珠江水系鳗鲡资源空间分布特征研究

研究于2015—2017年对珠江流域12个站位的日本鳗鲡(Anguilla japonica)及花鳗鲡(Anguilla mar-morata)种群资源量与洄游路线等进行了初步调查, 并对其资源量状况、空间分布特征与环境影响因素等进行了分析。结果显示在近3年的调查时间里, 共采集到日本鳗鲡41尾, 平均年龄为(4.2±1.3)龄, 93%的个体未性成熟; 采集到花鳗鲡12尾, 平均年龄为(4.3±1.0)龄, 83%的个体未性成熟。日本鳗鲡在珠江水系最远能分布到红水河的合山江段, 其在渔获物中的数量百分比与重量百分比均低于百分之一; 花鳗鲡最远能分布到西江的石龙江段, 其在渔获物中的出现率低于两百分之一。珠江水系鳗鲡野生资源极度匮乏, 保护形势十分严峻。同时发现日本鳗鲡空间分布主要受河流分维和河流宽度的影响; 花鳗鲡的空间分布主要受河流宽度和水深的影响。该研究是珠江水系野生渔业资源长期调查的一部分, 研究结果将对鳗鲡资源的保护和可持续利用具有指导意义。     

珠江水系广西江段鱼类多样性空间分布特征

研究对珠江水系广西江段15个站位的鱼类群落展开了调查, 共采集渔获物67985尾, 隶属于23科134种, 鲤形目种类(92种)最多, 占总数69%。采集到外来生物11种, 其中, 罗非鱼几乎遍布整个广西水域, 说明广西江段外来水生生物入侵严重。各江段以小型鱼类居多, 鱼类小型化严重。空间分布呈现一级河流物种多样性指数高, 均匀度高; 二级河流多样性指数低, 均匀度低的趋势。特别是经过十级水电开发后的红水河江段, 渔业资源量最低, 鱼类群落结构与其他江段具有显著的差异(P<0.05)。研究结果是珠江水系自然渔业资源长期调查的一部分, 将对广西渔业资源多样性的保护管理和可持续利用提供科学依据。     

长江渔业资源变动和管理对策

长江是我国的第一大河 ,水系支流众多 ,流域面积广阔 ,鱼类资源极为丰富[1]。长江盛产青鱼、草鱼、鲢、鳙、铜鱼、圆口铜鱼、长吻、鲶、黄颡鱼、鲤、鲫、鲥、刀鲚、风鲚、鳗鲡等许多名贵经济鱼类 ,是著名的四大家鱼、鳗鲡等许多经济鱼类的原种基地 ,其品质是我国所有水系中最优的 ,作为基因遗传是其他任何水系或人工方式所不能替代的[2 ,3]。长江又是我国淡水苗种的重要生产基地 ,如四大家鱼、鳗鲡鱼苗 ,历史年产量曾高达 3 0 0亿尾和 2亿尾[4 ]。因此 ,长江渔业资源的盛衰变化对我国的淡水渔业有着举足轻重的影响。长江捕捞渔业自 2 0世…     

长江上游江津和宜宾江段圆口铜鱼资源量估算

为了解长江上游特有鱼类圆口铜鱼（Coreius guichenoti）的种群数量及分布,2007~2009年对江津和宜宾江段的渔业捕捞情况和渔获物组成进行了调查,根据单位捕捞努力量渔获量对该江段的年渔获量进行了统计分析,采用FISATⅡ渔业评估软件中体长股分析模块对圆口铜鱼的资源量进行了估算。2007、2008和2009年,江津江段鱼类年总渔获量分别为267 850、689 975和586 575尾,宜宾江段鱼类年总渔获量分别为485 100、108 075和169 950尾;其中,江津江段圆口铜鱼的年渔获量分别为56 932、98 323和100 620尾,宜宾江段圆口铜鱼的年渔获量分别为66 099、16 952和32 812尾。渔获个体主要分布在80~220mm体长组。估算出2007~2009年江津江段圆口铜鱼年资源量分别为319 416、905 715和1124 470尾,年均值为783 200尾;以质量计,年资源量分别为25.33、129.72和244.48 t,年均值为133.18 t。宜宾江段圆口铜鱼年资源量分别为469 395、191 207和200 197尾,年均值为286 933尾;以质量计,年资源量分别为60.18、43.11和15.14 t,年均值为39.48 t。以上结果表明,长江上游江津江段圆口铜鱼年均资源量大于宜宾江段;2007~2009年宜宾江段圆口铜鱼资源量呈下降趋势,而江津江段圆口铜鱼资源量呈上升趋势。     

