武汉东湖光合色素与叶绿素a代谢产物的HPLC研究

用高效液相色谱（HPLC）法研究了武汉东湖周年及围隔实验水柱颗粒物色素的组成及变化。共检测到约20种色素,类胡萝卜素含量较高的有硅藻的标志色素岩藻黄素,隐藻的异黄素,蓝绿藻的黄体素,玉米黄素及胡萝卜素。东湖叶绿素a的代谢产物主要为脱植基叶绿素a(全湖年均约占叶绿素a的5%）,而非脱镁叶绿素a或脱镁叶绿酸a。围隔实验结果表明：叶绿素a与总浮游植物（r=0.84)。叶绿素b与绿藻（r=0.77)。岩藻黄素与硅藻（r=0.68),异黄素与隐藻生物量（r=0.83)之间具显著的相关性。表明用HPLC分析色素快速,简捷,是研究浮游植物群落组成及动态变化的有力辅助工具。     

应用光合色素研究广西钦州湾丰水期浮游植物群落结构

通过2010年6月现场航次19个站点的调查,应用反相高效液相色谱(RP - HPLC) 并结合二极管阵列检测器分析技术,分析了丰水期广西钦州湾浮游植物光合色素组成,进而由CHEMTAX 软件估算全粒级浮游植物的群落结构。结果表明,钦州湾浮游植物光合色素含量以叶绿素a最高,其次为岩藻黄素;浮游植物的优势类群为硅藻,其次为蓝藻和青绿藻,它们分别平均占据了浮游植物生物量的70.2%、12.6%和9.4%,而其它藻类除了绿藻茅岭江河口占据较高的比例(40.2%)之外在其它站点所占比例很低。钦州湾浮游植物群落结构形成了茅岭江口、内湾、外湾和湾外近海共四种类型,茅岭江口以绿藻为优势类群,内湾以硅藻、蓝藻和青绿藻为主要优势类群,外湾以硅藻为单一优势类群,湾外相对于外湾硅藻比重略为下降。主要光合色素含量及浮游植物类群生物量的分布特征与盐度、营养盐关系密切,浮游植物群落结构的分布变化主要受径流及其输入导致的营养盐变化的影响,而这种影响导致了内湾和外湾之间浮游植物主要类群的生物量多寡及浮游植物群落结构的差异。     

基于光合色素的钦州湾平水期浮游植物群落结构研究

应用反相高效液相色谱(RP - HPLC) 并结合二极管阵列检测器分析技术,分析了2010年平水期钦州湾浮游植物光合色素组成,进而由CHEMTAX 软件估算全粒级浮游植物的群落结构。结果表明：平水期浮游植物特征光合色素含量以岩藻黄素最高,其次为叶绿素b、玉米黄素和青绿素,其它特征光合色素含量较低;水体中色素组成表明浮游植物的优势类群为硅藻,其次为蓝藻和青绿藻,它们分别平均占据了浮游植物生物量的73.9%、11.7%和8.7%,其它藻类所占比例很低。硅藻呈现出从湾顶往外随着盐度增加而增加的趋势,而青绿藻显现出相反的分布趋势。钦州湾浮游植物群落结构形成了茅岭江和钦江河口、湾颈-外湾近岸和外湾靠外海域共三种类型,平水期浮游植物群落结构的组成和分布特征主要是由茅岭江和钦江径流变化以及营养盐等环境所决定。平水期叶绿素b和青绿素在大部分站点存在证实了青绿藻在钦州湾的分布,而且表明青绿藻、绿藻和定鞭金藻等微型藻类在钦州湾占有相当比重,它们的重要性有待进一步研究。     

