环境抗生素污染的微生物修复进展

近年来随着抗生素在畜牧业、水产养殖业以及医疗行业的广泛应用,大量抗生素通过排泄物进入环境,导致我国大面积水体及土壤环境中抗生素残留量急剧增高。环境中不同种类的抗生素的残留导致微生物种群结构失衡,对生态环境及人类造成极大危害。因此,解决抗生素残留问题是21世纪新型环境污染物领域的一个重要课题。已有研究显示,一些微生物能够以抗生素为碳源生存,可用于降解环境中残留抗生素,但人们对微生物降解抗生素的降解机制了解较少。文中概括了近十年来抗生素降解菌株和菌群对抗生素的去除情况,以及应用微生物菌群处理抗生素残留的技术方法,同时对未来利用微生物修复法减少环境中抗生素残留进行了展望。     

环丙沙星对土壤微生物量碳和土壤微生物 群落碳代谢多样性的影响

采用氯仿熏蒸浸提法和Biolog法,分析环丙沙星作用下的土壤微生物量碳和微生物群落碳代谢多样性,以揭示环丙沙星在环境中残留对土壤微生物学性状的影响.结果表明,环丙沙星(wCIP≥0.1 μg/g)对土壤微生物量碳含量影响显著(P＜0.05),土壤中环丙沙星浓度愈高,微生物量碳含量愈低,100μg/g的环丙沙星处理使土壤微生物量碳含量下降58.69％.环丙沙星对土壤微生物群落碳代谢功能影响显著,环丙沙星降低了土壤微生物对碳水化合物、羧酸、氨基酸、聚合物、酚类和胺类的碳源利用率;环丙沙星(wCIP≥0.1 μg/g)显著影响了土壤微生物群落碳源代谢强度和代谢多样性,但不同浓度的环丙沙星对土壤微生物群落碳代谢功能的影响不同,0.1、1、10 μg/g的环丙沙星处理对土壤微生物群落碳代谢功能的影响主要表现在处理前期(用药第7天、21天),这种影响在处理后期(用药第35天)表现不明显,100μg/g的环丙沙星在用药的前期和后期均显著影响土壤微生物群落碳代谢功能,土壤中环丙沙星积累到该浓度可能对土壤微生物群落碳代谢功能产生难以逆转的长期影响.     

邻苯二甲酸酯的污染现状及微生物降解研究进展

作为环境内分泌干扰物的一种,邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)作为增塑剂被广泛应用于生产、生活诸多方面,目前已在大气、水、土壤等各种环境介质中被检测到,其污染普遍性和对整个生态系统的危害性已受到越来越多的关注。微生物降解被认为是去除环境中PAEs的最佳途径。本文综述了PAEs的污染现状及其微生物降解研究进展,为深入探讨PAEs污染的微生物修复提供参考,并对其微生物降解研究前景进行了展望。     

微生物降解磺胺甲恶唑的研究进展

抗生素是一类难降解、低浓度就有高生态毒性效应的化合物,近年来被归为新型环境污染物,其环境残留与去除备受关注。作为广泛使用的抗生素之一,磺胺甲恶唑在水土环境中的残留量不断增加,检出率也越来越高。研究表明,磺胺甲恶唑是少数几种可被微生物降解的抗生素之一,微生物降解法是最具潜力的残留磺胺甲恶唑去除手段。本文总结了磺胺甲恶唑在土壤、沉积物、活性污泥、混合菌群、酶等条件下的降解及已分离的具有降解能力的单菌株对磺胺甲恶唑的降解情况,包括其降解效率、降解条件等,归纳了目前磺胺甲恶唑微生物降解的主要分类,并讨论了影响磺胺甲恶唑降解的两个特有因素。指出从分子生物学及生物信息学角度研究其降解途径,降解菌、降解菌群的人工构建及其在含磺胺甲恶唑污水处理中的应用与效果评价等应为今后磺胺甲恶唑生物降解与应用研究的重点。     