珠江水系鱼类群落多样性空间分布格局

珠江是我国南方第一大河,是我国重要淡水渔业生产基地和水生生物资源基因库。珠江鱼类在维持生物多样性、提供鱼类种质资源方面举足轻重。但是到目前为止,关于其鱼类空间分布格局的研究甚少。特别是近几十年来各种水工建设和过度捕捞使得渔业资源急剧衰退,鱼类空间分布的研究显得尤为重要。2015年对珠江全流域13个站位进行了全面调查,共采集渔获物10119尾,隶属于94种72属17科。鲤科鱼类占显著优势,其次种类较多的依次为鲿科、鳅科。采用非度量多维标度排序(NMDS)方法对鱼类群落空间分布特征进行了分析,结果表明珠江鱼类被划分为3个类群,即以餐、南方拟餐、黄颡鱼等小型鱼类为主的中上游类群、以赤眼鳟、鲮鱼、广东鲂等中型鱼类为主的中下游类群和以罗非鱼为主的重要支流类群。同时发现中下游物种多样性高,上游及河口江段多样性低的格局。采用冗余分析方法(RDA)分析了鱼类多样性与环境因子的关系,发现年均气温、降雨量、年均径流量、河流宽度与透明度是珠江水系河流鱼类群落结构差异的主要影响因子,其中年均气温是影响鱼类群落分布的最关键因子之一。与历史资料对比后发现,珠江鱼类种类明显减少、空间分布也发生了巨大改变。研究是珠江水系野生渔业资源长期调查的一部分,研究结果将对渔业资源的多样性保护和可持续利用具有指导意义。     

长洲水利枢纽鱼道过鱼种群结构

长洲水利枢纽鱼道位于西江干流,目前是我国最大的过鱼通道,其过鱼效果评估不仅是珠江中下游鱼类资源和水生态保护的重要课题,也可为国内鱼道的设计及运行提供基础资料.2011-2014年4-6月利用堵截法对长洲水利枢纽鱼道中的鱼类进行监测,共采样11批次,采集种类累计40种,洄游性种类花鳗鲡、鳗鲡、弓斑东方鲀及四大家鱼(青鱼、草鱼、鲢、鳙)等均在鱼道中出现.鱼道中优势种为瓦氏黄颡鱼(29.1％)、赤眼鳟(16.8％)、鳖条(14.7％)、银飘鱼(12.0％)、银鮈(10.8％)、鳗鲡(7.3％)及鲮(2.7％)等.通过物种累计曲线拟合,预期随着采样次数的增加,鱼道出现的种类数量可达61种,说明长洲水利枢纽鱼道具较好的过鱼能力.监测数据显示,鱼道中鱼类多样性及均匀度指数低于坝下江段.坝下江段优势种广东鲂、斑鳠在鱼道中没有采集到,这说明鱼道对不同种类的诱导力存在差异.典范对应分析结果表明,坝上水位是影响过鱼效果的关键因素,有必要优化鱼道运行方式以提高鱼道性能.根据目前珠江的鱼类资源现状,建议将四大家鱼(青鱼、草鱼、鲢、鳙)、广东鲂、赤眼鳟及鲮等列入过鱼目标,并在运行方案上进行调整.     