南亚热带大型贫营养水库浮游植物群落结构与季节变化——以新丰江水库为例

新丰江水库是我国第四大的水库,也是广东省最大的水库和重要的水源地。于2004～2005年2月一次调查了新丰江水库水文、水质和浮游植物分布,分析了浮游植物群落季节动态特征。新丰江水库浮游植物生物量比较低,在0．037—1．497mg·L^-1之间变化。浮游植物种类较多,11次采样共检到158种。在丰度上,水库浮游植物主要以小环藻、蓝纤维藻、小球藻和纤维藻等优势种为主,而在生物量上则以微小多甲藻为优势。浮游植物组成随季节变化而不同,春季以硅藻、甲藻和绿藻为优势类群;夏季以蓝藻、绿藻和硅藻为优势类群;秋季蓝、绿藻减少而硅藻和甲藻增加。2004年的浮游植物季节性变化更为明显,有从硅藻-绿藻优势（2月和4月份）,到蓝藻-绿藻优势（6月和8月份）,到混合优势（10月份）和金藻优势（12月份）这样一个变化过程。2005年硅藻的相对丰度比2004年高出很多。两年浮游植物组成的差异与两年的降水量有关。水动力学对丰水期（6～8月份）浮游植物组成结构有较大影响,导致硅藻和绿藻相对丰度的增加。与温带贫营养型水库相比,新丰江水库的浮游植物群落具有春季和秋季种类多、夏季的蓝藻种类丰富的特点。从细胞大小分布上看,小于20μm浮游植物是生物量的主要贡献者,其次是大于45μm的浮游植物。在粒径小于20μm的浮游植物中,微小多甲藻是最主要的贡献者。浮游植物群落的大小分布受水动力学条件和营养盐浓度动态的影响。     

博斯腾湖浮游植物群落结构特征及其影响因子分析

2011年对博斯腾湖大湖区17个采样站位的浮游植物及水体主要理化因子进行了4次系统调查。结果表明, 在17个站位共鉴定出浮游植物127种（属）, 其中优势种（属）9种。浮游植物群落全年均以硅藻为主导, 冬、春季节, 浮游植物组成呈硅藻-甲藻型, 优势类群主要为贫-中营养型浮游藻类, 到夏、秋季节逐渐形成硅藻-绿藻型, 以富营养型的浮游藻类为优势类群。浮游植物总平均生物量为（2.512.95） mg/L, 生物量季节变动显著, 峰值出现在夏季, 冬季最低。基于Canoco的多变量分析表明: 环境变量共解释了浮游植物群落总变异的54.5%, 水温是影响浮游植物分布最重要的环境因子, 其次为枝角类丰度。水中氮含量是影响浮游植物丰度的主要因子, 同时浮游植物对水体有机物含量也有较大的影响。       

1998年秋季渤海中部及其邻近海域的网采浮游植物群落

研究了1998年秋季覆盖渤海中部和渤海海峡及其邻近海域30个测站两遍大面调查的网采浮游植物物种及其群落特征。经初步分析,共发现浮游植物3门类38属84种(不包括未定名物种),物种主要以硅藻为主,但甲藻在群落中的比重也很明显,在个别站位上会成为优势类群。优势物种主要为偏心圆筛藻(Coscinodiscus excentricus)、梭状角藻(Ceratium fusus)、洛氏角毛藻(Chaetoceros lorenzianus)、浮动弯角藻(Eucampia zodiacus)、叉状角藻(Ceratium furca)、佛氏海线藻(Thalassionema frauenfeldii)、中华半管藻(Hemiaulus sinensis)、尖刺伪菱形藻(Pseudo-nitzschia pungens)、布氏双尾藻(Ditylum brightwellii)、粗刺角藻(Ceratium horridum)、掌状冠盖藻(Stephanopyxis palmeriana)和萎软几内亚藻(Guinardia flaccida)。细胞丰度的平面分布由主要浮游硅藻的分布所决定,其高值区分布在渤海湾、渤海中部、莱州湾北部和渤海海峡南部。浮游甲藻在渤海湾北部和莱州湾北部等局部区域形成高值区,并影响浮游植物的平面分布。两遍大面站调查期间渤海浮游植物群落的结构是相对保守的,渤海浮游植物群落季节和周年的变化主要是物种演替过程。调查期处于浮游植物群落的负增长时期,其主要原因是物理水文作用的结果。与1982年的历史同期浮游植物群落相比,角毛藻属衰退,浮游甲藻、圆筛藻属和浮动弯角藻兴起。但与1992年的历史同期浮游植物群落相比,群落优势种组成相近。同1982年和1992年同期资料相比,浮游植物细胞丰度和平面分布大致相等。渤海秋季浮游植物群落结构在近20a是相对保守的,影响秋季浮游植物群落发展的主要因素是物理水文作用。     

