茶陵野生稻苗期耐冷性研究

以耐冷性强弱不同的栽培稻为参比,通过自然冷胁迫与(或)人工冷处理,比较了茶陵野生稻与不同类型栽培稻经冷胁迫后的秧苗成活率、净光合速率和光系统Ⅱ光化学量子效率的变化,对茶陵野生稻苗期耐冷性作出评估.结果表明:经冷胁迫后,茶陵野生稻上述指标值的变化小于典型籼稻和爪哇稻,大于典型粳稻.说明茶陵野生稻苗期耐冷性强于籼稻和爪哇稻,但弱于粳稻.     

植物激素与水稻幼苗的耐冷性

植物激素包括脱落酸、乙烯和多胺等可调节水稻幼苗的耐冷性.表明在5℃下,稻苗叶片和木质部液体中的脱落酸含量迅速增加;耐冷水稻品种的内源脱落酸含量显著高于感冷品种.用脱落酸预处理感冷水稻,48小时可增强其耐冷性.脱落酸的耐冷机理是可使稻株避免冷害引起的水胁迫;此外,脱落酸还可增加稻株中脯氨酸等溶质的积累,以防止冷害.脱落酸反应基因可在某些植物中表达,且可能与低温的习性有关.     

外源一氧化氮对香蕉幼苗抗冷性的影响

以巴西香蕉(Musa AAA Group Cavendish cv.Brazil)幼苗为试验材料,采用外源一氧化氮(NO)供体硝普钠(SNP)15 μmol·L-1溶液进行冷胁迫(8℃)前处理,考察其冷胁迫和常温恢复过程中抗冷性指标的变化,以探讨外源NO对香蕉幼苗抗冷性的影响.结果表明,在8℃冷胁迫环境下,SNP预处理香蕉幼苗的萎蔫程度较轻,且在常温下恢复快而完全.SNP预处理可以显著降低冷胁迫下香蕉幼苗叶片的质膜相对透性及过氧化氢和丙二醛含量,并显著增加其可溶性蛋白含量.在冷胁迫的前2 d,SNP处理苗的过氧化物酶和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶的活性显著增加,而超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶的活性则在胁迫的第3天才显著上升,经3 d冷胁迫回温(28℃)后,4种酶的活性均显著提高.可见,适当浓度NO能够通过诱导香蕉幼苗体内的抗氧化酶活性来有效缓解其遭受的冷胁迫损伤.     

东乡野生稻苗期耐冷性的遗传分析

以强耐冷材料龙稻5号(Oryza sativa ssp. japonica)和冷敏感材料协青早B(O. sativa ssp. indica)为对照品种, 以萎蔫率和死苗率为鉴定指标, 利用江西东乡普通野生稻(O. rufipogon)/协青早B//协青早B构建的回交重组自交系(backcross inbred lines, BILs)群体(BC₁F₉)进行苗期耐冷性鉴定和遗传分析。结果表明, 10°C冷处理7天后, 228个BILs群体的平均萎蔫率为67.4%, 平均死苗率为70.8%。将死苗率≤20%的株系, 在更低温度(8°C昼/5°C夜)下处理5天, 结果显示5243和5335为强耐冷材料, 可用于构建东乡野生稻QTL(quantitative trait loci)近等基因系(near-isogenic lines, NILs)。实验结果显示, 群体萎蔫率和死苗率均呈偏态的连续分布, 暗示东乡野生稻苗期耐冷性表现为质量-数量性状遗传特征, 由主基因-多基因控制。     

野生稻近等基因系应答低温胁迫的生理生化指标分析

为了解水稻耐冷的生理机制,该文以野生稻近等基因系耐冷水稻品种DC907和其不耐冷受体亲本9311为材料,通过对水稻幼苗低温胁迫处理,检测分析了丙二醛(MDA)、超氧阴离子(O_2~-)、可溶性糖以及抗氧化酶类[超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)]等生理生化指标的变化,并采用隶属函数法综合评价两个品种的耐冷能力。结果表明:(1) O_2~-产生速率、MDA含量和可溶性糖含量都随着低温胁迫时间增加而逐渐升高,在低温胁迫过程中9311的MDA含量和O_2~-产生速率均高于DC907,在低温胁迫后期DC907的可溶性糖含量显著高于9311。(2)在低温胁迫过程中,DC907的抗氧化酶(CAT、POD、SOD和APX等)活性均高于9311,其中CAT、POD随低温胁迫时间增加酶活性增强,SOD和APX随低温胁迫时间增加呈现先降低后升高的趋势。(3)这些生理指标的隶属函数值排序与平均隶属函数值排序一致,说明这些指标与水稻的耐冷性密切相关。从隶属函数值综合评价的结果看出,DC907的耐冷能力比9311强,与大田观测结果相符。     

