甘蓝型油菜生殖生长期叶片和角果光合与产量关系的研究

以11个不同适生区甘蓝型油菜品种为材料,研究了油菜生殖生长期植株叶片和角果的光合气体交换参数、光合色素含量、光合关键酶蛋白含量、主要农艺性状及其与产量的关系,探讨影响叶片(角果)光合效率及单株籽粒产量的主要因子,为油菜高产高光效品种的系统评价提供理论依据。结果显示:(1)油菜植株叶片与角果的净光合速率间相关性较小,但叶片净光合速率远大于角果。(2)叶片净光合速率与其叶绿素a+b含量及气孔导度呈不显著的正相关关系(相关系数较大),与其光合关键酶PEPC、RuBisCO蛋白含量相关系数较小或呈不显著负相关;角果(皮)净光合速率与其叶绿素a、b含量、类胡萝卜素含量及气孔导度相关性较强;光合色素含量是影响叶片、角果净光合速率的第一主因子。(3)单株叶面积、角果数及角果表面积与籽粒产量显著正相关关系,是影响籽粒产量的第一主因子;叶片净光合速率和角粒数是影响籽粒产量的第二主因子;单株生物学产量与叶面积呈显著正相关关系,角果表面积、叶面积及叶片净光合速率是影响生物学产量的第一、二主要因子。研究表明,油菜高产高光效品种的综合评价指标应首选单株角果数、叶片面积,其次选择叶片净光合速率、叶片和角果皮的叶绿素含量以及角粒数。     

甘蓝型油菜数量性状遗传变异的研究

本试验采用单因素遗传设计,连续两年分别研究了42个和50个稳定遗传的甘蓝型油菜品种22个数量性状的平均表现和遗传变异,结果表明,开花期、株高、分枝高度、着粒密度、每果粒数、千粒重、一次分枝数、总角果数、单株产量和含油量的表现受大环境的影响较大。开花期、果长、千粒重、主花序长度的遗传力高,总角果数、单株产量、着果密度、分枝高度、每果粒数的遗传力较低。随着芥酸含量的降低,开花期延迟,主花序变短,主花序角果数减少。无芥酸品种的总角果数和单株产量显著低于有芥酸品种。中国的高芥酸品种具芥酸含量显著高于国外的高芥酸品种。     

花后干旱对冬小麦光合、抗氧化特性和C4光合酶活性的影响

干旱是限制小麦增产最主要的非生物胁迫之一。为探究不同抗旱性冬小麦品种对花后干旱的响应,本试验以干旱敏感型品种“京冬18”和抗旱型品种“农大211”为材料,调查了花后干旱及复水后冬小麦的旗叶光合特性、丙二醛含量、抗氧化酶活性、渗透调节物质含量以及各器官C4光合酶活性的变化。结果表明：花后干旱显著降低了“京冬18”的千粒重,而对“农大211”的千粒重无显著影响;与“京冬18”相比,“农大211”在干旱胁迫下叶片的SPAD值和净光合速率相对较高,F_v/F_m值相对稳定,丙二醛含量的增幅相对较小,SOD和POD活性及可溶性蛋白和脯氨酸含量的增幅相对较大;穗部(颖壳和籽粒)C4光合酶(PEPC、NADP-ME和PPDK)活性高于旗叶,且在干旱胁迫下被诱导增强;复水后,各项指标得到不同程度的恢复;相关分析表明,花后干旱下穗部C4光合酶活性增幅与旗叶脯氨酸含量及抗氧化酶活性增幅呈显著正相关。综上,花后干旱胁迫降低了小麦旗叶光合能力,加速了膜脂过氧化和叶绿素降解,最终影响到籽粒产量;抗旱性较强的品种在干旱胁迫下通过增强穗部C4光合酶活性、旗叶渗透调节及抗氧化能...     

