消落带生态系统氮素截留转化的主要机制及影响因素

消落带是陆地与水体(河流、湖泊、水库、湿地以及其他特殊水体)之间的生态过渡带,具有独特的生态水文学和生物地球化学过程,是截留和转化NH₄⁺、NO₃^-等非点源氮素进入水体的最后一道生态屏障.整合已有相关研究成果发现: 1)植物固持作用改变氮素在土壤-植被-土壤-大气中相对存在位置;2)微生物反硝化作用将氮素从系统内永久性地去除,是消落带生态系统氮素截留转化的主要机制,但其相对贡献率仍有很大的不确定性.在不同流域背景条件下,影响消落带生态系统氮素生物地球化学循环的主要生态因子变化较大,很难确定地下水位高低、植被状况、微生物属性和土壤基质等哪一个生态因子是驱动消落带生态系统氮素循环的关键因子.研究方法的局限性、大的时空尺度数据的缺乏及对植被宽度认识的模糊性,是导致消落带生态系统氮素截留转化结果变异性大的主要原因.因此,应在消落带生态系统具体研究区位环境因子基础上,利用数学模型、GIS、RS等分析方法及同位素示踪和气体联用测定等定量分析技术,从不同时空尺度研究消落带生态系统氮素的循环与转化规律,以实现消落带生态系统氮素截留转化最优化,为消落带生态系统的科学管理提供理论基础.     

燃煤发电工程对陆地生态环境的影响

根据污染物迁移转化的基本原理,通过实地调查和取样分析,对ZJ燃煤发电厂建成前和建成运行13年后周围陆地土壤和农作物中污染物含量进行比较,分析了燃煤发电工程对陆地生态环境的影响程度.结果表明,燃煤发电工程排放的烟气污染周围陆地生态环境,其中主要是SO₂降落地面引起土壤pH下降,改变了土壤离子组成.文中提出了减免这种影响的措施和途径.     

河岸带不同植被类型土壤氮素转化过程对冻融交替的响应

河岸带是水陆交错地带氮素生物地球化学循环的热点区域,春季融雪时期的气温变化引起的冻融交替是影响土壤氮素转化过程和氮素流失重要因素之一.通过室内模拟,研究了河岸带珍珠梅、落叶松和农田3种植被类型土壤可溶性氮含量与净氮矿化速率对不同冻结温度和冻融频次的响应.结果表明,冻融频次对3种植被类型河岸带土壤可溶性氮影响显著(P＜0.05),不同植被类型土壤可溶性氮含量变化趋势相似,在第1次冻融之后达到峰值,在第10次冻融之后稳定.3种植被类型土壤无机氮含量受冻融交替影响显著升高(P＜0.05).冻融温度对土壤净氮矿化速率影响显著(P＜0.05),土壤净氮矿化速率在第1次冻融之后达到最大值,随冻融次数增加而下降.3种植被类型土壤受冻融交替影响均有一定程度的氮素流失风险,农田土壤无机氮含量本底值较高,土壤氮素随冰雪融水流失风险较大.     

崇明岛不同土地利用类型河岸带土壤反硝化酶活性特征

以崇明岛河岸带为研究对象,采用乙炔抑制法,研究了不同土地利用类型河岸带(农田河岸带、林地河岸带、草地河岸带)土壤反硝化酶活性及其影响因素.结果表明：河岸带反硝化酶活性在(0.69±0.11)～(134.93±33.72) μg N·kg^-1·h^-1,不同土地类型河岸带土壤反硝化酶活性存在明显差异,整体趋势为林地河岸带>农田河岸带>草地河岸带.河岸带表层土壤(0～10 cm)反硝化酶活性与其他土层(10～30、30～50和50～70 cm)呈显著差异(P<0.05).反硝化酶活性与土壤有机碳、土壤全氮和土壤硝态氮呈极显著正相关关系(P<0.01).土地利用类型的变化主要通过改变河岸带土壤自然结构和理化性质、降低土壤有机质的积累、影响土壤氮素的转化,从而抑制河岸带土壤反硝化作用的发生.     

