苏芸金杆菌抗药性的研究

本文报道了苏芸金杆菌包括30个亚种标准菌株在内的34个菌株对6种抗菌素的抗性研究结果。结果表明所有被试菌株对氨苄青霉素50—200单位/ml表现出较强的抗性,其中有17个菌株对链霉素12.5ug/ml、18个菌株对四环素25单位/ml显示出弱抗性。全部供试菌株对链霉素25—50ug/ml、四环素50单位/ml、红霉素12.5—50ug/ml、氯霉素12.5—100单位及卡那霉素12.5单位/ml均未显示出任何抗性。显微镜检查了部分菌株在含四环素25单位/ml,链霉素12.5ug/ml培养基上形成的抗性菌落的菌体发育情况,在所检查的11株链霉素抗性菌落中,有6个菌株的抗性菌落可形成正常的芽孢和晶体,在10株四环素抗性菌落中,有8个菌株可形成正常的芽孢和晶体。试验还测定了其中5株苏芸金杆菌对四环素25单位/ml的抗性频率为7.7—13.2％。     

农用抗生素TS99高产菌株的选育

在明确链霉素对农抗TS99产生菌Streptomyces fungicidicus YH04孢子的致死浓度为1.2μg/mL的基础上,以链霉素致死浓度为选择压力,采用不同剂量的紫外线照射对菌株孢子进行诱变处理,获得了大量的链霉素抗性基因突变株,进而从中筛选到发酵效价较出发菌株提高60%以上,且遗传稳定性良好的高产菌株Streptomyces fungicidicus YH9407.     

具有双重抗生素抗性的ε-聚赖氨酸高产菌株选育及生理特性

以ε-聚赖氨酸产量为1.60g/L的Streptomyces albulus M-Z18为出发菌株,利用核糖体工程技术选育具有双重抗生素抗性的ε-聚赖氨酸高产菌株,并对高产菌株和出发菌株的生理生化性能进行比较。通过链霉素诱变成功选育出了1株遗传稳定的ε-聚赖氨酸产生菌S.albulus S-7,ε-聚赖氨酸产量为2.03g/L;对S.albulus S-7叠加巴龙霉素,获得1株遗传稳定的具有双重抗性的ε-聚赖氨酸产生菌S.albulus SP-14,ε-聚赖氨酸产量为2.37g/L,比出发菌株S.albulus M-Z18的ε-聚赖氨酸产量增加了48.10%。使用链霉素和巴龙霉素选育具有双重抗生素抗性的ε-聚赖氨酸高产菌株是一种有效的手段。     

微波诱变结合抗性突变筛选放线菌素D高产菌株

采用微波结合链霉素抗性筛选法选育放线菌素D的高产菌株。通过考察链霉素对Streptomyces rubiginosohelvolus FIM-N31菌株孢子生长情况的影响确定链霉素致死浓度,出发菌株FIM-N31的孢子经微波辐照处理后,涂布在含链霉素致死浓度（50 μg/mL）的培养基平板上培养,获得了大量的链霉素抗性基因突变株。摇瓶发酵筛选突变株,结果获得一株遗传性状稳定的放线菌素D高产菌Str186,其产放线菌素D的能力比出发菌株提高了8倍以上。     

两株高效相思根瘤菌的抗药性研究及其质粒组成分析

目的:研究相思根瘤菌质粒与其抗药性之间的关系。方法:研究了相思根瘤菌MZ和AJ018在含不同浓度的抗生素的固体培养基和液体培养基的生长情况,并用碱裂解方法对其质粒组成进行检测。结果:两菌株对链霉素和卡那霉素均无抗性,而对其它抗生素都有不同程度的抗性。MZ菌株对实验中的氯霉素、氨苄青霉素、四环素三种抗生素的耐受范围与最大耐受值都比AJ018强,当平板培养基中氨苄青霉素、四环素、氯霉素的终浓度分别为250μg/ml、75μg/ml、150μg/ml时,AJ018在平板上无菌落生长,当三种抗生素终浓度分别为800μg/ml1、50μg/ml、400μg/ml时无菌落生长。两菌株都含有一个大约50kb的质粒。     