恩诺沙星残留对土壤微生物功能的影响

研究了恩诺沙星残留对土壤呼吸作用、纤维分解作用、氨化作用、硝化作用的影响 ,结果表明 ,相对较低浓度恩诺沙星残留(0 .0 1μg/ g土 ,0 .1μg/ g土 )刺激土壤呼吸作用 ,相对较高浓度恩诺沙星残留 (1μg/ g土 )对土壤呼吸作用产生抑制 ,药物作用活性维持期为 6 d;恩诺沙星残留对土壤纤维分解作用影响较不明显 ;较低浓度恩诺沙星残留 (0 .0 1μg/ g土 ,0 .1μg/ g土 )对土壤氨化作用有刺激作用 ,而较高浓度恩诺沙星残留 (1μg/ g土 ,10μg/ g土 )则会对其起抑制作用 ,药物作用活性期为 9d;不同浓度恩诺沙星对土壤硝化作用影响极其显著 ,当恩诺沙星浓度达到 1μg/ ml时 ,在 3～ 9d内 ,对土壤硝化作用有一定抑制作用。当恩诺沙星浓度达到 10μg/ ml时 ,强烈抑制了土壤硝化作用 ,直到本试验结束时 ,其抑制作用未见减弱。结果表明恩诺沙星残留影响了土壤微生物这些功能 ,因而可能影响到土壤特性和土壤中一些生态过程     

畜禽粪污中残留抗生素降解方法进展

畜禽养殖业的迅速发展和疾病的日益复杂导致了兽用抗生素的广泛使用,但大部分抗生素不能被机体完全吸收,最终以原形或者代谢产物形式由粪尿排出,导致了畜禽粪便中大量残留抗生素。残留抗生素多途径进入土壤、水体,由此引起的潜在生态风险及抗性基因传播备受关注。本文总结了抗生素残留的降解方法:堆肥、厌氧消化、高级氧化、植物修复等,并对各种降解方法中的影响因素进行了阐述,以期为畜禽粪污的无害化处理和资源化利用提供参考。     

硫酸黏菌素残留对土壤微生物群落结构特征的影响

采用氯仿熏蒸法和磷脂脂肪酸(phospholipid fatty acid,PLFA)方法,分析了硫酸黏菌素(colistin sulfate,CS)残留后土壤微生物群落结构的变化.结果表明:硫酸黏菌素(wCS≥5mg·kg-1)对土壤微生物生物量碳影响显著,土壤中硫酸黏菌素浓度愈高,微生物生物量碳愈低,50 mg·kg-1的硫酸黏菌素处理使土壤微生物生物量碳下降52.1%.在整个采样周期中,每克土壤总PLFA含量在硫酸黏菌素胁迫下出现明显降低,且存在一定的剂量依赖效应.第7、49天时,低浓度组(wCS=0.5 mg·kg-1)和对照组分异不明显,第21、35天时,处理间土壤微生物群落结构多样性类型分异显著,其中高浓度组(wCS=50 mg·kg-1)与对照组分异最大.表明硫酸黏菌素可致土壤微生物群落结构多样性改变,并表现出时间差异.这可能与硫酸黏菌素在土壤中化学结构发生了改变和降解有关.     

太湖沉积物微生物生物量及其与碳、氮、磷的相关性

对太湖沉积物中微生物生物量碳(MBc)、氮(MBN)、磷(MBp),以及沉积物总有机碳(TOC)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)进行测定并进行相关性分析,揭示太湖沉积物微生物对太湖沉积物营养盐的响应及反馈特征.结果表明:沉积物微生物生物量(MB)在湖体沿岸地区大于湖心区,平均值为184.66 mg·kg-1,MBc在西部沿岸区以及竺山湾和梅梁湾区域较高,平均值为127.57 mg·kg-1;MBN在梅梁湾、贡湖部分区域以及靠近梅梁湾和贡湖的湖心区域和东部沿岸区较高,平均值为19.25 mg·kg-1;MBp在东部沿岸区及其附近的湖心区最高,平均值为19.09 mg·kg-1;沉积物TOC高值区(≥2.30 g· kg-1)主要集中在竺山湾、西部沿岸区、梅梁湾、贡湖地区,平均值为1.59 g·kg-1;沉积物TN高值区(≥0.30g· kg-1)主要集中在贡湖、梅梁湾、竺山湾部分地区以及西部沿岸区,平均值为0.21 g·kg-1;沉积物TP高值区(≥1.20g·kg-1)主要集中在东部沿岸区以及湖心部分区域,平均值为0.55 g·kg-1;太湖沉积物TOC/TN在7～19,平均值为8.97,表明太湖沉积物中的有机质具有明显的双重来源,其中陆源有机质主要集中在西部沿岸区;太湖沉积物MB与沉积物TOC和TN呈显著正相关,与沉积物TP相关性不显著;沉积物MBc/MBN与沉积物TOC/TN显著相关.太湖沉积物微生物主要受沉积物TOC、TN影响,且沉积物TOC/TN的变化显著影响微生物群落结构.     