烟台四十里湾浮游植物群落特征

于2009年3月至2010年1月对烟台四十里湾15个站进行了11个航次的浮游植物群落调查, 并同步监测其它环境因子(表层水温、盐度、透明度、无机氮等)。共鉴定浮游植物3门39属82种, 其中硅藻13科30属68种, 是构成调查海域浮游植物群落的主要类群; 甲藻7科8属13种, 金藻1科1属1种。浮游植物丰度与种类多样性年度变化均呈明显的“双峰”模型, 种类数最高峰出现在9月(48种), 次高峰为4月(40种), 5月浮游植物种类最少(12种); 丰度最高值出现在10月(9264.9×104 cells·m-3), 次高峰3 月(1039.0×104 cells·m-3), 最低值同样出现在5月(31.5×104 cells·m-3)。调查期间优势种主要为中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)、尖刺伪菱形藻(Pseudo-nitzschia pungens)、夜光藻(Noctiluca scintillans)和具槽帕拉藻(Paralia sulcata)。浮游植物群落相似性在60%水平聚类分为四个类群: 类群I为5月浮游植物群落, 类群Ⅱ以11月至次年1月为代表的冬季浮游植物群落, 类群Ⅲ为7—10月的夏秋浮游植物群落, 类群Ⅳ为3、4、6月的春季浮游植物群落。多样性指数和均匀度指数分析结果表明, 调查海域浮游植物的群落结构相对稳定。相关性分析及典范对应分析结果显示, 浮游植物群落结构主要受表层水温、盐度、磷酸盐和无机氮等环境因素影响, 其它环境因子对浮游植物群落影响较小。     

2009年春季长江口及其邻近水域浮游植物——物种组成与粒级叶绿素a

于2009年4月在长江口及其邻近水域采集浮游植物水样,用Utermöhl方法进行初步分析,同时进行叶绿素a粒级分离研究,并采用典范对应分析讨论了浮游植物优势物种与各环境因子的关系.本次调查共鉴定浮游植物3门46属64种（不包括未定名种）,其中硅藻33属45种（不包括未定名种）,甲藻12属18种（不包括未定名种）,定鞭藻1属1种,硅藻在细胞丰度和物种丰富度上占有优势.浮游植物的生态类型主要以温带近岸种为主,优势物种为多尼骨条藻（Skeletonema dohrnii）、具槽帕拉藻（Paralia sulcata）、菱形海线藻（Thalassionema nitzschioides）、尖刺伪菱形藻（Pseudo-nitzschia pungens）、颗粒直链藻狭型变种（Melosira granulata var angustissima）、柔弱伪菱形藻（Pseudo-nitzschia delicatissima）和柔弱几内亚藻（Guinardia delicatula）,同时调查区也出现少数的半咸水种和大洋种.调查区浮游植物细胞丰度介于0.3～13447.7 cells·ml^-1,平均为1142.385 cells·ml^-1,硅藻的细胞丰度显著高于甲藻.细胞丰度高值区位于调查区的中部偏北区域,以多尼骨条藻为主.垂向上在表层出现最大值,随着深度的增加丰度降低.调查区的Shannon多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数的平面分布基本一致,并且与细胞丰度呈镶嵌分布,即在细胞丰度高的调查区中北部较低.表层叶绿素a浓度介于0.34～29 g·L^-1,平均为3.30 g·L^-1.叶绿素a的高值区主要位于调查区的中部偏北区域,其分布趋势与浮游植物和硅藻细胞丰度的分布基本一致.主要粒级组分为小型浮游植物（microphytoplankton）,而其他靠近外海一侧的站位则以微型浮游植物（2～20 μm, nanophytoplankton）和超微型浮游植物（<2 μm, picophytoplankton）为主.与环境因子的典范对应分析（CCA）表明,春季长江口影响最优势物种多尼骨条藻分布的主要因素为硝酸盐、pH和微型浮游动物,而包括甲藻在内的其他各物种则主要受盐度、磷酸盐和硅酸盐影响.本次调查浮游植物定量研究方法与以往不同,在长江口今后需要加强骨条藻的个体生态学研究.     