电场诱导棘孢小单胞菌原生质体融合

以小诺霉素（Micromomicin,MCR)产生菌棘孢小单胞菌（Micromonosporaechinospora）为出发菌株,诱变筛选得到一株链霉素抗性菌株,抗性菌株的原生质体分别用紫外线照射和热处理致死,通过单亲致死原生质体融合,以链霉素为选择条件选出融合株,经摇瓶发酵并结合薄层层析扫描（ThinLayerCharamotography,TLC）分析,筛得4株MCR百分含量高于亲株的融合子,MCR百分含量达到90％,效价1076u／ml,分别比亲株提高15％和11％。     

球形芽孢杆菌的抗药标记及外源DNA的转化与表达

用亚硝基胍（NTG）对球形芽孢杆菌（Bacillussphaericus）进行化学诱变,筛选到利福平（Rif）和链霉素（Sm）二个标记菌株。抗药浓度均达100u／ml培养基。其抗药性状能够获得较好地遗传。用含溶葡球菌酶基因的质粒DNA对RifR菌株进行原生质体转化,酶基因在该抗药菌株中获得了高效表达。经摇瓶发酵试验,溶葡球菌酶的活性约为122u／ml培养液。     

Studies on selectable marker for genetic engineering of Zymomonas mobilis ZM4 and CP4 strain

尽管质粒和选择标记的使用作为基因工程最基本的一环而为人们所熟知,但对一些特殊菌种(菌株)或研究很少的菌种(菌株)的基因工程操作来说,质粒和选择标记可能仍然是一个并未完全解决的问题,因而需要不断提高认识、不断改进.运动发酵单胞菌Zymomonas mobilis具有突出的产醇性能,但其多种内源质粒和多种抗性的特点,增加了其基因工程操作时质粒和选择标记选用的难度.本研究在测定四个抗生素即Ap、Cm、Tc、Km对典型菌株ZM4、CP4的最低生长抑制浓度的基础上,初步确定了这两个菌株基因工程操作时的四个抗生素使用浓度依次分别为300、100、25、350μg/mL(ZM4)和500、100、25、250 μg/mL(CP4);并进一步通过穿梭载体pZB21、宽宿主载体pBBR1MCS-2和整合载体pBR328-ldh R-cml - ldhL的转化,初步分析和证明了这些选择标记和在相应抗生素浓度下的效果:首先,对每一个选择标记基因来说,前述抗生素浓度是适于携带此选择标记基因的质粒的转化筛选和相应转化子培养的;其次,在前述抗生素浓度下,综合筛选平板阳性率和转化效率、培养物菌体形态异常程度等指标,四个选择标记基因中,以Cm和Tc抗性标记基因效果最好,Km抗性标记基因居中,Ap抗性标记基因最差.这些结果为ZM4、CP4基因工程遗传改造用抗性标记基因、质粒、抗生素的选择及转化系统的完善奠定了基础.     

南昌霉素高产菌株的链霉素抗性基因突变诱变筛选研究*

通过链霉素对南昌霉素 (Nanchangmycin)产生菌NS 41 80菌株孢子的致死浓度测定基础上 ,采用诱变剂甲基磺酸乙酯 (EMS)的不同诱变剂量对菌株孢子进行诱变处理 ,诱变处理的孢子涂布在含链霉素 ( 1 0 μg/mL)致死浓度的高氏平板上 ,获得了大量的链霉素抗性基因 (str)突变株。然后从 3,0 0 0株链霉素抗性基因 (str)突变株中通过初筛获得比诱变出发菌株产素能力提高 2 0 %以上的菌株 2 0 2株。再进一步通过摇瓶复筛 ,获得比出发菌株产素能力分别提高 1     