花期渍水逆境下氮素对油菜产量及氮肥利用效率的影响

温室盆栽试验条件下,设置渍水和对照2个水分处理,每个水分处理下设置3个施氮水平(0.05、0.2、0.3 g N·kg^-1土),研究了花后渍水逆境下氮素营养对两个氮高效基因型‘Monty’、‘湘油15’和两个氮低效基因型‘R210’、‘Bin270’油菜产量、产量性能及氮肥利用效率的影响.结果表明:与对照相比,花后渍水处理显著降低了油菜的单株角果数、千粒重、每角粒数和籽粒产量.在适宜水分条件下,增施氮肥显著增加了油菜籽粒产量,而在渍水逆境处理下,增施氮肥对油菜籽粒产量的形成贡献不大.氮高效基因型较氮低效基因型对花后渍水逆境下的籽粒灌浆充实具有一定的促进作用.在同一水分处理下,花后渍水明显降低了油菜氮肥利用率、氮肥偏生产力、氮肥农学利用率、氮素吸收效率和氮收获指数,渍水显著影响了不同基因型油菜的氮素吸收利用能力,而氮高效基因型在渍水逆境下较氮低效基因型更有利于将氮素转运、再分配到角果中,提高籽粒生产效率.油菜产量性能参数存在显著的水氮互作效应,水分、氮肥及水氮互作对油菜籽粒产量和产量性能参数的影响因基因型的不同而异.     

太阳辐射减弱对水稻光合生理特性和中微量元素积累的影响

近年来雾霾等大气环境污染问题突出,气溶胶导致到达地表的太阳辐射强度降低,对农作物生长造成了较大影响。为了探讨太阳辐射强度降低对粮食作物生理特性和矿质元素营养的影响,本研究以‘南粳5055’水稻品种为供试材料,采用田间随机区组设计,通过不同程度遮光处理模拟弱光环境(CK,不遮光对照;Y₁、Y₂遮光率分别为19%、45%),研究了在水稻关键生育期(拔节期、抽穗期、灌浆期)内叶绿素含量(SPAD)、叶面积指数(LAI)、叶片净光合速率、产量和籽粒中、微量金属元素(Ca、Mg、Fe、Zn、Mn、Cu)含量的响应特征。结果表明: 全生育期内遮光处理抑制了水稻光合作用产物的合成,降低了叶面积指数;但在生育前期对叶绿素含量无显著影响,在生育后期则显著增加。两种遮光处理下水稻的千粒重较CK分别降低了14.4%和18.4%,结实率降低了4.3%和12.9%,从而导致水稻产量下降,且随着遮光程度增加,水稻减产率加大,产量分别下降了58.5%和66.4%。遮光处理籽粒糙米和颖壳中金属元素含量升高,尤其微量元素含量显著上升。可见,遮光对水稻生长产生了不利影响,最终使其减产,并使Cu、Mn等重金属元素含量增加,这可能造成污染风险进而对人体健康造成威胁,因此,太阳辐射减弱对作物产量和品质的影响需要综合评价。     

花后干旱或渍水下氮素供应对小麦光合和籽粒淀粉积累的影响

防雨池栽条件下,设置渍水、干旱和对照3个土壤水分处理,每水分处理下再设置两个施氮水平,研究了花后渍水和干旱逆境下氮素水平对两个蛋白质含量不同的小麦品种光合特性和籽粒淀粉积累的影响.结果表明,与对照相比,花后渍水和干旱处理显著降低小麦旗叶净光合速率和SPAD值,干物质积累量下降.干旱处理下,增施氮肥提高旗叶光合速率和SPAD值,渍水处理下则相反.水分逆境明显降低籽粒可溶性总糖含量,且渍水处理下增施氮肥降低小麦叶片和籽粒可溶性总糖含量,干旱状态下规律相反.渍水处理下增施氮肥降低淀粉积累速率.水分逆境明显降低小麦粒重、产量和淀粉产量,且干旱处理下增施氮肥有利于籽粒重、产量和淀粉产量的提高,而渍水下增施氮肥使粒重和产量进一步降低.试验结果表明,花后渍水和干旱逆境下施用氮肥对小麦旗叶光合速率和籽粒淀粉积累有明显的调节效应.     

遮光对小麦植株氮素转运及品质的影响

以耐弱光性不同的冬小麦品种扬麦158(耐弱光品种)和扬麦11(不耐弱光品种)为材料,研究了拔节至成熟期遮光对小麦籽粒产量、植株氮素代谢及籽粒和面团品质的影响.结果表明:拔节至成熟期遮光22%和33%时,扬麦158和扬麦11籽粒产量分别比对照下降4.1%～9.9%和15.3%～25.8%;而小麦籽粒蛋白质产量分别下降3.0%～8.3%和10.4%～14.1%,且随着遮光程度的加重,小麦籽粒氮素积累对花后氮素积累的依赖性增强.遮光条件下各营养器官中花前贮存氮素转运量均下降,但叶片氮素转运效率(RENP)上升,从而补偿了茎鞘、穗壳中RENP的下降,因此营养器官总RENP未受遮光条件的显著影响.拔节至成熟期遮光提高了小麦籽粒蛋白质含量,这与弱光下籽粒蛋白质积累量下降幅度小于产量下降幅度所形成的"浓缩效应"有关.弱光对成熟期小麦籽粒清蛋白和球蛋白含量无显著影响,但显著提高了醇溶蛋白和麦谷蛋白含量,导致小麦湿面筋含量、面团形成时间和稳定时间提高,面团弱化度降低.     