河岸缓冲带对氮污染物削减作用研究进展

氮(N)是水体的重要污染物之一。河岸缓冲带作为连接陆域和水域的生态纽带对N素去除效果显著,是有效控制N素向水体输出的重要途径。本文介绍了河岸带N素的迁移过程,从物理、化学及生物角度阐述了河岸带对N素的去除机理,归纳总结了河岸带对N素的去除效率、影响因素和研究手段。指出不同N素去除途径下N素去除效率的主要影响因素不同,植被结构、土壤渗透和持水特征、河岸宽度和坡度是通过影响物理作用去除N素的主导因素,植被类型、季节动态、植物生长发育是通过影响植物吸收去除N素的主导因素,土壤温度、有机碳含量、pH、硝态氮含量、氧含量是通过影响反硝化作用去除N素的主导因素。最后分析了当前研究中存在的问题,并提出了研究展望及今后研究重点。     

河岸带生态系统植被与土壤对水文变化的响应研究进展

河岸带的植被与土壤是生态系统重要组成部分,对于维持河岸带的生态健康、生态系统服务与可持续性具有至关重要的作用。水文变化是河岸带生态系统的首要干扰因子,系统总结了水文变化对河岸带植被的特征以及植被形态、群落分布、繁殖、生存策略的影响,并阐述了河岸带水文和植被对土壤氮磷迁移转化的影响机制。根系作为土壤与植物地上部分之间物质、能量流动与信号传导的关键纽带,目前对根系的研究还较欠缺,需要加强水文变化对河岸带湿地植物根系形态、结构、功能特征的影响机理研究,以及湿地植物对水文变化的适应机制和耐受阈值方面的探究。在微观方面,应加强水文变化与植被等多因素耦合对土壤氮磷迁移转化过程的机理研究。河流形态和土壤的多样性决定着河岸带水文作用特征的复杂性,今后需注重河岸带个性特征与水文响应的关系研究。河岸带是横向的水陆生态过渡带和河流上下游的纵向生态廊道,亟需综合考虑和模拟流域土壤、植被与水文、人类活动之间的耦合关系,预测未来气候与社会经济情境下的河岸带生态系统演变规律,为河岸带生态系统的生态调节、生物多样性保护与生态恢复等提供理论依据与技术支撑。     

异养硝化-好氧反硝化菌脱氮相关酶系及其编码基因的研究进展

水体氮素污染日益严重,如何经济、高效地去除水体氮素已成为研究热点。近年来,研究人员已从不同环境中分离到许多同时具有异养硝化和好氧反硝化功能的菌株,此类菌生长迅速,可在好氧条件下同时实现硝化和反硝化的过程,并可用于脱除有机污染物,是一类应用潜力巨大的脱氮菌。目前,异养硝化-好氧反硝化菌的脱氮途径和机制主要是通过测定氮循环中间产物或终产物、测定相关酶活性、注释部分氮循环相关基因及参考自养硝化菌和缺氧反硝化菌的氮循环途径等进行研究,其完整的氮素转化途径和氮代谢机制还需要进一步明确。总结了目前异养硝化-好养反硝化菌的脱氮相关酶系及其编码基因的研究进展,以期为异养硝化-好氧反硝化菌的理论研究及其在污水脱氮处理上的应用提供参考。     

冻融作用对陆地生态系统氮循环关键过程的影响效应及其机制

冻融作用是中、高纬度及高海拔地区土壤普遍存在的一种自然现象,是非生长季陆地生态系统氮循环的重要影响因素.冻融作用主要通过改变土壤的理化性质及生物学性状来影响氮素在土壤中的迁移与转化.目前,冻融作用对陆地生态系统氮循环各个过程影响的研究结果不尽一致,理论机制尚不明晰,研究方法也需进一步地探索与创新,因此有必要对现有成果进行梳理和分析,以更好地把握冻融作用下的氮循环过程.本文结合国内外已有研究成果,论述了冻融作用对陆地生态系统氮循环关键过程（氮矿化、固持、硝化与反硝化过程、氮淋溶及气态损失）的影响效应及其主要机制,对目前研究中存在的不足进行了剖析,并对未来研究中迫切需要关注的重点研究方向进行了探讨与展望.     

