兴修水利枢纽后汉江产漂流性卵鱼类的繁殖生态

1．汉江产漂流性卵的鱼类至少有25种,其中经济鱼类有草鱼、青鱼、鲢、鳙、鯮、鳤、鱤、长春鳊、赤眼鳟、铜鱼、吻鮈、鳜以及三种红鲌属鱼类。2．产漂流性卵鱼类开始产卵的水温分别在16—20℃之间,经济鱼类多在18℃上下。产卵时需要有江河的涨水过程。在河流涨水的诸水文要素中,流速的增大,对促使产卵起着主要作用。不同的鱼类产卵时对流水的要求是有差异的。鱼类的产卵规模与江水的流速增大紧密相关。3．丹江水库建成后,上游的产卵场有前房、天河口和安康等10处。中游有钟祥和马良等7处,支流唐河、白河也有产卵场。就总产卵量来看,上游1977年为1745．9亿粒,中游1976年为47亿粒。上游为中游的37倍。其中,四种家鱼的产卵量,上游为171．3亿粒,中游为9．3亿粒。4．丹江口水利枢纽对汉江上游产漂流性卵鱼类繁殖的影响,主要表现为给上游提供了规模较大的繁殖群体。另一方面,由于主要产卵场分布在接近水库的江段,致使占上游总产卵量90％的鱼卵在孵化前随江水流入水库,有一部分鱼卵会受到损失。对中游的影响主要是由于水库的低温水和大坝对径流的调节,改变了中游的水文条件,导致产卵场的变迁,繁殖季节推迟和产卵规模缩小。总的来看,对上游的影响明显的有利,对于中游则不利的影响要多一些。5．根据产漂流性卵鱼类繁殖的生态习性和汉江的条件,可以认为,在汉江和类似汉江的条件下,兴建水利枢纽可以不必附建过鱼建筑物。为了充分发挥水体的渔业效益,水库区应做好渔业规划,加强经营管理。水利枢纽的下游需充分重视改变了的水文条件,特别是低温水对鱼类生活的影响,以采取补救措施。     

大川河虎嘉鱼产卵场条件及其产卵习性的初步研究

虎嘉鱼(Hucho bleekeri Kimura)又名布氏哲罗鲑,系产于长江上游的稀有鱼类,分布极为狭窄,目前已确知的产卵场仅见于四川省芦山县大川河上游段。作者对其产卵场条件及产卵习性作了初步研究,目的为其增殖提供依据。       

同域分布的两种有尾类的产卵生境

2018年4—5月,采用直接观察方法,对长白山地区同域分布的极北鲵(Salamandrella keyserlingii)和东北小鲵(Hynobius leechii)的产卵时间、卵袋附着物、产卵场和产卵位点的生境因子进行调查。结果表明:两种有尾类在产卵时间和产卵场空间分布上存在重叠,海拔可能是导致这两种有尾类单独或共存分布的重要因素;极北鲵卵袋的附着物主要为水草,占66.15%,而东北小鲵卵袋的附着物主要为枯枝,占71.60%;两种有尾类的产卵场生境无显著差异,但在产卵位点的产卵深度、水温和水面杂物盖度等微生境方面存在显著差异,极北鲵选择在产卵深度较浅、水温较高、水面杂物盖度较大的地方产卵,东北小鲵选择在产卵深度较深、水温较低、水面杂物盖度较小的地方产卵。由此可知,产卵位点的生境分离是这两种同域分布的有尾类共存的主要原因。     

河流鱼类产卵场紊动能计算与分析

通过对鱼类产卵场地形分析,认为水流能量损失是鱼类产卵场形成的重要原因之一,这种能量损失主要是由于特殊河道地貌形成的水流紊动而产生的.在此基础上探索性地推导了考虑这种河道水流能量损失的明渠非恒定流方程.以中华鲟为例,对产卵场河段进行了三维水流数值模拟,计算了产卵河段紊动能的分布,探讨了中华鲟产卵行为与水流紊动之间的关系,结果表明产卵区因紊动产生的能量损失明显大于非产卵区.以期为保护中华鲟和其他鱼类产卵场水力学环境提供参考.     