海南省潜伏香蕉果实的炭疽菌对特克多的抗药性

对来自海南省13个地区的67个Colletotrichum musae（Berk. & Curt.）Arx菌株进行抗药性检测,所测菌株均表现出敏感,即未产生特克多抗药性。室内采用高浓度特克多和90～95%致死剂量紫外光进行抗性诱导,获得的抗性菌株均能在1000g/ml特克多的PDA培养基上生长,但EC50值相差很大,最高达130g/ml,而最低为0.87g/ml。抗性菌株对多菌灵和甲基托布津均表现正交互抗药性。连续无毒培养10代后,所有菌株仍可在5g/ml特克多的培养基上生长,表现抗性遗传稳定。抗性菌株的产孢能力和致病力与敏感菌相比并没有下降,表现很高的适应能力。     

单亲灭活柠檬酸杆菌与奇球菌原生质体融合

利用单亲灭活原生质体技术对柠檬酸杆菌和奇球菌原生质体进行了融合,考察了原生质体制备条件与融合中的影响因素。试验表明,随着溶菌酶浓度,酶解时间的增加和温度的上升,原生质体的形成率呈上升趋势,而再生率则逐渐下降。另外,正交试验结果表明,在PEG(6000)浓度40%、融合时间10min、融合温度42°C、pH值为8的条件下促融,最大融合频率可达2.74×10-7。筛选出来的融合子传代10次,性状稳定。进一步研究发现融合子在铀溶度为85mg/L时,比柠檬酸杆菌耐受性好;融合子和亲本吸附比较试验中,融合子总体吸附性能比柠檬酸杆菌略高。研究结果为耐辐射基因工程菌的构建提供了基础。     

Enhancement of nodulation by some arid climate strains of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Rhizobium leguminosarum</Emphasis> biovar <Emphasis Type="Italic">trifolii</Emphasis> using protoplast fusion

Fourteen randomly clover indigenous nodulated Rhizobium strains were isolated from different locations in Saudi Arabia. They were identified as different strains of the genus Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar trifolii and characterized for their intrinsic antibiotic resistance against a range of antibiotics, nodulation capability and plasmid profiles. Results revealed the presence of high molecular weight plasmids (megaplasmids) in all the selected strains. Based on the ability for nodulation production, two weak strains (RtI1 and RtI2) and one efficient strain (RtA1) were selected for protoplast fusion and the numbers of nodules produced by the intra-specific protoplast fusion strains were investigated. Results clearly confirmed the effective role of the protoplast fusion in enhancing both nodulation production capacity of Rhizobium species and their range of antibiotic resistance. Protoplast fusion of the local Rhizobium species resulted in 1.93- to 5.67-fold increase in nodulation number compared to their parental strains, which was considered an excellent result concerning agricultural practices, especially the formation of nitrogen-fixing root nodules on legume crop plants. Protoplast fusion also produced fusants with a wide range of antibiotic resistance, another advantage added to the new strains against environmental stresses. In conclusion, protoplast fusion proved its efficiency as a tool for constructing a second generation of Rhizobia with much better characteristics for efficient applications in arid land.     

Activity of 22 antibacterials against O1 and O139 serogroup Vibrio cholerae strains isolated from humans within 1927-2005 in various regions of the world]