有机磷培养下水体浮游植物竞争与群落结构演替

磷是浮游植物生长的必要元素,也是调控水体富营养化的重要因子之一。在无机磷缺乏的水域,能够有效利用有机磷的藻类有可能成为浮游植物群落的优势种。为了研究有机磷对浮游植物群落结构演替的影响,分别从3个水库采集表层水样,西陂水库(硅藻70.3%,甲藻19.1%,绿藻9.3%)、山美水库(硅藻31.3%,甲藻59.2%,绿藻3.5%)、三十六脚湖(硅藻43.1%,甲藻50.5%,绿藻5.0%),选用有机磷单磷酸腺苷(Adenosine monophosphate,AMP)作为磷源进行实验室模拟实验,并与无机磷(NaH_2PO_4·2H_2O)作为磷源实验组做同步对比,探讨有机磷源条件下浮游植物竞争及群落结构演替规律。结果显示:AMP培养20 d后,西陂水库、山美水库和三十六脚湖的浮游植物生物量分别增加了6.5倍,2.1倍和1.9倍,浮游植物群落结构都演替为以甲藻门和绿藻门为优势藻,所占比例分别为81.8%和16.7%、55.2%和33.5%、73.2%和24.3%,其中西陂水库甲藻门拟多甲藻对有机磷AMP的利用能力强,其所占比例达到81.8%。表明有机磷AMP能有效地促进甲藻门拟多甲藻属的增殖,进而改变水体浮游植物群落结构。     

南麂列岛海洋自然保护区浮游植物的种类多样性及其生态分布

于2006年5月至2007年2月之间,对南麂列岛海域的浮游植物类群进行了4个季节的调查,分析了该海域浮游植物的种类组成、优势种类、群落结构以及水平分布等特征参数的季节变化。共鉴定浮游植物80种,隶属于4个门,硅藻种类最多,甲藻其次。浮游植物可划分为3个生态类群,以广温类群为主。春季和夏季分别以三角棘原甲藻和中肋骨条藻为绝对优势种,秋冬季的优势种类组成多样化。共鉴定57种赤潮生物,占浮游植物种类数的71.25%。调查期间,三角棘原甲藻和中肋骨条藻分别于春季和夏季形成赤潮。浮游植物的物种丰富度呈现春、夏、秋、冬递减的趋势。浮游植物细胞丰度的年平均值为1.03×106cells/L,春夏季显著高于秋冬季。春季和夏季时,浮游植物高值区集中在南麂岛西北近岸海域;秋季和冬季时,浮游植物高值区相对集中在南麂岛东南近岸海域。浮游植物群落的多样性指数(H')以秋季最高,冬季最低。春季的三角棘原甲藻赤潮期间,水体中N/P值显著升高;夏季的中肋骨条藻赤潮期间,水体中N/P值显著降低。     

2010年夏季雷州半岛海岸带浮游植物群落结构特征及其与主要环境因子的关系

2010年夏季对雷州半岛海岸带的浮游植物群落结构及相关环境因子进行了调查,结果共检出浮游植物211种(含变种、变型),隶属于7门76属;优势种13种,以广温、广盐沿岸性种和温带沿岸性种为主,群落结构具有亚热带和沿岸性特征。半岛海岸带浮游植物平均种类数和细胞丰度的平面分布,均由近岸往远岸逐渐减少,此外种类数是西南部>西北部>南部>东南部>东北部,细胞丰度则东北部>南部>西南部>西北部>东南部。除了东北部海岸带,多样性指数和均匀度平均值分别低于3及0.7外,其他海岸带均高于此值,物种非常丰富。相关分析表明:浮游植物种类数与水温、Si/P呈极显著的正相关,与SiO23--Si、Si/N呈显著的正相关,与NO-2-N、PO34--P呈极显著的负相关,与盐度、pH值等不存在统计学意义上的相关性;浮游植物细胞丰度与pH值、叶绿素a、DO、NO-2-N呈极显著的正相关,与盐度呈极显著的负相关,与水温、NO-3-N等不存在统计学意义上的相关性;浮游植物种类数与细胞丰度之间也不存在统计学意义上的相关性。根据浮游植物生物学指标对雷州半岛海岸带的富营养化程度进行现状评价表明:雷州半岛海岸带水质营养类型属于中-贫营养型,而根据营养盐指标评价雷州半岛海岸带水质则总体上为氮限制中度营养或氮限制潜在性富营养化水平。     