长江中游江段四大家鱼资源调查

长江是青鱼、草鱼、鲢、鳙四大家鱼的主要栖息、繁殖地 ,据余志堂调查 ,重庆到湖北的田家镇共有 30处四大家鱼产卵场 ,而长江宜昌至城陵矶江段就有 1 1处 ,产卵量约占全江产卵量的 42 7% [1 ] 。 1 997年1 1月三峡工程已实现大江截流 ,随着工程进展 ,三峡工程将逐渐改变库区和长江中下游水域生态系统的结构功能 ,对四大家鱼的自然繁殖将带来不利影响。 1 997— 1 999年连续三年对长江宜昌至城陵矶江段家鱼产卵场进行了监测 ,并与 1 981年该江段四大家鱼鱼苗资源进行了比较 ,其目的旨在为今后评价三峡工程对长江四大家鱼产卵场影响提供依据…     

珠江东塔产卵场鳙繁殖的生态水文需求

鳙(Aristichthys nobilis(Richardson)),我国著名的四大家鱼之一,是一种重要的大型淡水经济鱼类。然而近年来由于各种原因,我国鳙种群数量急剧下降。依据2006—2013年珠江中下游长时间序列仔鱼数据和日平均流量数据,分析了研究水域鳙的繁殖生态,包括仔鱼出现的时间分布特征和早期资源周年变化规律,同时采用交互小波光谱分析方法 (cross wavelet analysis),分析了径流量与鳙仔鱼多度的关系。发现珠江水系鳙早期资源发生主要在5至8月,2006—2011年早期补充资源量逐渐减少,2012—2013年间呈明显著增加;鳙早期资源年度出现的时间呈缩减趋势,其中最大繁殖量出现的时间逐年提前。交互小波光谱分析结果表明:径流量的改变与鳙仔鱼的多度显著正相关,当径流量大于5×103m3/s,且持续2d以上,是珠江水系鳙大量繁殖的基础,将对受梯级水坝控制的鳙产卵场的繁殖生态水文保障具有指导意义。     

长江中下游鲢鳙草青四大家鱼线粒体DNA多样性分析

对长江中、下游湖北石首、江西九江、安徽芜湖三江段鲢、鳙、草鱼、青鱼天然群体共３６５尾鱼的线粒体ＤＮＡ（ｍｔＤＮＡ）的ＮＤ５／６、Ｃｙｔｂ基因和Ｄ－Ｌｏｏｐ区片段进行了限制性内切酶酶切片段长度多态（ＲＦＬＰ）分析。结果表明：（１）长江中、下游鲢、鳙和青鱼的遗传多样性丰富，草鱼不甚丰富。发现鲢、鳙和青鱼的ｍｔＤＮＡ基因型分别有２８、１９、２７种，草鱼ｍｔＤＮＡ基因型仅见７种；鲢、鳙和青鱼的基因型多样性     

汉江中游江段四大家鱼产卵场现状的初步研究

为掌握汉江中游四大家鱼产卵场的现状,2004年5~8月分别设固定断面和流动采集鱼卵(仔鱼)。鱼卵漂流距离(S)用当时水温条件下胚胎发育经历时间(T)乘以江水平均流速(V)估算,即S=V.T,把产卵集中的江段确定为产卵场;产卵规模(M)根据采样点采获的相近发育期的鱼卵数(m)、采样点断面江水流量(Q)、采样网口流速(V′)、采样断面卵(仔鱼)密度系数(C)和采样网口面积(0.39)估算,即M=m.Q.C/0.39.V′。结果表明,汉江中游干流有四大家鱼产卵场5个,产卵场长度占该江段干流长度的36.22%,产卵总量为0.933×108粒,其中青鱼(Mylopharyngodon piceus)、草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)、鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)、鳙(Aristichthys nobilis)分别为7.28×106粒、6.125×107粒、2.067×107粒和4.10×106粒,左岸支流唐白河无四大家鱼产卵;四大家鱼产卵和产卵的规模与江水的温度、涨水持续的时间、流速、流态紧密相关;2004年四大家鱼的产卵量仅相当于1976年监测结果的6.71%,汉江中游四大家鱼资源已严重衰退。     