接种蚯蚓对油菜籽粒产量和含油率的影响

通过田间接种试验,研究了威廉腔环蚓(Metaphire guillelmi)活动对冬油菜(Brassica napus)中双9号产量构成因素、籽粒产量和含油率的影响.结果表明:接种蚯蚓后,中双9号的一次有效分枝数、主花序角果数、每角粒数和千粒重均较未接种对照有增加趋势,但差异不显著;而单株角果数、单株产量和小区产量较对照显著提高,分别比对照增加了36.7%、46.5%和29.7%,这可能与蚯蚓促进油菜营养生长阶段植株生长及对氮素的吸收、累积有关.接种蚯蚓后,油菜籽粒含油率较对照有所降低,但由于蚯蚓活动显著提高了油菜籽粒产量,因此单株产油量和小区产油量仍比对照提高了37.4%和21.0%.     

大田增温对夏玉米光合特性的影响

在大田条件下研究了增温对两个夏玉米品种农大108(ND108)和掖单13号(YD13)光合特性及产量的影响.结果表明:大喇叭口期到成熟期增温显著降低了夏玉米籽粒产量,ND108和YD13的籽粒产量分别较对照降低了46.6%和45.1%;叶面积指数平均值分别降低了15.4%和11.5%;穗位叶叶片光合速率平均值分别降低了22.85%和18.14%;两个玉米品种叶片的叶绿素a和叶绿素b含量显著降低,但对叶绿素a的影响更显著.增温后玉米叶片的磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶(PEPCase)和核酮糖二磷酸羧化酶(RuBPCase)活性都显著降低,ND108、YD13叶片的PEPCase和RuBPCase活性分别较对照降低了51.1%、32.4%和29.5%、7.7%.     

生育前期遮光对水稻灌浆期剑叶生理特性及籽粒生长的影响

通过盆栽试验研究了生育前期（插秧至孕穗期）遮光对水稻分蘖、灌浆期剑叶生理特性、籽粒生长、产量及其构成因素的影响.结果表明：前期遮光使水稻分蘖数明显降低（降低26.72%）,齐穗期与成熟期发生延迟;遮光结束后,水稻灌浆期剑叶叶面积、可溶性糖含量分别比对照增加了33.86%和30.23%;每穗实粒数、千粒重、籽粒终极生长量、最大灌浆速率、平均灌浆速率分别比对照降低了8.65%、4.81%、9.74%、20.22%和19.13%;有效穗数与产量分别降低了25.26%和39.56%,差异显著;灌浆速率峰值的出现时间提前了1.66 d,实际灌浆时间延长了6.80 d.与弱耐荫水稻品种相比,耐荫品种灌浆前中期的剑叶叶绿素a、叶绿素b、叶绿素(a+b)含量增加,灌浆期的剑叶叶面积增加幅度大,蛋白氮、可溶性糖含量及叶绿素 a/b升高,籽粒终极生长量及千粒重接近对照,减产幅度相对较低.     

Y-chromosome Data and Tribal Affiliations of Allenopithecus and Miopithecus

The phylogeny of Old World monkeys has remained unresolved in part because of a lack of resolution in the Cercopithecinae. Competing morphological hypotheses have had Allen's swamp monkey (Allenopithecus nigroviridis) and the talapoins (Miopithecus spp.) as basal branches of either the tribe Cercopithecini or the tribe Papionini. Previous molecular analyses have not adequately addressed the issue. To better understand the evolutionary history of these primates, we sequenced and subjected to phylogenetic analysis 3.1 kb of 2 loci (TSPY and SRY) from the non-recombining portion of the Y-chromosome. Individuals from the genera Allenopithecus, Miopithecus, Erythrocebus, Chlorocebus, and Cercopithecus were surveyed and their sequences compared with those previously published for the Papionini and Colobinae. The results suggest Allenopithecus and Miopithecus are more closely related to the Cercopithecini than Papionini. Our data also support the hypothesis that within the Cercopithecini, Erythrocebus and Chlorocebus share a close evolutionary relationship, distinct from the other members of the tribe.     