低温胁迫对嫁接西瓜耐冷性和活性氧清除系统的影响

研究了西瓜实生苗和以黑籽南瓜、超丰F1为砧木的嫁接苗的耐冷性及活性氧清除系统的差异．结果表明,低温胁迫下,嫁接苗的耐冷性明显高于实生苗,表现为以黑籽南瓜为砧木的嫁接苗的耐冷性>以超丰F1为砧木的嫁接苗>实生苗,此外嫁接苗和实生苗均表现为叶片中叶绿素含量下降,丙二醛(MDA)含量上升,非酶促抗氧化剂抗坏血酸(AsA)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量和抗氧化酶超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(AsA-POD)、脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DR)活性下降,说明低温逆境降低了植物体防御活性氧有关的酶促和非酶促保护系统能力,提高了体内自由基浓度,加剧了膜脂过氧化．嫁接苗的活性氧清除能力均高于自根苗,且嫁接苗中耐冷性越强的活性氧清除能力越高,说明西瓜嫁接后耐冷性的提高是与植物体内活性氧清除系统中抗氧化剂含量和抗氧化酶活性提高有关。     

低温锻炼后桑树幼苗光合作用和抗氧化酶对冷胁迫的响应

以桑树品种“秋雨”为试验材料,研究了桑树幼苗在低温锻炼、冷胁迫和常温恢复期间的光合作用和抗氧化酶活性的变化.结果表明: 12 ℃3 d低温锻炼明显提高了桑树幼苗的抗冷性.3 ℃3 d冷胁迫下,12 ℃3 d低温锻炼后的桑树幼苗叶片净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(G_s)和PSⅡ 最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)明显高于对照(未经低温锻炼)处理的桑树幼苗,而且其在常温下的恢复也较对照桑树幼苗迅速.在12 ℃ 3 d低温锻炼和3 ℃ 3 d冷胁迫期间,桑树幼苗叶片脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量明显增加,而经低温锻炼的桑树幼苗叶片丙二醛(MDA)含量明显低于未经低温锻炼的桑树幼苗,经低温锻炼的桑树幼苗叶片抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性则明显高于未经低温锻炼的桑树幼苗.说明渗透调节物质含量增加和APX活性提高在低温锻炼诱导桑树幼苗的抗冷性上发挥着重要的作用.     

低温、高pH胁迫对水稻幼苗根系质膜、液泡膜ATP酶活性的影响

以耐冷性不同的两个水稻品种为材料,比较研究了幼苗根系质膜、液泡膜ATP酶对低温(8℃)及高pH(8.0)胁迫的反应。结果表明水稻根细胞质膜和液泡膜上均存在Ca3+-ATP酶,但活性远低于H+-ATP酶。耐冷品种武育粳3号经低温(8℃)处理2d,根系质膜和液泡膜H+-ATP酶、Ca2+-ATP酶活性均明显升高,至冷处理12d,H+-ATP酶、Ca2+-ATP酶活性有所下降,但仍与对照相近;而冷敏感品种汕优63经低温(8℃)处理2d,根系质膜H+-ATP酶活性略有升高,而质膜Ca2+-ATP酶以及液泡膜H+-ATP酶、Ca2+-ATP酶活性已明显下降;至冷处理12d,4种酶活性均明显低于对照。高pH胁迫使质膜和液泡膜H+-ATP酶活性下降,而使Ca2+-ATP酶活性上升。高pH胁迫会加剧低温冷害。结果表明,耐冷品种质膜、液泡膜ATP酶比冷敏感品种对低温胁迫有更强的适应能力。     