九龙江河口浮游植物的时空变动及主要影响因素

于2009年春（5月）、夏（8月）、秋（11月）在九龙江河口水域进行了水文、化学和生物的生态完全示范区综合外业调查,研究了九龙江河口浮游植物的种类组成、密度分布、季节变化、空间差异及主要影响因素,并结合前期资料分析了年际变动。结果表明,九龙江河口的浮游植物共记录7个门类75属134种。主体是硅藻,绿藻次之,甲藻和蓝藻较少,黄藻检出率高,裸藻和金藻零星检出。种类组成的空间差异大,绿藻在河口内区淡水水域比硅藻更占优势, 中肋骨条藻（Skeletonema costatum）、短角弯角藻（Eucampia zodiacus）、圆筛藻（Coscinodiscus spp.）、颗粒直链藻（Melosira granulata）、微小小环藻（Cyclotella. caspia）是河口区咸淡水水域及近海区的主要种类。浮球藻（Planktosphneria gelotinosa）、栅藻（Scenedesmus spp.）、盘星藻（Pediastrim spp.）、小席藻（Phormidium tenus）是河口内区淡水水域的主要种类。根据浮游植物的生态类型及其生境特征大致可分为三大类群。浮游植物密度夏季最高,平均为358.68103cells/L,密集中心的季节变化明显,密度分布由优势类群的密度分布决定。中肋骨条藻和短角弯角藻的数量庞大,导致优势种突出,多样性降低,种间分布不均匀,群落结构简单化。与史料比对,种类组成因淡水藻类的列入而更丰富,密度年际降低,中肋骨条藻仍是第一优势种,但优势度有较大降幅,优势类群有重大年际变化,细胞个体较小的种类占优。盐度和营养盐对浮游植物的分布及密度变化造成极大的时空差异,存在线性、复合线性、多项回归等复杂的相关关系。     

Composition and variation of phytoplankton communities during Microcystis bloom in an artificial lagoon of Hangzhou Bay,China

The interaction of various environmental triggers on phytoplankton communities of an artificial lagoon of Hangzhou Bay China, was studied during a Microcystis bloom in summer 2016. Forty-two phytoplankton genera (six phyla) were defined, with Bacillariophyta accounting for half of all phytoplankton genera. It was determined that Melosira, Chlorella, Cyclotella, Microcystis, Merismopedia, Anabaena and Selenastrum, which were identified and counted by an inverted microscope, were the dominant genera. In addition, a series of environmental indicators were analyzed, including salinity, seawater temperature, dissolved inorganic nitrogen, soluble reactive phosphorus (PO₄-P), ammonium (NH₄-N), nitrate nitrogen (NO₃-N), nitrite (NO₂-N), silicate (SiO₄-Si), and chemical oxygen demand of the water samples, as well as zooplankton community. The results of variance partitioning by R language revealed that the most influential factor driving the change in the phytoplankton community was the environment (49.7%), and zooplankton grazing represented only 7.9%. The results of redundancy analysis indicated that the change and composition of the phytoplankton community correlated significantly with the interaction of salinity, PO₄-P, transparency, seawater temperature, and the dominant zooplankton species. Notably, salinity and temperature fluctuation were the key factors inducing the rapid succession of the plankton community in artificial lagoons such as within the Jinshan City Beach (Shanghai, China).

     

Phytoplankton community responses to nutrient and iron enrichment under different nitrogen to phosphorus ratios in the northern Baltic Sea

The impact of nutrient enrichment on the phytoplankton community structure, and particularly cyanobacteria, was studied in a 3-week mesocosm experiment conducted in August 2001 in the Archipelago Sea, a part of the northern Baltic Sea. The factorial design experiment included daily additions of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) at two mass ratios, 1N:1P and 7N:1P, respectively, additions of iron (Fe) and a synthetic chelator, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). The floating enclosures (400 l) were sampled for analyses of phytoplankton biomass and community structure, phytoplankton primary production, chlorophyll a, nutrients, and hepatotoxins. Chlorophyll a concentration, phytoplankton biomass and primary production increased most in the 7N:1P treatment. The increase was mainly due to an abundant growth of chlorophytes (Dictyosphaerium subsolitarium, Kirchneriella spp., Monoraphidium contortum, and Oocystis spp.), pennate diatoms (especially Nitzschia spp.), dinophytes and the chroococcalean cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. The nutrient enrichments had no effect on the total biomass of N₂-fixing cyanobacteria. Nevertheless, the biomass of Anabaena spp. was highest in the enrichments with a low N/P ratio. Chlorophyll a concentration and total phytoplankton biomass were not affected by Fe or EDTA, but Fe alone had a positive effect on the chlorophyte Kirchneriella sp. The N₂-fixing cyanobacteria Aphanizomenon sp. responded positively to Fe alone and to both Fe and EDTA added together. The hepatotoxin concentration increased during the experiment, but no clear responses to nutrient enrichments were found. Our study showed species-specific responses to nutrient enrichments among the N₂-fixing cyanobacteria. Although the total phytoplankton production was not Fe-limited; the availability of Fe clearly affected the phytoplankton community structure.     