冀北辽河源自然保护区土壤微生物碳代谢对阔叶林叶凋落物组成的响应

利用凋落物袋法研究了冀北辽河源地区阔叶混交林内山杨、白桦、蒙古栎叶凋落物单一分解及混合分解对0~5、5~10和10~20 cm表层土壤微生物生物量碳、微生物呼吸和微生物代谢熵的影响.结果表明:0~20 cm土层对照、白桦、山杨和蒙古栎处理的土壤微生物生物量碳平均含量分别为124.84、325.29、349.79和319.02 mg·kg-1;微生物呼吸平均速率分别为0.66、1.12、1.16和1.10μg·g-1·h-1.0~20 cm土层单一凋落物处理、两种叶凋落物混合处理、3种叶凋落物混合处理的土壤微生物生物量碳平均含量分别为331.37、418.52和529.34mg·kg-1;微生物呼吸平均速率分别为1.13、1.30和1.46μg·g-1·h-1.土壤微生物代谢熵则呈现出与微生物生物量碳、微生物呼吸相反的变化趋势.说明凋落物质量不同,其土壤微生物碳代谢特征不同,表现为高质量凋落物土壤微生物生物量碳、微生物呼吸速率以及微生物对土壤中有机质的利用效率较高,低质量凋落物则与之相反.植物叶凋落物混合能够增强土壤微生物活性,增加土壤微生物对土壤碳的利用效率,促进土壤微生物代谢途径的多样化,有利于林地土壤质量的维护和提高.     

田野菟丝子(Cuscuta campestris)寄生对薇甘菊(Mikania micrantha)入侵群落土壤微生物 生物量和酶活性的影响

比较分析了广东省内伶仃岛薇甘菊未入侵群落、薇甘菊入侵群落、田野菟丝子刚寄生的薇甘菊入侵群落和田野菟丝子寄生3a的薇甘菊入侵群落的土壤化学特性、微生物生物量碳氮磷及土壤酶活性的变化,旨在探讨薇甘菊入侵如何改变土壤特性及田野菟丝子的寄生如何改变薇甘菊入侵地土壤特性.薇甘菊入侵群落土壤的pH值(6.046)、有机碳(35.937 g·kg-1) 、全氮(2.449 g·kg-1)、有机氮(2.383 g·kg-1)和氨态氮(0.051 g·kg-1)含量要显著地高于薇甘菊未入侵群落土壤(5.593,29.512 g·kg-1, 0.800 g·kg-1, 0.722 g·kg-1, 0.043 g·kg-1),而土壤硝态氮含量(0.015 g·kg-1)要显著地低于薇甘菊未入侵群落土壤(0.033 g·kg-1),土壤全磷和有效磷没有明显的差异;薇甘菊入侵群落土壤的微生物生物量碳、氮、磷、土壤酸性磷酸酶、脲酶和β-D-葡萄糖苷酶活性要显著地高于薇甘菊未入侵群落土壤.田野菟丝子寄生可以使薇甘菊入侵地的土壤pH值(5.634)、有机碳(27.225 g·kg-1) 、全氮(1.836 g·kg-1)、有机氮(1.793 g·kg-1)和氨态氮(0.024 g·kg-1)含量显著性下降,对于全磷、有效磷和硝态氮则无明显影响;同时田野菟丝子寄生可以使土壤微生物生物量碳、氮、磷、土壤酸性磷酸酶、脲酶及β-D-葡萄糖苷酶活性显著下降,但改变后的土壤与未入侵地之间仍具有一定的差异.田野菟丝子寄生达3a的薇甘菊入侵地的土壤总有机碳(35.719 g·kg-1)、全氮(2.356 g·kg-1)、有机氮(2.304 g·kg-1)和氨态氮(0.040 g·kg-1)含量相对于寄生早期显著增加,有机碳、全氮、有机氮等含量恢复到薇甘菊入侵地的水平,与未入侵地之间存在显著性差异;田野菟丝子寄生时间对土壤微生物生物量氮磷及土壤酸性磷酸酶和β-D-葡萄糖苷酶活性无显著性影响,但微生物生物量碳及脲酶活性显著升高,甚至超出薇甘菊入侵地.薇甘菊入侵可以改变土壤微生物生物量和酶活性,最终改变土壤化学特性,有利于其入侵;而田野菟丝子寄生可以打破土壤微生物生态系统的动态平衡,引起土壤微生物生物量和酶活性的改变,而最终又引起土壤化学特性的改变.此研究结果对于评价薇甘菊入侵的后果、田野菟丝子防治的可能机制及带来的后果具有重要的意义.     

