重症监护病房洋葱伯克霍尔德菌医院感染的特征及耐药性分析

目的了解重症监护病房（ICU）洋葱伯克霍尔德菌引起医院感染的特征及耐药情况,为临床治疗及控制该菌的暴发流行提供实验依据。方法常规方法对我院2003年1月至2007年10月ICU的病人的各种临床标本进行分离培养,细菌鉴定及药敏试验采用全自动微生物鉴定仪VITEK-2进行。结果引起ICU医院感染的洋葱伯克霍尔德菌共有99例,感染以肺部感染为主,对临床常用的多种抗菌药物表现交叉耐药,对头孢匹肟、亚胺培南、哌拉西林、阿米卡星、庆大霉素的敏感率较差在50．0％以下;对环丙沙星、左氧氟沙星、头孢他啶、氨曲南、哌拉西林／他唑巴坦、美诺培南和复方新诺明的敏感率较高,分别为82．8％、87．9％、91．9％、72．7％、55．6％、62．6％和100．0％。结论引起ICU医院感染的洋葱伯克霍尔德菌具有多重耐药性,临床治疗时应根据药敏结果选用抗菌药物。     

2004～2008年洋葱伯克霍尔德菌临床分布和耐药性分析

目的 了解2004年至2008年我院临床分离的洋葱伯克霍尔德菌的标本来源、临床分布和耐药性.方法 采用API staph 鉴定系统和K-B琼脂扩散法,对分离到的55株洋葱伯克霍尔德菌进行鉴定和药敏试验.结果 2004年至2008年共分离出55株洋葱伯克霍尔德菌, 标本来源以痰标本最多(90.91%,50/55),科室分布以ICU最多(60%,33/55),其次为呼吸内科(18.18%,10/55).药敏结果 显示,对多数抗菌药物的耐药率较高,只对美罗培南、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦和亚胺培南的耐药率最低,分别为29.17%、33.33%和39.62%.结论 药敏结果 显示,洋葱伯克霍尔德菌具有高度和多重耐药性,临床抗感染治疗应根据药敏试验结果 选用敏感药物.     

儿童医院感染洋葱伯克霍尔德菌三年临床分布特征调查

目的调查三年来儿童医院感染洋葱伯克霍尔德菌的临床分布特点及耐药情况,指导临床合理用药。方法2010年1月-2012年12月住院患儿送检标本采用VITEK-32全自动细菌鉴定仪进行细菌鉴定,药敏试验采用Kirby—Bauer法。结果三年分离到洋葱伯克霍尔德菌分别为28株、36株和51株,共¨5株,呈逐年上升趋势;其来源主要分布在儿童ICU和新生儿病房,以引起儿童呼吸道感染为主要症状;药敏结果显示替卡西林／克拉维酸、庆大霉素、氨苄西林／舒巴坦等耐药率均逐年升高;对哌拉西林／他唑巴坦、头孢他啶和复方新诺明敏感性高。结论儿童医院感染洋葱伯克霍尔德菌呈逐年上升趋势,因其是一种多重耐药菌,天然耐多种抗菌药物,临床监测其分布状况和耐药性具有重要意义。     

洋葱伯克霍尔德菌临床分离和耐药性监测

/他唑巴坦和复方新诺明敏感.来自ICU的洋葱伯克霍尔德菌耐药更强.结论 洋葱伯克霍尔德菌耐药及多药耐药性严重,应引起广泛关注,尤其是中心ICU,治疗上可选用哌拉西林/他唑巴坦.     

哌拉西林/他唑巴坦对三种非发酵菌体外敏感性检测方法的比较

目的评价不同方法检测无CLSI解释标准的3种非发酵菌———嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌、洋葱伯克霍尔德菌、脑膜脓毒性黄杆菌对哌拉西林/他唑巴坦的耐药性情况,以利于检测方法的选择应用。方法同时用标准K-B法、VITEK-32配套的药敏检测卡GNS-143法、E-test试条法检测临床分离的139株无CLSI解释标准的非发酵菌对哌拉西林/他唑巴坦的敏感性,并对3种方法相互间的符合情况进行比较。结果3种方法检测80株嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌,36株洋葱伯克霍尔德菌,23株脑膜脓毒性黄杆菌对哌拉西林/他唑巴坦的敏感率分别为:46.3%、82.5%、45.0%,77.8%、44.4%、52.8%,69.6%、52.2%、56.5%;耐药率分别为:32.5%、10.0%、48.8%,19.4%、38.9%、38.9%,17.4%、39.1%、21.7%。139株细菌3种方法间的符合情况:K-B法与VITEK法比较,完全符合率为51.1%、部分符合率为22.3%、完全不符合率为26.6%;K-B法与E-test试条法比较,三者分别为61.9%、15.8%、22.3%;VITEK法与E-test试条法比较,三者分别为56.1%、16.6%、27.3%。结论不同的方法检测同一种细菌对哌拉西林/他唑巴坦的药敏结果有较大不同,各方法间的可比性较差。嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌K-B法与E-test试条法符合性好于VITEK法,而其他2种细菌VITEK法好于K-B法。建议临床实验室对此类细菌的药敏检测仅报告实验检测结果,而不报药敏检测解释结果。     