中华鲟及六种淡水养殖鱼类脂蛋白脂酶和肝脂酶基因克隆及系统进化分析

为了研究鱼类脂蛋白脂酶(1iportein lipase,LPL)、肝脂酶(hepatic lipase,HL)基因结构、功能及分子系统关系,作者克隆了中华鲟(Acipenser sinensis)、鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)、鳙(Aristichthys nobilis)、草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)、鲮鱼(Cirrhinus molitorella)、尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)和斑鳢(Channa maculata)的LPL和HL基因cDNA核心序列,并推测了其相应氨基酸序列.同时,还应用5'RACE和3'RACE技术分别扩增中华鲟、鲢肝脏LPL基因与中华鲟肝脏HL基因cDNA全序列.序列同源性分析表明,LPL和HL氨基酸序列分别在哺乳类动物、鸟类、鱼类中相对保守.与已知的脊椎动物内皮脂酶(endothelial lipase,EL)和胰脂酶(pancreatic 1ipase,PL)氨基酸序列构建系统进化树,发现LPL、HL、EL与PL同属脂肪酶家族,四者聚集成一有根树.     

Molecular characterization of glutathione peroxidase gene from the liver of silver carp, bighead carp and grass carp

The cDNAs encoding glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were cloned and sequenced from the liver of three Chinese carps with different tolerance to hepatotoxic microcystins, phytoplanktivorous silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) and bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis), and herbivorous grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus). Using genome walker method, a 750 bp 5'-flanking region of the silver carp GPx gene was obtained, and several potential regulatory elements were identified in the promoter region of the GPx gene. The silver carp GPx gene was widely expressed in all tissues examined. Despite phylogenetic analysis, assigning this newly described carp GPx to the group of mammalian GPx2, the carp GPx seems more similar to GPx1 from a physiological point of view. The constitutive expression pattern of the three carp liver GPx gene, shows a positive relationship with their tolerance to microcystins.     

白鲢等鱼种对螺旋鱼腥藻消化吸收的示踪实验报告

为了研究螺旋鱼腥藻塘里鱼种快速生长的作用机制,首先应该弄清鱼种究竟能否消化吸收螺旋鱼腥藻。本报告应用放射性同位素示踪法,对此问题做了初步的探讨,认为白鲢等鱼种是可以消化吸收螺旋鱼腥藻的。       

葛洲坝水利枢纽兴建后对青、草、鲢、鳙繁殖生态效应的研究

本文分析了葛洲坝枢纽截流后,大坝上、下游草、青、鲢、鳙的繁殖条件,产卵场位置,产卵规模,鱼卵、鱼苗成色以及4种鱼的群体组成等。指出除原宜昌产卵场发生变化外,其余产卵场基本存在,并在上游新发现了几处产卵场。讨论了大坝对4种鱼的影响程度和上游存在草鱼地方性群体,论证了4种鱼不必过坝产卵的理由。       

50年来长江鲢、鳙形态特征的变迁(英文)

采用多元分析方法,对采自长江中游的上世纪中期(下称早期)和本世纪初(下称当前)的121尾1龄鲢、鳙的30项形态度量性状进行了分析。依据对判别贡献最大的5个参数所建立的判别公式,对鲢、鳙早期和当前群体的平均判别准确率分别达94.2%和98.%,显示鲢或鳙的当前与早期群体间在总体上存在着显著差异。单因素方差分析显示,在早期和当前群体间,鲢有12个特征差异极显著、8个差异显著,鳙分别有8个特征差异极显著或显著。其中,鲢和鳙的6个显著或极显著变大的特征参数集中在头部,而14个鲢和10个鳙的显著或极显著变小的特征参数则主要集中在躯干部与尾部。研究表明,最近50年来长江鲢、鳙的头及头部特征有相对变大的趋势,而躯干部与尾部的许多特征参数则有相对变小的趋势,这些形态演变趋势符合人们喜食鱼头、追求高经济效益的期望。     

Structural conservation and food habit-related liver expression of uncoupling protein 2 gene in five major Chinese carps