Analysis of antibioticograms of 390 O1 and O139 serogroup Vibrio cholerae strains isolated from humans within 1927-2005 in various regions of the world showed that the strains of V. cholerae isolated within 1927-1966 were susceptible to 22 antibacterials, the strains isolated within 1938-1993 possessed 1-3 resistance markers and the strains isolated within 1994-2005 had 3-8 resistance markers including resistance to fluoroquinolones. All the strains of O139 serogroup V. cholerae isolated in 1993 and 1994 possessed 3 resistance markers. Studies on albino mice with generalized experimental cholera due to the V. cholerae eltor 1 strain (P-18826, 2005) isolated from a cholera patient, which was highly resistant to nalidixic acid, streptomycin, ampicillin and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and showed cross resistance to fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, pefloxacin and norfloxacin) and moderate resistance to ceftriaxone and cefotaxime, revealed that the only efficient antibiotics were tetracyclines and aminoglycosides (except streptomycin). The investigation demonstrated an extension of the antibiotic resistance spectra of the epidemically significant strains of the cholera pathogen and the necessity of using antibacterial drugs in strict accordance with the antibioticograms in emergent prophylaxis and therapy of cholera and immediate replacement of the drug by a more active one.     

Genetic instability of the feature of streptomycin resistance in Streptomyces erythraeus

The feature of streptomycin resistance in S. erythraeus, a culture producing erythromycin, is genetically unstable. Mutants sensitive to 0.03 mg/ml of streptomycin are formed in the initial streptomycin resistant strains at a rate of 0.04 per cent. It was shown possible to perform step-by-step selection for increasing streptomycin resistance (from 0.2 to 15 mg/ml) in the mutants producing and not producing erythromycin. The increase in the streptomycin resistance did not lead to a higher resistance to other aminoglycosides. Restriction analysis of the total DNA with the use of various endonucleases demonstrated that the increase in the resistance was not associated with amplification of DNA nucleotide sequences.     

Isolation and characterization of streptomycin-resistant mutants in Nicotiana plumbaginifolia

Summary Streptomycin-resistant colonies were isolated from protoplast cultures of haploid Nicotiana plumbaginifolia based on their ability to green in medium containing 1 mg/ml streptomycin sulfate. The frequency of resistant colonies was 0.9×10^–5 in nonmutagenized culture, and increased ten-fold following treatment of culture with 10 g/ml N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. Of a total of 52 resistant clones isolated, 2 gave rise to haploid, 15 to diploid, and 3 to tetraploid plants upon transfer of calli to differentiation medium. Leaf-segment and protoplast assays showed that all diploid regenerates were resistant to streptomycin but sensitive to chloramphenicol, kanamycin, lincomycin, neomycin, and spectinomycin. Plants in most diploid clones were fertile and able to set seeds when self-fertilized and crossed reciprocally to wild-type plants. Inheritance of streptomycin resistance was studied in the diploid clones and, without exception, the resistance was transmitted maternally. Comparative studies of the ultrastructure of organelles and protein synthesis in isolated chloroplasts between wild-type and resistant clones in the presence of streptomycin suggest that streptomycin resistance is controlled by chloroplasts.     

Streptomycin and lincomycin resistances are selective plastid markers in cultured Nicotiana cells

Summary Resistance to streptomycin and lincomycin in plant cell culture is used as a color marker: resistant cells are green whereas sensitive cells are white on the selective medium. Streptomycin and lincomycin at appropriate concentrations do not kill sensitive Nicotiana cells. The selective value of plastid ribosomal DNA mutations, conferring resistance to streptomycin and lincomycin, was investigated by growing heteroplastidic cells on a selective medium. The heteroplastidic cells were obtained by protoplast fusion, and contained a mixed population of streptomycin resistant plastids from the N. tabacum line Nt-SR1-Kan2, and lincomycin resistant plastids from the N. plumbaginifolia line Np-LR400-Hyg1. Clones derived from protoplast fusion were selected by kanamycin and hygromycin resistance, transgenic nuclear markers. Somatic hybrids were then grown on a selective streptomycin or lincomycin medium, or in the absence of either drug to a 50 to 100 mg size callus. Southern analysis of a polymorphic region of plastid DNA (ptDNA) revealed that somatic hybrids grown on streptomycin contained almost exclusively ptDNA from the streptomycin resistant parent, somatic hybrids grown on lincomycin contained almost exclusively ptDNA from the lincomycin resistant parent whereas somatic hybrids grown in the absence of either drug contained mixed parental plastids. Sensitive ptDNA was below detection level in most clones on selective medium, but could be recovered upon subsequent culture in the presence of the appropriate drug. The drugs streptomycin and lincomycin provide a powerful selection pressure that should facilitate recovery of plastid transformants.     