洋葱伯克霍尔德菌感染家兔抗感染疗效与体外药物敏感性的比较

目的使用无CLSI完整解释标准的药物,哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、替卡西林/棒酸、头孢吡肟治疗洋葱伯克霍尔德菌感染的家兔模型,观察比较何种体外药物敏感试验更能准确反应临床疗效。方法 57株临床分离的洋葱伯克霍尔德菌,感染57只家兔腹腔。将感染家兔分成3组(A、B、C组),每组19只;分别在48、72、96、120和144 h注射药物:A组每只家兔注射1 mL浓度为2 g/mL哌拉西林/他唑巴坦;B组每只家兔注射1 mL浓度为0.1g/mL头孢吡肟;C组每只家兔注射1 mL浓度为0.6 g/mL替卡西林/棒酸。比较肉汤稀释法(MIC法)、K-B法及VITEK法检测的药物敏感性结果与体内药物治疗的疗效关系。结果哌拉西林/他唑巴坦治疗组(A组),K-B法检测结果与家兔感染模型治疗过程相符率为72.2%,MIC法66.7%,VITEK法为66.7%。替卡西林/棒酸治疗组(B组),MIC法83.3%,VITEK法为77.8%,K-B法检测结果与家兔感染模型治疗过程相符率为50.0%。头孢吡肟治疗组(C组),MIC法88.9%,VITEK法为77.8%,K-B法检测结果与家兔感染模型治疗过程相符率为72.2%。结论在3种药物敏感性检测法中,哌拉西林/他唑巴坦以K-B法检测结果与感染家兔的抗感染疗效最为接近;替卡西林/棒酸及头孢吡肟均以MIC法与感染家兔的抗感染疗效最为接近;针对洋葱伯克霍尔德菌的感染建议临床使用不同的方法检测不同的药物体外敏感性。     

重症监护病房的病原调查及耐药性监测研究

目的调查浙江中医药大学附属第一医院重症监护病房（ICU）临床分离株的病原分布及细菌耐药状况,并与非ICU相比较,观察二者的区别,为临床用药提供有效的参考价值。方法收集该院2010年1月至2011年6月临床送检的各类标本,采用VITEK-2 compact全自动微生物鉴定仪,用GPI、GNI、ANC、YST鉴定卡、AST—GN13、AST—GP67药敏卡进行菌株的鉴定和药敏,根据美国临床实验室标准化协会（CLSI2010）制定的指导原则,判断细菌的耐药率。结果共计分离到2341株细菌,其中ICU有505株占21．6％,非ICU有1836株占78．4％。在ICU分离到的细菌中,革兰阳性菌占23．2％（117／505）;非发酵菌占47．3％（239／505）。在非ICU中,革兰阳性菌占34．4％（632／1836）;非发酵菌20．2％（371／1836）。ICU前3位细菌分别为鲍曼不动杆菌、肺炎克雷伯杆菌、洋葱伯克霍尔德菌。非ICU前3位依次为大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌。非发酵菌中,铜绿假单胞菌和鲍曼不动杆菌对哌拉西林／他唑巴坦、头孢他啶、头孢吡肟、亚胺培南、美洛培南的耐药率,ICU和非ICU差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。亚胺培南对ICU铜绿假单胞中的MIC50是非ICU的8倍,MIC。值相当。ICU与非ICU分离的葡萄球菌属细菌对头孢唑啉、环丙沙星、左旋氧氟沙星的耐药率差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。ICU和非ICU葡萄球菌对利奈唑胺、万古霉素、替考拉宁全部敏感。结论ICU患者分离的细菌以革兰阴性菌为主,其中又以非发酵菌占大多数。非ICU患者分离的革兰阳性菌比例明显要比ICU高。在主要的致病菌中,ICU的耐药率明显高于非ICU。     