The full-length cDNA of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) and silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) was obtained from liver. The grass carp UCP2 cDNA was determined to be 1152 bp in length with an open reading frame that encodes 310 amino acids. Five introns (Intron 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7) in the translated region, and partial sequence of Intron 2 in the untranslated region of grass carp UCP2 gene were also obtained. Gene structure comparison between grass carp and mammalian (human and mouse) UCP2 gene shows that, the UCP2 gene structure of grass carp is much similar to that of human and mouse. Partial UCP2 cDNA sequences of bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis) and mud carp (Cirrhinus molitorella), were further determined. Together with the common carp (Cyprinus carpio) UCP2 sequence from GenBank (AJ243486), multiple alignment result shows that the nucleotide and amino acid sequences of the UCP2 gene, were highly conserved among the five major Chinese carps that belong to four subfamilies. Using beta-actin as control, the ratio UCP2/beta-actin mRNA (%) was determined to be 149.4 +/- 15.6 (common carp), 127.4 +/- 22.1(mud carp), 96.7 +/- 12.7 (silver carp), 94.1 +/- 26.8 (bighead carp) and 63.7 +/- 16.2 (grass carp). The relative liver UCP2 expression of the five major Chinese carps, shows a close relationship with their food habit: benthos and detritus-eating fish (common carp and mud carp) > planktivorious fish (silver carp and bighead carp) > herbivorous fish (grass carp). We suggest that liver UCP2 might be important for Chinese carps to detoxify cyanotoxins and bacteria in debris and plankton food.     

Sinergasilus polycolpus, a new copepod species in the ichthyoparasitofauna of Serbia and Montenegro

The parasitic copepod Sinergasilus polycolpus was identified on the gills of bighead carp Aristichthys nobilis from 2 localities (Kladovo and Slankamen) in the Serbian part of the River Danube. This parasite is species-specific for 2 Chinese carp, the bighead carp and the silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix. It was accidentally introduced into Serbia and Montenegro together with fry of these herbivorous carp intended for aquaculture and control of phytoplankton blooms. There is no record in the available literature of this parasite for European freshwaters. Our identification of S. polycolpus signals the possible spread of the infectious disease sinergasilosis in natural freshwaters and in fishponds, similar to bothriocephalosis, caused by Bothriocephalus opsariichthydis, which was introduced with the fry of various herbivorous species from the Amour River basin (USSR) into almost all countries throughout the world.     

Development of silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) and bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis) genetic maps using microsatellite and AFLP markers and a pseudo-testcross strategy

Silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) and bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis) are two of the four most important pond-cultured fish species inhabiting the major river basins of China. In the present study, genetic maps of silver carp and bighead carp were constructed using microsatellite and AFLP markers and a two-way pseudo-testcross strategy. To create the maps, 60 individuals were obtained from a cross of a single bighead carp (female) and a single silver carp (male). The silver carp map consisted of 271 markers (48 microsatellites and 223 AFLPs) that were assembled into 27 linkage groups, of which 22 contained at least four markers. The total length of the silver carp map was 952.2 cM, covering 82.8% of the estimated genome size. The bighead carp map consisted of 153 markers (27 microsatellites and 126 AFLPs) which were organized into 30 linkage groups, of which 19 contained at least four markers. The total length of the bighead carp map was 852.0 cM, covering 70.5% of the estimated genome size. Eighteen microsatellite markers were common to both maps. These maps will contribute to discovery of genes and genetic regions controlling traits in the two species of carp.     

Mortalities induced by the copepod Sinergasilus polycolpus in farmed silver and bighead carp in a reservoir

The frequency distributions of the parasitic copepod Sinergasilus polycolpus were examined in silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix and bighead carp Aristichthys nobilis during a disease outbreak of the 2 species of fish in a reservoir in China. The mean abundance of the copepod was positively related with host length and age, and the overdispersion of the copepod in both silver and bighead carp was fitted well with negative binomial distribution. Although parasite-induced host mortality was observed, a peaked age-parasite abundance curve was not detected in the present parasite-host system. It is also proposed that this peaked age-abundance curve is unlikely to be observed in its natural host populations.