低温下钙对黄瓜幼苗抗氧化酶活性及POD同工酶谱的影响

以耐冷性存在明显差异的栽培黄瓜‘长春密刺’和‘北京截头’为材料,研究了冷胁迫下C a2 、钙离子螯合剂(EGTA)和钙调素拮抗剂(CPZ)对低温胁迫黄瓜幼苗叶片3种抗氧化酶活性及POD同工酶的影响.对保护酶活性的研究结果表明:C aC l2、EGTA和CPZ处理均能引起3种抗氧化酶活性变化,但变化幅度因材料而异.胁迫处理中C a2 能提高2种材料的叶片抗氧化酶活性,减少其在低温逆境中的下降幅度,而EGTA和CPZ处理降低了2种材料的抗氧化酶活性,加大了低温逆境中的下降幅度.POD同工酶研究发现,C aC l2延缓冷胁迫中同工酶条带的丢失,EGTA和CPZ处理则使同工酶条带丢失提前,但材料不同对酶条带丢失时间也有影响.     

外源硒对低温胁迫下铁皮石斛幼苗的缓解效应及其抗氧化生理特征变化

以3个不同品系的铁皮石斛幼苗为材料,分别于叶面喷施不同浓度的亚硒酸钠溶液处理,并结合人工控温生长条件下的低温胁迫试验,探讨外源硒对铁皮石斛幼苗耐冷性和恢复生长能力的影响作用及其与有关抗氧化生理指标间的关系。结果表明:(1)耐冷性表现较强的品系其幼苗在低温胁迫下的叶绿素、MDA及脯氨酸含量变化幅度相对小于耐冷性较弱的品系。(2)适量浓度(0.05～0.10mg.L-1)外源硒处理对低温胁迫下铁皮石斛幼苗叶绿素降解具有缓解效应,可降低MDA含量,增加脯氨酸含量,同时显著提高GSH-AsA循环活性,从而提高铁皮石斛幼苗的耐冷性,但过高浓度的外源硒处理(>0.20mg.L-1)则效果相反。(3)低温胁迫解除后,0.10mg.L-1的外源硒处理能引起铁皮石斛‘ZD-1’幼苗中AsA含量显著下降并促进其GSH合成积累,有效提升铁皮石斛幼苗在恢复生长期的综合抗氧化防御能力。     

广东普通野生稻调查、收集与保护建议

为了全面了解广东省普通野生稻自然生存现状,更好地为我国野生稻资源的长远保护提供决策依据,2005-2016年我们对广东普通野生稻自然生存状况进行了实地调查。结果查明,目前广东共有25个县(市)尚存普通野生稻,尚有分布点118个,其中103个有历史资料记载,15个为本次调查新发现。根据历史资料统计,广东省原有普通野生稻分布点1083个,但截至目前野生稻已全部消失的分布点有980个,分布点丧失率90.49%,呈现严重濒危的趋势。调查发现,造成野生稻大量消失的原因主要有垦荒造田、水利建设、城镇建设、养殖业发展、除草剂使用、环境污染和外来物种侵袭等。调查的同时,从118个点共收集了1371份种茎样本进行异位保存,为普通野生稻资源持续利用提供了更大的物质保障。此外,对广东普通野生稻的长远保护提出了建议。     

云南野生稻叶茎根组织结构特性的比较研究

采用徒手切片法对云南3种野生稻和栽培稻的叶片、茎秆及根的组织结构进行比较研究,以明确野生稻的内部结构,为进一步揭示其结构与云南野生稻的生长势旺盛、营养吸收能力强、抗某些病虫害能力强的关系奠定基础。结果表明,(1)云南野生稻与栽培稻叶片主脉、茎秆及根的组织结构差异显著,其中景洪疣粒野生稻、景洪药用野生稻与栽培稻的差异最明显。(2)在叶主脉结构中,景洪疣粒野生稻无气腔结构,维管束数量少、面积小;景洪药用野生稻、3个普通野生稻材料存在多个维管束和气腔结构,维管束、束内导管直径及气腔面积较栽培稻大,而栽培稻中的气腔均为2个。(3)在茎秆结构方面,景洪疣粒野生稻茎秆最小,维管束数量最少,其茎壁内的维管束排列方式与栽培稻不同;景洪药用野生稻和普通野生稻茎秆及茎壁较栽培稻粗厚,维管束数量也较栽培稻多,普通野生稻的茎壁中有通气组织。(4)在根的组织结构中,3种野生稻的导管数量较多,导管直径及中柱面积较栽培稻大,外皮层出现了具有凯氏带功能的凯氏点等。     