葛洲坝水利枢纽兴建后长江干流铜鱼和圆口铜鱼的繁殖生态

本文报道了葛洲坝水利枢纽兴建后,长江干流铜鱼和圆口铜鱼的产卵场分布、产卵规模、产卵季节以及促使产卵的主要外界条件等。指出葛洲坝水利枢纽截流后,大坝附近江段铜鱼产卵场的变化情况。分析和讨论了大坝对两种铜鱼的影响程度、两种铜鱼产卵与水文条件的关系及其资源的保护等问题。     

育儿有方

正对三峡水库鱼类产卵类型的研究,是开发有关保护技术的基础。根据调查,三峡水库现有114种鱼类。水库蓄水后,少数不适应静水和微流水生活的鱼类向上迁移至库尾的上游江段,而适应静水环境的鱼类逐步成为水库的优势物种。这些鱼类栖息环境和摄食特征呈现多样化,繁殖产卵习性也千差万别。根据鱼类对产卵场条件的要求,可以分成以下六个产卵类型:流水水层产卵类型。相关鱼类有30多种,以"四大家鱼"(草鱼、青鱼、鲢、鳙)最为     

东海区绿鳍马面鲀的早期发育和产卵场、产卵期的探讨

1.1972—1982年我们在东海采集到绿鲭马面纯仔、稚鱼3,085尾,仔、稚鱼体长为1.46—9.25毫米。 2.根据人工授精资料,我们鉴定为绿鳍马面纯的仔、稚鱼,并对各发育阶段的形态特征进行了描述。 3.绿鳍马面纯的产卵场、产卵期了解很少。根据调查和观察,产卵期为4月上旬到5月中旬,主要产卵期在4月中、下旬。产卵场在我国钓鱼岛西北部。 4.绿鳍马面鲀产卵与黑潮暖流的高温、高盐水有关。产卵场水温主要为22°—23℃.盐度在34.50‰以上,水深80米以上的海区。     

基于RS与水动力模型的鄱阳湖草洲产卵型鱼类潜在产卵场识别

鱼类产卵场的研究与保护对维持鱼类生物多样性具有重要意义,研究结合遥感数据与水动力模型,旨在识别2000—2020年鄱阳湖草洲产卵型鱼类潜在产卵场,并分析其时空变化特征,探究现有保护区对产卵场的保护效率。结果表明,近20年来鄱阳湖鱼类潜在产卵场面积呈增加趋势,空间上呈现从湖岸向中心扩张趋势。2005年前后潜在产卵场平均面积分别为519.97和694.42 km²,产卵场面积与空间分布均发生显著变化。2005年前潜在产卵场主要分布于鄱阳湖西部的永修、新建,以及东部的鄱阳和南部的余干等地近岸区域。2005年之后产卵场向湖中心扩张,都昌水域出现大片连续的潜在产卵场。鄱阳湖鲤鲫产卵场省级自然保护区内平均包含了17.75%的潜在产卵场,鄱阳湖的蝶形湖平均分布有34.73%的潜在产卵场。潜在产卵场分布可以进一步指导鄱阳湖保护区的优化和鱼类产卵场调查,研究使用的方法也适用于其他区域草洲产卵型鱼类潜在产卵场的识别研究。     

中华鲟的保护生物学研究进展

中华鲟是一种洄游性的鲟科鱼类,平时生活于海洋,亲鲟成熟后溯游到江河里繁殖。在长江葛洲坝修筑以前,中华鲟产卵场位于长江上游和金沙江下游江段。６０－７０年代中期,一些科研单位对上游中华鲟繁殖群体及产卵场等进行了较为全面的调查,撰写出现敢《长江鲟鱼类生物学与人工繁殖研究》,中华鲟的人工繁殖也于１９７１年产首获成功。葛洲坝枢纽建成以后,中华鲟繁殖群体被阻隔于葛洲坝下游宜昌江段,围绕大坝对中华鲟生存带来的不     

基于水声学探测的两个广东鲂产卵群体繁殖生态的差异性

2006年4～5月利用Simrad EY60型分束回声探测仪对珠江西江江段罗旁及青皮塘广东鲂产卵场中的繁殖群体进行水声学探测.在人工标定及渔获物统计的基础上,对广东鲂的回声信号进行了判别.结果表明:广东鲂在两个产卵场都有明显的聚群行为,但在罗旁产卵场的聚群规模明显比青皮塘产卵场的大,频次更多.两个产卵场中广东鲂的繁殖生态行为存在明显差异,在青皮塘江段洄游的速度(均值0.24m/s)也低于罗旁的(均值0.61 m/s);另外,在两个产卵场广东鲂的数量动态变化上存在差异.产卵场生境的差异性是导致广东鲂繁殖生态行为差异的主要原因,维护产卵场生境特征对保护广东鲂种群具重要意义.     