产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌AmpC酶的检测及耐药性分析

目的了解深圳市人民医院产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌中产AmpC酶的情况及其耐药性。方法收集产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌临床株126株,应用Tris-EDTA纸片法检测AmpC酶。用琼脂稀释法测定菌株对11种抗生素的最低抑菌浓度（MIC）。结果126株ESBLs阳性的肺炎克雷伯菌中12株检出AmpC酶,检出率为9.5%。AmpC阳性菌株对头孢西丁、头孢他啶、氨曲南、氨苄西林/舒巴坦和阿莫西林/克拉维酸的耐药率达100%,对阿米卡星和哌拉西林/他唑巴坦的耐药率分别为83.3%和33.3%,其中头孢西丁、头孢他啶、氨曲南、阿莫西林/克拉维酸、阿米卡星和哌拉西林/他唑巴坦的耐药率显著高于AmpC阴性株（P〈0.05）。结论深圳市人民医院产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌中检出AmpC酶阳性株,其耐药性强于单产ESBLs菌株。     

重症监护病房洋葱伯克霍尔德菌肺部感染及耐药性监测

目的 探讨重症监护病房(ICU)洋葱伯克霍尔德菌肺部感染的临床特点及其耐药情况,为临床合理用药提供参考.方法 对2010年10月至2011年10月在ICU住院期间,患者肺部感染洋葱伯克霍尔德菌耐药情况进行回顾性分析.结果 肺部感染患者共检出34株洋葱伯克霍尔德菌,占全部病原菌的1.85％.19种抗菌药物药敏试验结果显示除美罗培南、复方磺胺甲基异噁唑、米诺环素的抑菌活性较高外,其余16种抗菌药物的耐药率高达73.5％～100.0％.结论 洋葱伯克霍尔德菌具有多重耐药性,治疗难度大,应引起足够重视,临床应根据药敏试验结果合理选用抗菌药物.     

仙居县儿童下呼吸道感染肺炎克雷伯菌耐药性分析

目的分析仙居人民医院住院下呼吸道感染患儿临床分离肺炎克雷伯菌的耐药特征,为临床合理用药提供依据。方法选择2012年7月至2013年7月该院下呼吸道感染肺炎克雷伯菌阳性患儿81例。对患儿的临床一般资料进行分析,对临床分离菌株进行细菌鉴定,用18种抗生素进行药敏试验,采用WHONET5．4分析软件进行统计。结果2012年7月至2013年7月共分离出81株肺炎克雷伯菌,ESBLs阳性42株,检出率为51．85％。所有菌株对亚胺培南、厄他培南、左旋氧氟沙星、丁胺卡那100％敏感。对氨苄西林耐药率为100％。ESBLs阴性菌株对氨曲南、头孢曲松、头孢他啶、头孢唑啉、头孢吡肟100％敏感,而ESBLs阳性菌株则100％耐药。ESBLs阴性菌株对其他抗生素的耐药率为氨苄西彬舒巴坦（12．82％）、环丙沙星（2．56％）、头孢替坦（O％）、呋喃妥因（20．51％）、庆大霉素（5．13％）、复方新诺明（17．85％）、妥布霉素（2．56％）、哌拉西林／他唑巴坦（2．56％）;ESBLs阳性菌株对其他抗生素的耐药率为氨苄西林／舒巴坦（73．80％）、环丙沙星（2．38％）、头孢替坦（16．67％）、呋喃妥因（61．90％）、庆大霉素（28．57％）、复方新诺明（54．76％）、妥布霉素（7．14％）、哌拉西林／他唑巴坦（7．14％）。结论本地区患儿中肺炎克雷伯菌耐药性较高,临床应重视病原菌的检测。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.     

（鱼句）亚科花（鱼骨）型鱼类骨骼系统的比较

对我国花型Hemibarbuspattern鱼类作了骨骼系统比较,结果表明,此类型鱼类脑颅较长,副蝶骨平直或稍弯曲,眶蝶骨腹纵嵴发达(铜鱼Coreius septentrionalis例外),下颞窝和咽突中等大,基枕骨后突发达;脑颅中的上筛骨的后突、侧筛骨的外筛突,蝶耳骨的外突、上耳骨的后突、围眶骨和后颞窝等均有明显的差异;咽颅中的舌颌骨、尾舌骨、鳃盖骨和下咽齿的列数等又有显著的区别;附肢骨骼中的腰带骨、脊椎骨中的复合神经骨和第4椎骨腹侧的悬器等也有不同之处。据此,这些差异和区别可作为属间或种间的分类依据。