Nystatin and killer toxin sensitivity of free and immobilizedSaccharomyces cerevisiae

The inhibitory effect of nystatin and killer toxin on the growth of free and covalently-immobilizedSaccharomyces cerevisiae cells was studied. The resistance of immobilized cells to both agents was accompanied by increased amounts of phospholipids and sterols. The possible relationship between these changes in the membrane composition and the transduction of a signal across the cytoplasmic membrane is discussed.     

Molecular identification and differentiation of Brevibacterium species and strains

Amplified ribosomal DNA restriction enzyme analysis (ARDRA), pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and ribotyping were used to differentiate among 24 strains of Brevibacterium linens, Brevibacterium casei and Brevibacterium epidermidis obtained from type culture collections or isolated from various smear ripened cheeses. ARDRA was applied to the 16S rDNA. B. linens was shown to be a quite heterogenic group with 2 to at least 4 copies of rrn operons per strain with aberrant nucleotide sequences. AccI gave genus specific restriction patterns and was used to separate Brevibacterium from Corynebacterium species. The expected species specificity of TaqI applied to B. linens type culture strains, but not to all strains isolated from cheese. By AvaI restriction, B. casei and B. linens were differentiated from B. epidermidis and the orange pigmented Arthrobacter casei, a new species of coryneform bacteria; by XmnI restriction, B. linens and B. epidermidis were differentiated from B. casei. One of 4 B. linens genotypes could not be distinguished from B. casei by this method. Here, the typical orange B. linens pigments were used for classification, which was confirmed by partial sequencing of the 16S rDNA.     

Evaluation of antiprotozoal and antimycobacterial activities of the resin glycosides and the other metabolites of Scrophularia cryptophila

Resin glycosides are secondary metabolites exclusive to the convolvulaceous plants. In this study, crypthophilic acids A–C (1–3), the first resin glycosides occurring in another family (Scrophulariaceae), and the other constituents of Scrophularia cryptophila were examined for in vitro antiprotozoal and antimycobacterial potentials. Except for crypthophilic acid B (2), all tested compounds exhibited growth-inhibitory effect against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, with l-tryptophan (6) and buddlejasaponin III (7) being the most potent ones (IC₅₀'s 4.1 and 9.7 μg/ml). In contrast, the activity towards Trypanosoma cruzi was poor, and only crypthophilic acid C (3), 6 and 7 were trypanocidal at concentrations above 40 μg/ml. With the exception of 2 and 6, all compounds were active against Leishmania donovani. Harpagide (4) and 3 emerged as the best leishmanicidal agents (IC₅₀'s 2.0 and 5.8 μg/ml). Only compounds 3, 6 and 7 showed antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum with IC₅₀ values of 4.2, 16.6 and 22.4 μg/ml. Overall the best and broadest spectrum activity was presented by compounds 3 and 7, as they inhibited all four parasitic protozoa. None of the isolates had significant activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MICs >100 μg/ml) or were toxic towards mammalian (L6) cells. This is the first report of antiprotozoal activity for natural resin glycosides, as well as for harpagide (4), acetylharpagide (5), tryptophan (6) and buddlejasaponin III (7).     

Theoretical Study of Antagonists and Inhibitors of Mammalian Adenosine Deaminase: I. Adenosine and Its Aza- and Deazaanalogues

Aza- and deazaanalogues of adenosine, including their 1-protonated forms (except for that of 1-deazaadenosine), were studied by computer computation to find a relationship between their molecular structures and substrate properties for the mammalian adenosine deaminase. The atomic charge distribution and maps of the electrostatic potential around their van der Waals molecular surface were calculated for these compounds using the ab initio STO-3G method. The conformational studies are carried out by the MM⁺ method of molecular mechanics. The mechanism that determines the substrate selectivity of mammalian adenosine deaminase is discussed.     

Effects of carbon concentration and carbon to nitrogen ratio on the growth and sporulation of several biocontrol fungi

Effects of carbon concentration and carbon to nitrogen (C:N) ratio on six biocontrol fungal strains are reported in this paper. All fungal strains had extensive growth on the media supplemented with 6–12 g l⁻¹ carbon and C:N ratios from 10:1 to 80:1, and differed in nutrient requirements for sporulation. Except for the two strains of Paecilomyces lilacinus, all selected fungi attained the highest spore yields at a C:N ratio of 160:1 when the carbon concentration was 12 g l⁻¹ for Metarhizium anisopliae SQZ-1-21, 6 g l⁻¹ for M. anisopliae RS-4-1 and Trichoderma viride TV-1, and 8 g l⁻¹ for Lecanicillium lecanii CA-1-G. The optimal conditions for P. lilacinus sporulation were 8 g l⁻¹ carbon with a C:N ratio of 10:1 for M-14 and 12 g l⁻¹ carbon with a C:N ratio of 20:1 for IPC-P, respectively. The results indicated that the influence of carbon concentration and C:N ratio on fungal growth and sporulation is strain dependent; therefore, consideration for the complexity of nutrient requirements is essential for improving yields of fungal biocontrol agents.     