普通野生稻和亚洲栽培稻线粒体DNA的RFLP分析

通过７个探针、１７种内切酶探针组合对１１８份普通野生稻和７６份亚洲栽培稻的线粒体ＤＮＡ（ｍｔＤＮＡ）ＲＦＬＰ分析表明,籼粳分化是亚洲栽培稻线粒体基因组分化的主流,７６个栽培稻中,３６个品种ｍｔＤＮＡ为籼型,４０个品种ｍｔＤＮＡ为粳型。普通野生稻ｍｔＤＮＡ以籼型为主（８６份）,粳型较少（７份）,１份类型难以确定,还有２４份没有籼粳分化。     

Construction of the physical map of the gpa7 locus reveals that a large segment was deleted during rice domestication

To facilitate cloning gene(s) underlying gpa7, a deep-coverage BAC library was constructed for an isolate of common wild rice (Oryza rufipogon Griff.) collected from Dongxiang, Jiangxi Province, China (DXCWR). gpa7, a quantitative trait locus corresponding to grain number per panicle, is positioned in the short arm of chromosome 7. The BAC library containing 96,768 clones represents approximate 18 haploid genome equivalents. The contig spanning DXCWR gpa7 was constructed with a series of ordered markers. The putative physical map near the gpa7 locus of another accession of O. rufipogon (Accession: IRGC 105491) was also isolated in silico. Analysis of the physical maps of gpa7 indicated that a segment of about 150 kb was deleted during domestication of common wild rice.     

A chromosome-level genome assembly of the wild rice Oryza rufipogon facilitates tracing the origins of Asian cultivated rice

Oryza rufipogon Griff. is a wild progenitor of the Asian cultivated rice Oryza sativa. To better understand the genomic diversity of the wild rice, high-quality reference genomes of O. rufipogon populations are needed, which also facilitate utilization of the wild genetic resources in rice breeding. In this study, we generated a chromosome-level genome assembly of O. rufipogon using a combination of short-read sequencing, single-molecule sequencing, BioNano and Hi-C platforms. The genome sequence(399.8 Mb) was assembled into 46 scaffolds on the 12 chromosomes, with contig N50 and scaffold N50 of 13.2 Mb and 20.3 Mb,respectively. The genome contains 36,520 protein-coding genes, and 49.37% of the genome consists of repetitive elements. The genome has strong synteny with those of the O. sativa subspecies indica and japonica, but containing some large structural variations. Evolutionary analysis unveiled the polyphyletic origins of O. sativa, in which the japonica and indica genome formations involved different divergent O. rufipogon(including O. nivara) lineages, accompanied by introgression of genomic regions between japonica and indica. This high-quality reference genome provides insight on the genome evolution of the wild rice and the origins of the O. sativa subspecies, and valuable information for basic research and rice breeding.     

Analysis of QTLs for yield-related traits in Yuanjiang common wild rice （Oryza rufipogon Griff.）

Using an accession of common wild rice(Oryza rufipogon Griff.)collected from Yunnjiang County,Yunnan Province,China,as the donor and an elite cnltivar 93-11,widely used in two-line indica hybrid rice production in China,as the recurrent parent,an advanced backcross populations were developed.Through genotyping of 187 SSR markers and investigation of six yield-related traits of two generations(BC4F2 and BC4F4),a total of 26 QTLs were detected by employing single point analysis and interval mapping in both generations.Of the 26 QTLs,the alleles of 10(38.5%)QTLs originating from O.rufipogon had shown a beneficial effect for yield-related traits in the 93-11 genetic background.In addition,five QTLs controlling yield and its components were newly identified,indicating that there arc potentially novel alleles in Yuanjiang common wild rice.Three regions underling significant QTLs for several yield-related traits were detected on chromosome 1,7 and 12.The QTL clusters were founded and corresponding agronomic traits of those QTLs showed highly significant correlation,suggesting the pleiotropism or tight linkage.Fine-mapping and cloning of these yield-related QTLs from wild rice would be helpful to elucidating molecular mechanism of rice domestication and rice breeding in the future.     