河岸植被缓冲带与河岸带管理

河岸带是水陆交错带的一种景观表现形式,即岸边陆地上同河水发生作用的植被区域,是介于河溪和高地植被之间的生态过渡带,目前,河岸带的保护和管理日益为人们所关注,并成为自然资源经营及管理中不可缺少的部分,本文对国外河岸带管理有关的研究和实践进行了总结,对河岸带管理的目标、作用、一般途径、面临的问题以及将来发展趋势进行了讨论,并详细地介绍了USDA－FS的河岸植被缓冲带系统,文章最后指出,有必要在国内尽快开展河岸带管理的研究和实践。     

湿地氮素传输过程研究进展

综述了湿地氮素传输过程的研究进展。湿地氮素传输过程包括物理过程、化学过程和生物过程 ,与土壤、植物的发生、发育紧密联系在一起 ,并形成了空气 -水 -土 -生命系统中物质循环和能量流动的复杂网络。湿地硝态氮的淋失直接威胁着湿地地下水水质安全 ,N2 O源汇转变受土壤和水体等环境因子的制约 ,氨挥发则与水体 p H值密切相关排放。湿地氮素的化学转化过程是矿质养分供给和 N2 O产生的主要机制 ,受环境因子和人类活动干扰的影响 ;动力学模型可用于描述氮素的化学转化过程。湿地植物的吸收和累积以及微生物的分解过程是湿地氮素循环的重要环节。最后分析了当前国内外研究中存在的不足 ,并对未来研究的重点领域进行了展望     

Nitrogen dynamics in the hyporheic zone of a forested stream during a small storm, Hokkaido, Japan

Water and dissolved nitrogen flows through the hyporheic zone of a 3rd-order mountain stream in Hokkaido, northern Japan were measured during a small storm in August 1997. A network of wells was established to measure water table elevations and to collect water samples to analyze dissolved nitrogen concentrations. Hydraulic conductivity and the depth to bedrock were surveyed. We parameterized the groundwater flow model, MODFLOW, to quantify subsurface flows of both stream water and soil water through the hyporheic zone. MODFLOW simulations suggest that soil water inflow from the adjacent hill slope increased by 1.7-fold during a small storm. Dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) and ammonium (NH ₄ ⁺ ) in soil water from the hill slope were the dominant nitrogen inputs to the riparian zone. DON was consumed via mineralization to NH ₄ ⁺ in the hyporheic zone. NH ₄ ⁺ was the dominant nitrogen species in the subsurface, and showed a net release during both base and storm flow. Nitrate appeared to be lost to denitrification or immobilized by microorganisms and/or vegetation in the riparian zone. Our results indicated that the riparian and hyporheic system was a net source of NH ₄ ⁺ to the stream.     

Plants for nitrogen management in riparian zones: A proposed trait‐based framework to select effective species

Restoring plants to the riparian zone is regarded as management best practice in river restoration and has the potential to reduce the impact of nitrogen (N) pollution on aquatic organisms and improve water quality for human use. Plant characteristics and the interplay of hydrology and biogeochemistry control N retention in the riparian zone. The balance between processes such as denitrification and plant assimilation determines riparian N retention. Plant traits are likely to mediate these N removal processes through variations in root form, growth character, foliage production (quantity, quality and rate of return to the soil) and by altering conditions in the rhizosphere soil. Vegetation can slow N transfer via direct plant uptake of N (during periods of rapid vegetation growth) and changes induced to soil hydrology, nutrient cycling and microbial activity, principally denitrification. Few studies have focused on species‐dependent effects on N movement through soil and across boundaries. We propose a new framework, based on a literature review of plant traits with respect to N cycling, which can be used to select plant species with traits likely to maximise N removal during transport through the riparian zone. In the proposed framework, inter‐specific differences in traits known to influence N mobility: root form, growth rate, foliar characteristics and rhizosphere processes, are used to describe species’ potential impact on N removal. Plant trait data may be drawn from studies outside the riparian zone; for example forest ecology, horticulture or forestry research, and candidate species are scored to predict N removal efficiency. We apply the framework to New Zealand's native riparian plant assemblages to demonstrate the trait‐based approach. This framework can guide restoration management decisions and investment in riparian revegetation in a manner that is not restricted to geographically specific or well‐studied species.     