Pericarp structure and phylogeny of theLamiaceae-Verbenaceae-complex

Pericarp structure was investigated in 158 species of the familiesLamiaceae andVerbenaceae. Data from 221 out of 262 genera ofLamiaceae s.l. and a few ofVerbenaceae s.str. were collected in a table. A cladistic analysis was performed on the basis of pericarp characters only. The abandonment of subfam.Pogostemonoideae as a taxonomic unit is considered. Examples of groups given additional support by similarities in pericarp characters are: (1) the gynobasic-styled labiates (subfamiliesPogostemonoideae, Lamioideae, Nepetoideae); (2) aLamioideae-Pogostemonoideae-group; (3)Nepetoideae; (4) aWestringia-Hemigenia-Hemiandra-Microcorys group (in subfam.Chloranthoideae); (5) aLepechinia-Chaunostoma-group (inNepetoideae); (6) aPrunella-Cleonia-group (inNepetoideae).     

The hernandez and fernandez genes of Drosophila specify eye and antenna

The formation of different structures in Drosophila depends on the combined activities of selector genes and signaling pathways. For instance, the antenna requires the selector gene homothorax, which distinguishes between the leg and the antenna and can specify distal antenna if expressed ectopically. Similarly, the eye is formed by a group of "eye-specifying" genes, among them eyeless, which can direct eye development ectopically. We report here the characterization of the hernandez and fernandez genes, expressed in the antennal and eye primordia of the eye-antenna imaginal disc. The predicted proteins encoded by these two genes have 27% common amino acids and include a Pipsqueak domain. Reduced expression of either hernandez or fernandez mildly affects antenna and eye development, while the inactivation of both genes partially transforms distal antenna into leg. Ectopic expression of either of the two genes results in two different phenotypes: it can form distal antenna, activating genes like homothorax, spineless, and spalt, and it can promote eye development and activates eyeless. Reciprocally, eyeless can induce hernandez and fernandez expression, and homothorax and spineless can activate both hernandez and fernandez when ectopically expressed. The formation of eye by these genes seems to require Notch signaling, since the induction of ectopic eyes and the activation of eyeless by the hernandez gene are suppressed when the Notch function is compromised. Our results show that the hernandez and fernandez genes are required for antennal and eye development and are also able to specify eye or antenna ectopically.     

Spatial and temporal patterns of morel fruiting

The biotic and abiotic factors conditioning morel fruit body production are incompletely known. We examined spatial and temporal patterns of Morchella esculenta fruiting over five years in a wooded site in Missouri, USA. Fruiting onset was inversely correlated with spring air and soil temperatures, whereas abundance was positively correlated with rain events (>10 mm) during the 30 d preceding fruiting. The two years with the greatest fruiting had the shortest fruiting seasons (6–7 d). Fruiting season length was positively correlated with soil warming, suggesting that a narrow range of optimum soil temperatures favour the explosive production of fruit bodies. All woody stems of at least 1 cm diam were mapped and stem diameter and crown condition were noted. Morel fruit bodies were significantly closer to stems of Carya spp., Tilia americana and Ulmus americana than predicted by the frequencies of these woody species or their contribution to the total basal area on the site. Although intra-annual clustering of fruit bodies was often observed, inter-annual clustering was not. The spatial pattern of M. esculenta fruiting appears to be associated with vegetation pattern, whereas the onset and abundance of fruiting are determined by the interaction of spring temperatures with availability of supporting precipitation.     

Origin and development of Tool-making behavior in Africa and Asia

Around two-and-a-half million years ago, some hominid populations in Africa began to modify stones and bones in a manner that can be recognized by prehistorians as artifacts, and, by definition, produced the earliest identifiable archaeological record. It is likely that earlier hominid groups also may have had relatively rich tool-using behavioral repertoires similar to that seen in modern chimpanzees (McGrew, 1992), such tools may have been made of perishable materials or minimally modified and thus difficult to identify. This review will focus on the earliest archaeological traces and the spread of hominids out of Africa and into Eurasia.