原生质体融合构建高效产脂肽工程菌

芽孢杆菌因其可产生多种生理活性物质,在环境污染修复、生物防治、微生物采油等领域具有广阔的应用前景。莫哈韦芽孢杆菌Bacillus mojavensis JF-2和解淀粉芽孢杆菌B. amyloliquefaciens BQ-6是从油田筛选出的产脂肽类表面活性剂菌株, 但在微生物采油实际应用中受到氧气浓度、盐度及pH的限制。原生质体融合是改变微生物代谢功能的一种简便有效的方法,以上述两株芽孢杆菌为对象,利用4因素3水平正交试验来探索菌龄、溶菌酶浓度、酶解温度和酶解时间对原生体制备、再生的影响。此外,对两菌株进行了双亲灭活原生质体融合,通过筛选得到了一株工程菌HY-4,并对其进行了初步的评价。结果表明:菌龄、溶菌酶浓度和酶解时间显著影响芽孢杆菌原生质体制备率及再生率(P<0.05),且在溶菌酶处理前用生理盐水多次洗涤菌体细胞,可提高制备率。两种芽孢杆菌原生质体制备及再生的最优条件均为:菌龄7 h、溶菌酶浓度2.5 mg/ml、酶解时间30 min、酶解温度42 ℃。融合子HY-4的最高耐盐度为15%,可耐50 ℃高温,代谢产脂肽的pH范围为4.0~9.5,且在好氧及厌氧条件下均能够代谢产脂肽,在厌氧条件下生长迅猛(细胞干重>1.6 g/L)。综上所述,融合子HY-4具有较大的应用潜力,该研究为芽孢杆菌的遗传育种打下了方法学基础,并对驱油微生物菌种的选育具有指导意义。     

Hybridization of A-factor deficient mutants of Streptomyces griseus by means of fusion of protoplasts

Characteristics of 6 A-factor deficient mutants of S. griseus are presented. The common feature of the mutants was impairment of sporulation, formation of aerial mycelium and streptomycin synthesis. Pair-by-pair hybridization of the mutants was performed with protoplast fusion followed by regeneration. 9 pair couplings of the mutants were performed. In 3 of them sporulating recombinants were detected. The antibiotic production level in 70 hybrids was different and ranged from 0 to 1700 micrograms/ml. The morphological features of the colonies and the number of the spores formed were also different. The common feature of all the 70 sporulating hybrid strains was recovery of synthesis of A-factor, an endogenic regulator of S. griseus development. Therefore, in the A-factor deficient mutants impairment of A-factor synthesis was induced not by the plasmid elimination, as was suggested, but by mutation of separate genes.     

Protoplast Fusion of Lactobacillus casei

Lactobacillus casei ATCC 7469 was successfully converted to protoplasts by treatment with endo-7V-acetyl muramidase in sucrose phosphate buffer. For full hydrolysis of cell walls, a high concentration of sucrose and a cold shock were necessary. Mg²⁺ ions enhanced the stability of protoplasting cells. The cell wall regeneration of protoplasts was more effective on gelatin-induced regeneration medium than with the soft overlay method. The optimal concentration of gelatin was 2.5%. The frequency of regeneration was found to be about 6% for the protoplast prepared by enzyme treatment for 20 min. The mutants having streptomycin resistance and rifampicin resistance, as selection markers for the detection of fusion, were isolated by UV irradiation and NTG treatment. These mutants were stable for at least several transfers. Protoplast fusion was carried out using PEG (50% solution of polyethyleneglycol, M.W. 6,000). The frequency of protoplast fusion was found to be about 10^-5.