盐氮处理下盐地碱蓬种子成熟过程中的离子积累和种子萌发特性

研究了盐氮处理条件下盐地碱蓬种子成熟过程中的离子积累以及种子萌发特性,以理解盐地碱蓬在种子发育及萌发过程中对高盐低氮生境的适应性。结果表明,种子成熟过程中,不同浓度盐氮处理下(0.5和5 mmol/L NO₃^--N;1和500 mmol/L NaCl),与果皮和果枝相比, 胚中Na⁺、K⁺、Cl^- 和NO₃^-离子含量几乎没有变化。所有盐氮处理下Na⁺ 和Cl^-都是果皮和果枝中高于胚中,尤其是在高盐处理下。高盐处理下,K⁺ 和NO₃^-含量呈现相反的趋势。高氮时无论高盐还是低盐,果皮中NO₃^-离子含量高于胚中,而果枝中NO₃^-离子含量低于胚中。而低氮时果皮及果枝中NO₃^-离子含量均显著低于胚中。与高氮环境下收获的种子相比,低氮环境下收获的种子萌发率,萌发指数,活力指数都要明显高。上述结果说明,盐地碱蓬种子成熟过程中存在完善的离子调控机制,保护胚免受Na⁺ 和Cl^-等有害离子的伤害并且促进K⁺ 和NO₃^-等营养离子的积累。低NO₃^--N下收获的种子对外界的NO₃^-含量比较敏感,施以较高浓度的NO₃^-能够促进种子萌发,提高萌发指数和活力指数,可能与盐地碱蓬长期适应高盐低氮生境有关。     

Dried field populations of Nostoc flagelliforme (Cyanophyceae) require exogenous nutrients for their photosynthetic recovery

The effects of nutrients on the photosynthetic recovery of Nostoc flagelliforme during re-hydration were investigated in order to see if their addition was necessary. Net photosynthesis was negligible in distilled water without nutrient-enrichment. Addition of K⁺ resulted in significant enhancement of net photosynthesis, whereas other nutrients (Fe³⁺, Mg²⁺, Na⁺, NO₃ ^-, PO₄ ^3-, Cl^-) and trace-metals (A₅) showed little effect. The recovered net photosynthetic activity increased with the increased K⁺, and reached the maximum at concentrations above 230 μM. Desiccation and re-hydration did not affect the dependence of photosynthetic recovery on K⁺. It was concluded that dried field populations of N. flagelliforme require exogenous addition of potassium for photosynthetic recovery and that growth may be potassium-limited in nature. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Changes in community structure and photosynthetic activities of total phytoplankton species during the growth,maintenance, and dissipation phases of a Prorocentrum donghaiense bloom

The potential interactions between the bloom-forming dinoflagellates and other phytoplankton during the algal bloom cycle are interesting, while the causes for the phytoplankton community changes were not fully understood. We hypothesized that phytoplankton community structure and photosynthetic activities of total phytoplankton have their special characteristics in different phases of the algal blooms. To test this hypothesis, a survey covering the process of a Prorocentrum donghaiense bloom in coastal waters between Dongtou and Nanji Islands was carried out from 9 to 20 May 2016, and the changes in the phytoplankton community and photosynthetic activities of total phytoplankton were determined. Surface seawater was sampled for microscopic analysis of phytoplankton composition and pulse amplitude modulated (PAM) chlorophyll fluorescence analysis of photosynthetic activities of the total phytoplankton species. A total of 25, 31, and 19 phytoplankton species were identified in its growth (9–12 May), maintenance (13–18 May) and dissipation phases (19–20 May), respectively. Diatoms were dominant in terms of species number while dinoflagellates were predominant at cell abundance. Dinoflagellates were the major dominant species during three phases of the bloom based on the dominance (Y) value, whereas the dominant species extended to dinoflagellates and diatoms including P. donghaiense, Coscinodiscus argus, Gonyaulax spinifera, Cyclotella sp. and Scrippsiella trochoidea in the dissipation phase. In the maintenance phase, the average cell abundances of the total phytoplankton and P. donghaiense were consistent with the chlorophyll a (Chla) concentration in the seawater; for the diversity indices of total phytoplankton species, Simpson index (C) was the highest while Shannon index (H′) and Pielou evenness index (J′) were the lowest. Furthermore, photosynthetic activities of the total phytoplankton species represented by the effective quantum yield (F_q'/F_m') and the maximum relative electron transport rate (rETR_max) in the maintenance phase were higher than those in the growth and dissipation phases. The results indicated that the characteristics of phytoplankton community structure and photosynthetic activities could be regarded as criteria in predicting the phases of algal blooms.     