Changes in abundance of larvae of the four domestic Chinese carps in the middle reach of the Yangtze River, China, before and after closing of the Three Gorges Dam

The four domestic Chinese carps, i.e. grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella), black carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus), silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) and bighead carp (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis), cast their drifting eggs in the running water of the Yangtze River. In 1997 ~ 2005, a systematic study on the dynamics of the abundance the larvae of the four domestic Chinese carps was performed in the middle reach of the Yangtze River, close to Sanzhou city. It was calculated that in breeding seasons from early May to late June every year the abundance of fry drifting through the section of Sanzhou was 3.59 billion in 1997, 2.75 billion in 1998, 2.15 billion in 1999, 2.85 billion in 2000, 1.90 billion in 2001, 1.90 billion in 2002, 406 million in 2003, 339 million in 2004 and 105 million in 2005 respectively. Several environmental parameters related to the dynamics of larval abundance were also examined simultaneously. The construction of the Three Gorges Dam near Yichang between the upper and middle reaches of the Yangtze River has apparently had a drastic influence on the abundance of fish larvae.     

Preliminary evidence of delayed spawning and suppressed larval growth and condition of the major carps in the Yangtze River below the Three Gorges Dam

Commercial catches of the ‘major carps’ (grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella, silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, black carp Mylopharyngodon piceus and bighead carp Aristichthys nobilis) in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River have declined precipitously since construction of the Three Gorges Dam (TGD). To assess specific environmental effects, young-of-the-year major carps were collected below TGD in the Yangtze River at Jianli (larvae) and E’zhou (juveniles) and in the Dongting Lake (juveniles) during June–August 2007. Lapillar otoliths were analyzed to determine early growth. There were no discernible growth increments in otoliths for a majority of the larvae (38 of 63 grass carp and 40 of 47 silver carp), while increments were evident in otoliths formed in the larval stage for all the juveniles, indicating that larvae without discernible increments failed to recruit to the juvenile stage. Back-calculated hatch dates of major carps were between 31 May and 24 July. The initiation of the spawning season was delayed about 1 month compared to pre-TGD records. Larval growth rates, as reflected by otolith-increment width, were lower at Dongting Lake (closer to TGD) than at E’zhou (farther from TGD), indicating that TGD-moderated effects on early growth and development of carps are more apparent for fishes hatched nearer to the dam. The delay in spawning and decreased early growth may partly explain the recent decline of the major carp resources in the middle and lower Yangtze River.     

长江葛洲坝枢纽坝下江段中华鲟成鱼性腺的观察

1981年1月,葛洲坝水利枢纽截流,中华鲟被大坝所阻而滞留在宜昌以下的江段。 1981年秋季在葛洲坝枢纽的坝下江段采集到中华鲟的Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅵ期卵巢和Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ期精巢,1982年秋季又采集到中华鲟产出的卵和早期鱼苗。研究结果表明,中华鲟在坝下江段不仅能发育成熟,而且能自然产卵。为了保护和增殖中华鲟,人工繁殖放流的方法是切实可行的。同时,必须严禁滥捕,以保护中华鲟资源。       

厚颌鲂和圆口铜鱼耗氧率与窒息点的测定

用封闭静水式装置测定了体重2.3-4.7g厚颌鲂幼鱼的耗氧率和窒息点,用封闭静水式和封闭流水式装置测定了体重9.9-55.1g圆口铜鱼的耗氧率和窒息点。结果表明:在15-27℃条件下,厚颌鲂的耗氧率随着温度的升高而升高,耗氧率与水温呈线性关系;在水温24.8℃时厚颌鲂的窒息点为(0.91±0.08)mg/L。在水温23-27℃、封闭静水实验条件下,圆口铜鱼的耗氧率随体重增加而降低,两者呈指数关系;圆口铜鱼耗氧率昼夜变化明显,夜间耗氧率大于白天,推测圆口铜鱼夜间活动较多。在水温24.5-26.0℃条件下,体重21.8-46.3g圆口铜鱼的窒息点变幅较小,平均(1.14±0.23)mg/L。研究表明两种鱼都为耗氧率和窒息点较高的鱼类。       

长江,珠江,黑龙江鲢,鳙和草鱼原种种群形态差异

对长江、珠江、黑龙江的鲢、鳙、草鱼原种种群的十项形态特征,于高维空间上用统计方法进行判别分析,发现种群间具有显著差异,不同江河鲢、鳙的侧线鳞数也有明显不同。这些形态特征上的差异的大小与种群间的地理距离呈正相关。 根据上述显著性差异的特征,用模式分类法推导得鉴别程序,可在IBM-PC-AT计算机上对鱼逐尾自动判别鉴定其种群,除长江鲢外,准确率在75％～100％。     

