稳定表达,β-TUBULIN则在灰绿藜中稳定表达.对相同科不同种的植物内参基因表达差异进行比较,内参基因在相同科中具有相同稳定表达的内参;对相同胁迫下两种不同植物内参基因表达稳定性进行分析,内参基因的选择需根据实际的实验材料和实验条件而定.基于3个分析软件对以上3个常用内参基因的分析结果,初步确定了在藜科植物藜和灰绿藜中相对稳定的内参基因,为藜和灰绿藜胁迫相关基因的定量表达分析提供了参考依据.     

Identification of salt-induced transcripts by suppression subtractive hybridization and their expression analysis under the combination of salt and elevated CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> conditions in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salicornia brachiata</Emphasis>

Soil salinity is a major abiotic stress that affects global agricultural productivity. Exploring the mechanisms that halophytes employ to thrive and flourish under saline environments is essential to increase the salt tolerance in sensitive crop species. Of the three halophytes used in this study Salicornia brachiata and Suaeda maritima belong to the same family Chenopodiaceae, while Sesuvium portulacastrum, a mangrove-associated halophyte, belongs to the family Aizoaceae. Assuming that halophytes of same family share similar salt tolerance mechanisms, we generated a suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH1) cDNA library from salt-treated leaf tissues of S. brachiata as tester and that of S. maritima as driver to identify salt-responsive genes unique to S. brachiata. To elucidate the difference in salt-tolerance mechanisms, and to identify salt-tolerance mechanisms amongst different families of halophytes, SSH2 library was generated from salt-treated leaf tissue of S. brachiata as tester and that of S. portulacastrum as driver. Totally, 87 and 49 EST clones representing unique genes were obtained from SSH1 and SSH2 libraries, respectively. Examination of the expression patterns of 17 (SSH1) and 15 (SSH2) differentially expressed genes using semi-quantitative RT-PCR confirmed up-regulation of these genes in shoots in response to salt treatment and elevated CO₂ condition, but to a different extent. This study has provided insights into the molecular responses of S. brachiata to salt stress and elevated CO₂ conditions.     

Potassium requirement of pyruvate kinase extracted from leaves of halophytes

Pyruvate kinase enzymes were partially purified from leaves of halophytes, Atriplex gmelini C. A. Mey., Chenopodium acuminatum Wild, and Spergularia salina J. et C. Presl., grown hydroponically in the presence of 250 m M NaCl in a greenhouse, to determine their K_m values for potassium. The values were all ca 10⁻³ M , as also reported for the glycophyte enzymes. However, the K_m values were reduced by 60 to 70% by the addition of betaine to a concentration of 1 M .     

Solute distribution in Suaeda maritima

The distribution of sodium, potassium and glycinebetaine in shoot tissues of salt-treated Suaeda maritima was examined by semi-micro techniques after extraction into toluene-water. Much higher K/Na ratios were observed in the apical regions and in axillary buds than in more mature, fully vacuolated tissues. The younger tissues also contained very high levels of glycinebetaine. Electron-probe X-ray microanalysis of bulkfrozen and fractured preparations showed higher K/Na ratios and higher levels of sulphur and phosphorus in the cytoplasm of leaf primordial cells than in vacuoles of either young or old leaves, although the total counts were higher in the vacuolar samples. The results are discussed in relation to current models of subcellular solute compartmentation and salt tolerance in the Chenopodiaceae.     

盐生植物盐爪爪甜菜碱醛脱氢酶基因的克隆及在盐胁迫下的BADH基因的表达

根据已发表的几种藜科植物甜菜碱醛脱氢酶(BADH)基因的同源保守区设计了一对引物,采用RT-PCR方法从盐生植物盐爪爪(Kalidium foliatum)中扩增出BADH基因的1个开放阅读框架,其核苷酸序列长1503bp,推测的氨基酸序列全长为500个氨基酸残基。核苷酸序列与藜科几种盐生植物如滨藜、碱蓬、菠菜、山菠菜和甜菜等的同源性为81%,与甜土植物水稻的同源性为69%。氨基酸序列与以上两类植物(盐生植物和甜土植物)的同源性比对为80%和71%,说明BADH基因在藜科盐生植物中是一种较高保守的基因。BADH基因编码的多肽在高等植物中行使重要的功能。用不同浓度的NaCl胁迫处理盐爪爪植株,BADHmRNA的表达水平比对照植株高,说明盐爪爪BADH基因的表达受盐诱导,间接说明甜菜碱醛脱氢酶催化合成的甜菜碱作为渗透调节的小分子物质,它的积累与盐胁迫存在紧密关联,本研究为进一步从生理和分子水平阐明盐爪爪的耐盐机制提供一定的参考。     

The effect of plant growth regulators, nitric oxide, nitrate, nitrite and light on the germination of dimorphic seeds of Suaeda salsa under saline conditions

Suaeda salsa, a leaf succulent shrub in the family Chenopodiaceae, is one of the most important halophytes in China. Suaeda salsa produces dimorphic seeds (soft brown seeds and hard black seeds). Seeds of S. salsa were collected from the coastal salt flats near Huanghua City, China. Experiments were conducted to determine the salinity-alleviating effect of plant growth regulators, nitric oxide, nitrate, nitrite and light on the germination of dimorphic seeds of S. salsa. Brown seeds had a higher germination rate than black seeds in all experiments. Black seeds were more sensitive to salt in the absence of light in comparison to brown seeds. Brown seeds absorbed water more quickly in comparison to black seeds and were found to be more tolerant of salt stress. Our results showed that 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC, the immediate precursor of ethylene), nitrite, GA₄ and BA improved seed germination in the presence of salt. However, nitrate, GA₁, GA₃ failed to alleviate salt stress. ABA inhibited seed germination and seedling growth. Possible mechanisms involved in the alleviation of salt stress in S. salsa seeds and the ecological adaptation of the seeds to the environment are discussed.