Salinity gradient and nutrients as major structuring factors of the phytoplankton communities in salt marshes

This study investigated the major environmental factors structuring, for a year, phytoplankton assemblages in the Sfax saltern (Tunisia): salinity and nutrients. A STATICO analysis based on 11 environmental variables and the abundances of 64 phytoplanktonic species was conducted. STATICO is used to analyze the stable part of the relationships between the environment and species, and then to determine how these relationships change over time. The analysis confirmed that the salinity gradient had a considerable influence on the composition of the phytoplanktonic communities. Bacillariophyceae and Dinophyceae dominated in the least salty ponds, whereas Chlorophyceae and Cyanophyceae dominated in the saltiest ponds, in accordance with the halotolerance level estimated for each species by calculating the optimum salinity and salt tolerance. Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) ions could have a secondary influence on the phytoplankton distribution and its dynamics. Dinophyceae seem to be favored by high ammonium (NH₄ ⁺) concentrations, whereas diatoms seem to be favored by high orthophosphates (PO₄ ^3?) and nitrates (NO₃ ^?) values. The Chlorophyceae Dunalliela salina thrived in the saltiest ponds when the NO₃ ^? concentrations increased.     

Effect of plant growth promoting Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas fluorescens on growth and pigment composition of radish plants (Raphanus sativus) under NaCl stress

Soil salinity is one of the most severe factors limiting growth and physiological response in Raphanus sativus. In this study, the possible role of plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) in alleviating soil salinity stress during plant growth under greenhouse conditions was investigated. Increasing salinity in the soil decreased plant growth, photosynthetic pigments content, phytohormones contents (indole-3-acetic acid, IAA and gibberellic acid, GA₃) and mineral uptake compared to soil without salinity. Seeds inoculated with Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas fluorescens caused significantly increase in fresh and dry masses of roots and leaves, photosynthetic pigments, proline, total free amino acids and crude protein contents compared to noninoculated ones under salinity. The bacteria also increased phytohormones contents (IAA and GA₃) and the contents of N, P, K⁺, Ca²⁺, and Mg²⁺ but decreased ABA contents and Na⁺ and Cl^? content which may contribute in part to activation of processes involved in the alleviation of the effect of salt.     

Influence of phytoplankton on the response of bacterioplankton growth to nutrient enrichment

1. Laboratory experiments were conducted to test the effect of nutrient enrichment on bacterioplankton growth in the presence and absence of phytoplankton. 2. In one series of experiments, bacterioplankton growth in terms of specific activity [³H-thymidine incorporation (cell number)^?1] was greater in whole lake water samples than in samples from which phytoplankton had been removed by filtration (1.0 μm), regardless of the nutrient enrichments (control, NH⁺₄ plus PO^3-₄ and mannitol). Organic C enhanced bacterioplankton growth in both whole and filtered lake water. 3. In another series of experiments (with the same nutrient enrichments as in the first experiment except that glucose replaced mannitol), bacterioplankton growth in whole lake water enriched with PO^3-₄ plus NH⁺₄ and incubated in the light was greater than in two treatments designed to inhibit photosynthetic activity (+DCMU and dark). Bacterioplankton response to nutrient addition was greatest in the PO^3-₄ plus NH⁺₄ enrichment under all three conditions (light +DCMU, and dark). 4. These results indicate that bacterioplankton growth could be directly limited by inorganic P and N when these elements are in short supply. Enhancement of bacterioplankton growth by phytoplankton occurs only under PO^3-₄ and NH⁺₄ replete environments.