Site effects outweigh riparian influences on ground-dwelling beetles adjacent to first order streams in wet eucalypt forest

In wet eucalypt forest with a rainforest understorey the vegetation adjacent to first order streams does not form a distinct riparian strip. This study investigated the riparian response of terrestrial ground-dwelling beetles adjacent to four such streams in Tasmania, Australia. Beetle assemblages varied more between the four sites than they did with distance from stream within sites, where they exhibited a measurable but subtle riparian response. The extent of the riparian zone varied between the four study sites, with a 1–5 m riparian zone at three sites and a gradually changing community up to 50–100 m upslope at one site. There was a trend for greater between plot variability immediately adjacent to the streams, possibly because this is a more highly disturbed environment. None of the habitat variables measured were consistently associated with riparian or upslope assemblages of beetles, probably explaining the subtlety of the beetles’ riparian response. Forest conservation efforts for terrestrial species should not necessarily be focused on the riparian zone in preference to upslope areas.     

重庆主城河岸带植物群落功能性状与土壤理化性质的关系

基于功能性状视角开展植物群落与环境关系的研究有助于揭示植物的适应策略。然而,目前关于城市河岸带植物群落功能性状的研究较少。为此选取10项植物功能性状指标和14项土壤理化性质指标,探究重庆主城3种生境类型河岸带(自然型河岸带(NRZ)、农耕主导型河岸带(FRZ)和开发建设主导型河岸带(BRZ))植物群落功能性状与土壤因子特征及互作机制。结果表明：(1)与NRZ生境相比,FRZ生境中的土壤速效磷、速效钾和氧化还原电位和BRZ生境中的土壤含水量显著偏高(P<0.05);FRZ和BRZ生境中的土壤pH值和全磷含量显著偏高,而土壤有机质、全钾和全氮含量显著偏低(P<0.05)。(2)与NRZ生境相比,FRZ生境中的比根长和比根表面积显著较高,茎干物质含量和叶干物质含量显著较低;BRZ生境中仅茎干物质含量显著较低(P<0.05)。(3)冗余分析结果表明,影响各生境类型河岸带植物群落功能性状的土壤因子不同,NRZ生境为土壤容重、含水量和硝态氮,FRZ生境为土壤铵态氮、全磷和有机质,BRZ生境则是土壤含水量、温度和速效磷。研究发现与自然状态相比,农业和建筑类型的人为干扰导致重庆主城河...     

大兴安岭北部多年冻土区河岸森林湿地土壤性质和微生物呼吸活性特征

多年冻土区河岸森林湿地是水文、生态和生物化学过程的关键区域。本研究以河岸森林湿地及其与泥炭地的交错带土壤为对象,分析了腐殖质层和不同深度土壤理化性质、生态化学计量和微生物呼吸活性( 微生物生物量碳、基础呼吸、微生物熵和代谢熵)特征。结果表明: 与大兴安岭多年冻土区泥炭地和河岸森林湿地的交错带相比,河岸森林湿地土壤理化性质主要分异在20 cm土层以下,其总碳、总氮含量和碳磷比、氮磷比显著降低,生态化学计量特征的变化主要是由于氮含量变化引起的,说明河岸森林湿地土壤氮转移相对较快,存在氮限制;交错带湿地土壤中钠、镁、钾和钙含量主要在30 cm土层发生分异,而河岸森林湿地土壤中钠、镁、钾和钙含量主要在20 cm土层发生分异,其镁含量与土壤总碳、总氮和总磷含量显著相关,说明土壤镁含量是大兴安岭河岸森林湿地的重要营养元素;河岸森林湿地和交错带腐殖质层微生物呼吸活性高于其他层土壤,说明其易分解的碳组分含量高;河岸森林湿地和交错带土壤微生物呼吸活性与土壤理化性质、生态化学计量特征及营养元素的相关性存在差异,而河岸森林湿地土壤总氮含量与微生物呼吸活性显著相关,说明大兴安岭河岸带湿地土壤微生物活性受氮的限制。     