鳙鱼同工酶发育遗传学研究

采用淀粉或聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法分析鳙鱼早期发育阶段(从未受精卵到卵黄吸尽期)及成体不同组织(脑、眼、心、肌、肾、肝)中六种同工酶(LDH,MDH,IDH,ADH,SDH,EST)的分化表达模式。鳙鱼同工酶基因的表达具有明显的组织特异性。早期发育阶段,ADH和SDH均无染色活性;LDH、MDH和IDH具有不同的发育变化谱式,而EST酶谱在整个早期发育阶段均无明显变化。与鲢、草鱼相比,鳙鱼早期发育过程中胚胎Ldh-A基因激活的时间被推迟。上述结果可为鳙鱼种群的生化遗传结构分析以及鳙鱼的人工育种提供基础资料。     

低功率CO2激光、TDP及其它红外辐射对鱼类(亲鱼)生长发育影响的研究(Ⅱ)

应用低功率CO2激光和TDP红外辐射辐照鲤、鲫、草鱼、鲢、鳙等的孵化期鱼卵、稚鱼、鱼苗和鱼种以选育繁殖用亲鱼,并在繁殖期对产卵池内的雌雄亲鱼进行辐照处理,以观察经选育的亲鱼的繁殖力和子代苗种的相关遗传性能。经与空白对照组和促长剂对照组的亲鱼相关的性能进行对比,经辐射处理的亲鱼生长发育正常,品种特征显现明显优势,繁殖力和抗病抗逆力增强,繁殖用期限延长。对鱼类的低功率激光和TDP辐照系列技术进行了长达10年以上的远期效果进行了追踪观察,未发现亲鱼和子代鱼苗、鱼种的致畸、致癌变和诸多遗传退化现象。     

Phenotypic plasticity in the spawning traits of bigheaded carp (Hypophthalmichthys spp.) in novel ecosystems

1. Bigheaded carp, including both silver (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) and bighead (H. nobilis) carp, are successful invasive fishes that threaten global freshwater biodiversity. High phenotypic plasticity probably contributes to their success in novel ecosystems, although evidence of plasticity in several spawning traits has hitherto been largely anecdotal or speculative. 2. We collected drifting eggs from a Midwestern U.S.A. river from June to September 2011 and from April to June 2012 to investigate the spawning traits of bigheaded carp in novel ecosystems. 3. Unlike reports from the native range, the presence of drifting bigheaded carp eggs was not related to changes in hydrological regime or mean daily water temperature. Bigheaded carp also exhibited protracted spawning, since we found drifting eggs throughout the summer and as late as 1 September 2011. Finally, we detected bigheaded carp eggs in a river reach where the channel is c. 30 m wide with a catchment area of 4579 km², the smallest stream in which spawning has yet been documented. 4. Taken with previous observations of spawning traits that depart from those observed within the native ranges of both bighead and silver carp, our findings provide direct evidence that bigheaded carp exhibit plastic spawning traits in novel ecosystems that may facilitate invasion and establishment in a wider range of river conditions than previously envisaged.     

Location and timing of Asian carp spawning in the Lower Missouri River

We sampled for eggs of Asian carps, (bighead carp Hypophthalmichthys nobilis, silver carp H. molitrix, and grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella) in 12 sites on the Lower Missouri River and in six tributaries from the months of May through July 2005 and May through June 2006 to examine the spatial and temporal dynamics of spawning activity. We categorized eggs into thirty developmental stages, but usually they could not be identified to species. We estimated spawning times and locations based on developmental stage, temperature dependent rate of development and water velocity. Spawning rate was higher in the daytime between 05:00 and 21:00 h than at night. Spawning was not limited to a few sites, as has been reported for the Yangtze River, where these fishes are native, but more eggs were spawned in areas of high sinuosity. We employ a sediment transport model to estimate vertical egg concentration profiles and total egg fluxes during spawning periods on the Missouri River. We did not identify substantial spawning activity within tributaries or at tributary confluences examined in this study.     

长江干流和汉江的鳡鱼繁殖习性及其胚胎发育

本文报道了1961—1966年、1976—1978年和1981年在长江干流和汉江对鳡鱼的繁殖习性、产卵场的分布、产卵场的环境条件、促使产卵的外界因素和产卵规模等方面的调查研究结果。比较系统地研究了鳡鱼鱼卵、鱼苗的胚胎发育,描述了各个发育阶段的形态特征。与长江中其他产漂流性卵鱼类(特别是青鱼、草鱼、鲢和鳙)的胚胎相比较,鳡鱼具有许多明显的特点。