Diversity in the Content of Some Nutritional Components in Husked Seeds of Three Wild Rice Species and Rice Varieties in Yunnan Province of China

In addition to rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars, there are three wild rice species, namely O.rufipogon Griff, O. officinalis Wall and O. granulata Baill, in Yunnan Province, China. Each species has different subtypes and ecological distributions. Yunnan wild rice species are excellent genetic resources for developing new rice cultivars. The nutritional components of the husked seeds of wild rice have not been investigated thus far. Herein, we report on the contents of total protein, starch, amylose, 17 amino acids, and five macro and five trace mineral elements in husked seeds from three wild rice species and six O. sativa cultivars. The mean (± SD) protein content in the husked rice of O. rufipogon, O. officinalis, and O. granulata was (14.5 ± 0.6)%, (16.3 ± 1. 1)%, and (15.3 ± 0.5)%, respectively. O. officinalis Ⅲ originating from Gengma had the highest protein content (19.3%). In contrast, the average protein content of six O. sativa cultivars was only 9.15%. The total content of 17 amino acids of three wild rice species was 30%-50% higher than that of the six cultivars. Tyrosine, lysine, and valine content in the three wild rice species was 34%-209% higher than that of the cultivars. However, the difference in total starch content among different O. sativa varieties or types of wild rice species was very small. The average amylose content of O. rufipogon, O. officinalis,and O. granulata was 12.0%, 9.7%, and 11.3%, respectively, much lower than that of the indica and japonica varieties (14.37%-17.17%) but much higher than that of the glutinous rice cultivars (3.89%). The sulfur, phosphorus, magnesium, zinc, and ferrite content in the three wild rice species was 30%-158% higher than that of the six cultivars. The considerable difference in some nutritional components among wild rice species and O. sativa cultivars represents a wide biodiversity of Yunnan Oryza species. Based on the results of the present study, it is predicted that some good genetic traits, especially high protein and ideal amylose content, of Yunnan wild rice species may be useful in improving the nutritional value of rice. This is the first report regarding the amino acid, mineral element, protein and amylose content of husked seeds of some Yunnan wild rice species that have important genetic characteristics for rice quality and nutritional value.     

云南及周边普通野生稻遗传多样性及其分布特征研究

利用27对SSR标记对云南普通野生稻的2个自然群体进行遗传多样性和起源进化分析,结果发现我国其他省份的材料与东南亚材料的遗传多样性较高,云南元江材料的遗传多样性最低。亲缘关系分析结果表明,云南元江材料与我国其他省份的普通野生稻之间关系较近,云南景洪普通野生稻与缅甸的普通野生稻关系最近,且云南元江和景洪的普通野生稻的遗传结构之间存在明显差异,说明云南普通野生稻属于中国与东南亚普通野生稻的过渡类型,为水稻起源地的"印度阿萨姆——中国云南"学说提供了科学依据。     

东乡野生稻与栽培稻正反交种间杂种F_1的雄配子发生与发育

该文以东乡野生稻与栽培稻（美国光壳稻P1003）的正反交种间杂种F1（正交为光壳稻P1003×东乡野生稻;反交为东乡野生稻×光壳稻P1003）为试材,研究其各个减数分裂时期的染色体行为特征、染色体交换重组及雄配子发育特点。结果表明：正反交杂种F1花粉母细胞细胞核减数分裂的同步性较高,细胞质为连续型胞质分裂类型。在细胞核分裂的过程中,核仁在前期I到中期I逐渐消失。染色体在前期I到中期I逐渐收缩,变得更加清晰可见。在终变期和中期I,90.54%以上的花粉母细胞能形成12个二价体（含少数棒状二价体和8字型二价体）,部分花粉母细胞（正交9.46%,反交7.65%）出现少量的单价体、三价体和四价体。后期I观察到1.27%–1.35%的花粉母细胞含有1至数条落后染色体。最终有92.6%–94.8%的小孢子能发育成形态正常、染色能力强的成熟花粉粒。另外,在正交杂种F1的粗线期中存在2个核仁,而反交杂种F1及其双亲的粗线期只有1个核仁。这些研究结果可为作物品种改良、种质资源创新以及种间亲缘关系研究提供细胞学证据。