Abundance and community structure of ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms in reservoir sediment and adjacent soils

Ammonia oxidation is an important process for global nitrogen cycling. Both ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and archaea (AOA) can be the important players in nitrification process. However, their relative contribution to nitrification remains controversial. This study investigated the abundance and community structure of AOA and AOB in sediment of Miyun Reservoir and adjacent soils. Quantitative PCR assays indicated that the highest AOA abundance occurred in unplanted riparian soil, followed by reservoir sediment, reed-planted riparian soil and agricultural soil. The AOB community size in agricultural soil was much larger than that in the other habitats. Large variations in the structures of AOA and AOB were also observed among the different habitats. The abundance of Nitrosospira-like AOB species were detected in the agricultural soil and reservoir sediment. Pearson’s correlation analysis showed the AOB diversity had positive significant correlations with pH and total nitrogen, while the AOA diversity might be negatively affected by nitrate nitrogen and ammonia nitrogen. This work could add new insights towards nitrification in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems.     

不同空间尺度的景观格局对流溪河水质的影响

为探究不同空间尺度的景观格局对流溪河水质的影响,于2020年6月和2021年1月在流溪河干流15个采样点进行了水样的采集,测定了水温、溶解氧、pH、氨氮、硝态氮、硫酸盐和氯化物等水质指标。结合遥感解译所得的土地利用数据,提取了不同空间尺度(子流域和河岸带缓冲区)的景观格局指数,采用Bioenv分析、Mantle检验、方差分解和层次分割理论等方法揭示了景观格局对水质变化的影响。研究结果表明：氨氮是流溪河的主要污染物。土地利用结构与空间格局特征对水质的影响存在空间尺度效应。在100 m河岸带缓冲区,水域是影响水质的主要贡献源;而在其他空间尺度建设用地是影响水质的主要贡献源。在子流域尺度,林地和建设用地的斑块密度(PD指数)是影响水质变化的核心特征;而在河岸带缓冲区尺度,水域和建设用地的连通性(CONTAG指数)和林地的多样性(SHDI指数)是影响水质变化的关键特征。在各个空间尺度,土地利用与空间格局的交互作用对驱动水质变化起主导作用,尤其在1000 m河岸带缓冲区对水质的贡献率最高。因此,加强1000 m缓冲区尺度土地利用的管理和减少建设用地成片建设规划等对保护流域水质具有重要意义。     

Trajectories of change: riparian vegetation and soil conditions following livestock removal and replanting

Riparian zones provide critically important ecological functions, including the interception of nutrients and sediments before they enter waterways. Consequently, riparian zones, and the vegetation they support, are often considered as an important ‘final buffer’ between waterways and adjacent land. In agricultural ecosystems, riparian zones are therefore increasingly recognized as an important component of strategies aimed at minimizing the flow of nutrients and sediments into waterways. Accordingly, riparian zones are increasingly afforded protection and are targeted for restoration. Here we present results of a study in which we aimed to identify patterns of change in soil and vegetation properties in riparian zones, under different management regimes, adjacent to tributary streams in one of south‐eastern Australia's main agricultural regions. We compared riparia that were heavily impacted by agricultural activities, were in remnant condition or had undergone some restoration activities and were thus in a transitional state. There was an increase in plant cover and soil C concentration between impacted through to remnant sites, with transitional sites intermediate, suggesting that improvements in soil conditions were becoming evident following restoration activities. In our assessment of soil physicochemical properties we investigated the relationships between riparian condition and soil properties, taking into account the influence of adjacent land use on these relationships. Importantly, the concentrations of NO₃^‐ and plant available P in riparian surface soils were more or less influenced by concentrations in the adjacent land depending upon riparian condition. This will, in turn, have consequences for nutrient inputs into streams. This study emphasizes that riparian zones need to be managed within their wider landscape context. Furthermore, the results of this study will inform efforts seeking to minimize impacts of agricultural activities on waterways, through the conservation and/or restoration of riparian ecosystems.