Functional substitutability of native herbivores by livestock for soil carbon stock is mediated by microbial decomposers

Grazing by large mammalian herbivores impacts climate as it can favor the size and stability of a large carbon (C) pool in the soils of grazing ecosystems. As native herbivores in the world's grasslands, steppes, and savannas are progressively being displaced by livestock, it is important to ask whether livestock can emulate the functional roles of their native counterparts. While livestock and native herbivores can have remarkable similarity in their traits, they can differ greatly in their impacts on vegetation composition which can affect soil-C. It is uncertain how these similarities and differences impact soil-C via their influence on microbial decomposers. We test competing alternative hypotheses with a replicated, long-term, landscape-level, grazing-exclusion experiment to ask whether livestock in the Trans-Himalayan ecosystem of northern India can match decadal-scale (2005–2016) soil-C stocks under native herbivores. We evaluate multiple lines of evidence from 17 variables that influence soil-C (quantity and quality of C-input from plants, microbial biomass and metabolism, microbial community composition, eDNA, veterinary antibiotics in soil), and assess their inter-relationships. Livestock and native herbivores differed in their effects on several soil microbial processes. Microbial carbon use efficiency (CUE) was 19% lower in soils under livestock. Compared to native herbivores, areas used by livestock contained 1.5 kg C m⁻² less soil-C. Structural equation models showed that alongside the effects arising from plants, livestock alter soil microbial communities which is detrimental for CUE, and ultimately also for soil-C. Supporting evidence pointed toward a link between veterinary antibiotics used on livestock, microbial communities, and soil-C. Overcoming the challenges of sequestering antibiotics to minimize their potential impacts on climate, alongside microbial rewilding under livestock, may reconcile the conflicting demands from food-security and ecosystem services. Conservation of native herbivores and alternative management of livestock is crucial for soil-C stewardship to envision and achieve natural climate solutions.     

Prolonged exposure to manure from livestock‐administered antibiotics decreases ecosystem carbon‐use efficiency and alters nitrogen cycling

Microbial communities drive soil ecosystem function but are also susceptible to environmental disturbances. We investigated whether exposure to manure sourced from cattle either administered or not administered antibiotics affected microbially mediated terrestrial ecosystem function. We quantified changes in microbial community composition via amplicon sequencing, and terrestrial elemental cycling via a stable isotope pulse‐chase. Exposure to manure from antibiotic‐treated cattle caused: (i) changes in microbial community structure; and (ii) alterations in elemental cycling throughout the terrestrial system. This exposure caused changes in fungal : bacterial ratios, as well as changes in bacterial community structure. Additionally, exposure to manure from cattle treated with pirlimycin resulted in an approximate two‐fold increase in ecosystem respiration of recently fixed‐carbon, and a greater proportion of recently added nitrogen in plant and soil pools compared to the control manure. Manure from antibiotic‐treated cattle therefore affects terrestrial ecosystem function via the soil microbiome, causing decreased ecosystem carbon use efficiency, and altered nitrogen cycling.     

Interactive effects of water and nitrogen addition on soil microbial communities in a semiarid steppe

Aims Better understanding of microbial compositional and physiological acclimation mechanisms is critical for predicting terrestrial ecosystem responses to global change. The aim is to assess variations in soil microbial communities under future scenarios of changing precipitation and N deposition in a semiarid grassland of northern China.Methods In order to explicitly estimate microbial responses, a field experiment with water and N addition was established in April 2005 and continuously conducted for 4 years. Specifically, soil microbial community composition and microbial C utilization potential were determined by phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) and community-level physiological profiles, respectively.Important findings Water addition had no effects on the PLFA concentrations of gram-positive (GP) and negative bacteria (GN), total bacteria and fungi. However, N addition caused significant reductions in the PLFA concentrations of GP, GN, total bacteria and fungi and thus decreased total PLFA of microbial communities. Moreover, there were interactive effects of water and N addition on GN/GP and the ratio of fungal to bacterial PLFA (F/B). In addition, synergistic effects were found between water and nitrogen in affecting microbial C utilization potentials, which implies that microbial C utilization potentials tend to be enhanced when both N and water availability are sufficient. Overall, the microbial responses to water and N addition support our hypothesis that water and N addition may be combined together to affect microbial communities in the semiarid grassland.     

分子生物学方法在水体微生物生态研究中的应用

微生物是生态系统的重要组成部分,研究水体中微生物的多样性和群落结构对于开发微生物资源、进行水体生物修复具有重要意义。现代分子生物学的发展为研究水体微生物提供了行之有效的方法。综述了16S rDNA文库构建、变性梯度凝胶电泳、限制性片段长度多态性、末端标记限制性片段长度多态性等技术的原理以及在水体微生物研究中的主要应用。     

土壤微生物学特性对土壤健康的指示作用

土壤健康是陆地生态系统可持续发展的基础。作者通过概述土壤微生物学特性(土壤微生物群落结构、土壤微生物生物量、土壤酶活性)与土壤质量的关系, 阐明了土壤微生物对土壤健康的生物指示功能。研究表明: 土壤中细菌、真菌和放线菌的组成及其所占比率在一定程度上反映了土壤的肥力水平: 在土壤性质和肥水条件较好的土壤中, 细菌所占比率较高。土壤微生物生物量与土壤有机质含量密切相关, 而且土壤微生物生物量碳与土壤有机碳的比值(C_mic : C_org)和土壤微生物代谢熵(qCO2)的变化在一定程度上反映了土壤有机碳的利用效率。一般情况下, 土壤酶活性高的土壤中, 土壤微生物生物量碳、氮含量也高。因此, 土壤微生物学特性可以反映土壤质量的变化, 并可用作评价土壤健康的生物指标。     

Soil reconstruction after mining fails to restore soil function in an Australian arid woodland

The biogeochemical properties of soils drive ecosystem function and vegetation dynamics, and hence soil restoration after mining should aim to reinstate the soil properties and hydrological dynamics of remnant ecosystems. The aim of this study is to assess soil structure in two vegetation types in an arid ecosystem, and to understand how these soil properties compare to a reconstructed soil profile after mining. In an arid ecosystem in southeast Australia, soil samples were collected at five depths (to 105 cm) from remnant woodland and shrubland sites, and sites either disturbed or totally reconstructed after mining. We assessed soil physico‐chemical properties and microbial activity. Soils in the remnant arid ecosystem had coarse‐textured topsoils that overlay clay horizons, which allows water to infiltrate and avoid evaporation, but also slows drainage to deeper horizons. Conversely, reconstructed soils had high sand content at subsoil horizons and high bulk density and compaction at surface layers (0–20 cm). Reconstructed soils had topsoils with higher pH and electrical conductivity. The reconstructed soils did not show increased microbial activity with time since restoration. Overall, the reconstructed soil horizons were not organized in a way that allowed rainfall infiltration and water storage, as is imperative to arid‐zone ecosystem function. Future restoration efforts in arid ecosystems should focus on increasing sand content of soils near the surface, to reduce evaporative water loss and improve soil quality and plant health.     

Response of marine microbial communities to anthropogenic stress

Marine microbial communities adapt rapidly to changingenvironmental conditions, including anthropogenicstress. Adaptation involves a wide range ofstrategies, including, (a) formation of resistant,dormant stages, (b) initiation of repair mechanisms, (c)immobilization of toxic chemicals, (d) active transportof chemicals out of the cell, (e) use of contaminantchemicals as carbon or energy sources, and (f)transformation of contaminants to less toxic or morevolatile forms.Adaptation responses are generally plasmid- orchromosomally-mediated and controlled throughinduction or derepression of a variety of biochemicalpathways. Characterization of microbial communityresponses at the molecular level provides biomarkersof contaminant exposure which in turn may be used toprovide an overall picture of ecosystem health. Thisreview will discuss the interactions betweenmicroorganisms and environmental contaminants and thepotential use of microbial biomarkers to assess thehealth of the microbial ecosystem.     

Effect of sulfadiazine and trimethoprim on activated sludge performance and microbial community dynamics in laboratory-scale membrane bioreactors and sequencing batch reactors at 8°C

The effect of antibiotics sulfadiazine and trimethoprim on activated sludge operated at 8°C was investigated. Performance and microbial communities of sequencing batch reactors (SBRs) and Membrane Bioreactors (MBRs) were compared before and after the exposure of antibiotics to the synthetic wastewater. The results revealed irreversible negative effect of these antibiotics in environmentally relevant concentrations on nitrifying microbial community of SBR activated sludge. In opposite, MBR sludge demonstrated fast adaptation and more stable performance during the antibiotics exposure. Dynamics of microbial community was greatly affected by presence of antibiotics. Bacteria from classes Betaproteobacteria and Bacteroidetes demonstrated the potential to develop antibiotic resistance in both wastewater treatment systems while Actinobacteria disappeared from all of the reactors after 60 days of antibiotics exposure. Altogether, results showed that operational parameters such as sludge retention time (SRT) and reactor configuration had great effect on microbial community composition of activated sludge and its vulnerability to antibiotics. Operation at long SRT allowed archaea, including ammonium oxidizing species (AOA) such as Nitrososphaera viennensis to grow in MBRs. AOA could have an important role in stable nitrification performance of MBR-activated sludge as a result of tolerance of archaea to antibiotics. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 35: e2708, 2019     

Differential sensitivity of total and active soil microbial communities to drought and forest management

Climate change will affect semiarid ecosystems through severe droughts that increase the competition for resources in plant and microbial communities. In these habitats, adaptations to climate change may consist of thinning—that reduces competition for resources through a decrease in tree density and the promotion of plant survival. We deciphered the functional and phylogenetic responses of the microbial community to 60 years of drought induced by rainfall exclusion and how forest management affects its resistance to drought, in a semiarid forest ecosystem dominated by Pinus halepensis Mill. A multiOMIC approach was applied to reveal novel, community‐based strategies in the face of climate change. The diversity and the composition of the total and active soil microbiome were evaluated by 16S rRNA gene (bacteria) and ITS (fungal) sequencing, and by metaproteomics. The microbial biomass was analyzed by phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs), and the microbially mediated ecosystem multifunctionality was studied by the integration of soil enzyme activities related to the cycles of C, N, and P. The microbial biomass and ecosystem multifunctionality decreased in drought‐plots, as a consequence of the lower soil moisture and poorer plant development, but this decrease was more notable in unthinned plots. The structure and diversity of the total bacterial community was unaffected by drought at phylum and order level, but did so at genus level, and was influenced by seasonality. However, the total fungal community and the active microbial community were more sensitive to drought and were related to ecosystem multifunctionality. Thinning in plots without drought increased the active diversity while the total diversity was not affected. Thinning promoted the resistance of ecosystem multifunctionality to drought through changes in the active microbial community. The integration of total and active microbiome analyses avoids misinterpretations of the links between the soil microbial community and climate change.