植被制图学进展

植被制图学进展潘代远（中国科学院植物研究所,北京,１０００４４）ＴＨＥＡＤＶＡＮＣＥＳＩＮＶＥＧＥＴＡＴＩＯＮＭＡＰＰＩＮＧ￥ＰａｎＤａｉ－ｙｕａｎ（ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｅｏｆＢｏｔａｎｙ,ＡｃａｄｅｍｉａＳｉｎｉｃａ,Ｂｅｉｊｉｎｇ１０００４４）植被制图...     

全球气候变化与水稻

全球气候变化与水稻林伟宏,白克智,匡廷云（中国科学院植物研究所,北京,１０００４４）ＧＬＯＢＡＬＣＬＩＭＡＴＥＣＨＡＮＧＥＡＮＤＲＩＣＥＬｉｎＷｅｉ－ｈｏｎｇ;ＢａｉＫｅ－ｚｈｉ;ＫｕａｎｇＴｉｎｇ－ｙｕｎ（ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＢｏｔａｎｙ,Ａｃａ...     

植物胚胎发生过程的基因表达

植物胚胎发生过程的基因表达黄绍兴,阎隆飞（北京农业大学生物学院,北京１０００９４）ＧＥＮＥＥＸＰＲＥＳＳＩＯＮＤＵＲＩＮＧＰＬＡＮＴＥＭＢＲＹＯＧＥＮＥＳＩＳ￥ＨｕａｎｇＳｈａｏ－ｘｉｎｇ;ＹａｎＬｏｎｇ－ｆｅｉ（ＣｏｌｌｅｓｅｏｆＢｉｏｌｏｇｉｃａ...     

十字苣苔属一新记录种

十字苣苔属一新记录种朱华,王洪,李保贵（中国科学院西双版纳热带植物园,云南勐腊６６６３０３）ＳＴＡＵＲＡＮＴＨＥＲＡ,ＡＮＥＷＲＥＣＯＲＤＦＲＯＭＣＨＩＮＡ￥ＺＨＵＨｕａ;ＷＡＮＧＨｏｎｇ;ＬＩＢａｏ－Ｇｕｉ（ＸｉｓｈｕａｎｇｂａｎｎａＴｒｏｐｉｃａ...     

Factors Affecting Electro－Fusion and Electro－Activation In Serial Nuclear Transplantation In Goat（Carpa hircus） Embryo

ＦａｃｔｏｒｓＡｆｆｅｃｔｉｎｇＥｌｅｃｔｒｏ－ＦｕｓｉｏｎａｎｄＥｌｅｃｔｒｏ－ＡｃｔｉｖａｔｉｏｎＩｎＳｅｒｉａｌＮｕｃｌｅａｒＴｒａｎｓｐｌａｎｔａｔｉｏｎＩｎＧｏａｔ（Ｃａｒｐａｈｉｒｃｕｓ）ＥｍｂｒｙｏＷＡＮＧＹｕ－ｇｅ（王玉阁）;ＺＯＵＸ...     

在长江沙洲上搁浅的中华白海豚

在长江沙洲上搁浅的中华白海豚ＳＴＲＡＮＤＩＮＧＯＦＡＮＩＮＤＯ┐ＰＡＣＩＦＩＣＨＵＭＰ┐ＢＡＣＫＥＤＤＯＬＰ┐ＨＩＮＯＮＡＳＡＮＤＢＡＮＫＩＮＴＨＥＹＡＮＧＴＺＥＲＩＶＥＲ中华白海豚（Ｓｏｕｓａｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ,Ｏｓｂｅｃｋ）分布在西太平洋和印度...     

Expression of Porcine Growth Hormone Gene in CHO Cell

ＥｘｐｒｅｓｓｉｏｎｏｆＰｏｒｃｉｎｅＧｒｏｗｔｈＨｏｒｍｏｎｅＧｅｎｅｉｎＣＨＯＣｅｌｌＣＨＥＮＱｉｎｇ－ｘｕａｎ（陈清轩）;ＨＥＸｉｎ（何新）;ＤＥＮＧＨｕｉ－ｎａｎ（邓辉南）（ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＤｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔａｌＢｉｏｌｏｇｙ,Ａｃ...     

中国伞滑刃线虫属─新纪录（真滑刃目：寄生滑刃科）

中国伞滑刃线虫属─新纪录（真滑刃目：寄生滑刃科）ＴＨＥＮＥＷＲＥＣＯＲＤＯＦＢＵＲＳＡＰＨＥＬＥＮＣＨＵＳＦＲＯＭＣＨＩＮＡ（ＡＰＨＥＬＥＮＣＨＩＤＡ：ＰＡＲＡＳＩＴＡＰＨＥＬＥＮＣＨＩＤＡＥ）￥ＹＩＮＧａｎ－ｌｉｕ;ＦＡＮＧＹｕ－ｓｈｅｎｇ（Ｄｅｐ...     

地衣芽孢杆菌β—甘露聚糖酶的纯化及其性质的研究

地衣芽孢杆菌１Ｂａｃｉｕｕｓ Ｌｉｃｈｅｎｉｆｏｒｍｉｓ）ＢＬ－３０６产生的胞外β－甘露聚糖酶经硫酸铵分级盐析,ＤＥＡＥ－纤维素柱层析。Ｓｅｐｈａｄｅｘ－Ｇ１００柱凝胶过滤和ＤＥＡＥ－纤维素柱再层析分离纯化,得到ＳＤＳ－聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ）均一样品。用ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ测得纯化后β－甘露聚糖酶分子量为２６０００道尔顿。用凝胶等电聚焦电泳（ＰＡＧＥＩＥＦ）测得等电点ＰＩ为５．０。该酶     

西藏禾本科植物新分类群与新记录种

西藏禾本科植物新分类群与新记录种赵南先,李名非（安徽省生物研究所,合肥２３００３１）ＮＥＷＴＡＸＡＡＮＤＮＥＷＲＥＣＯＲＤＩＮＧＳＰＥＣＩＥＳＯＦＧＲＡＭＩＮＥＡＥＦＲＯＭＴＩＢＥＴ￥ＺＨＡＯＮａｎ－Ｘｉａｎ;ＬＩＭｉｎｇ－Ｆｅｉ（ＡｎｈｕｉＩｎｓｔ...     

精子膜表面蛋白的研究进展

动物的精子是一类结构和功能都十分特化的细胞,其膜表面存在多种糖蛋白或糖复合物,它们与精卵识别、结合以及质膜融合等受精活动密切相关,同时,作为精子膜抗原,在免疫避孕和免疫不育的治疗中具有广阔的应用前景。本文扼要概述了精子膜蛋白的研究进展。     

Proteomic analysis of sperm regions that mediate sperm-egg interactions

The sperm interacts with three oocyte-associated structures during fertilization: the cumulus cell layer surrounding the oocyte, the egg extracellular matrix (the zona pellucida), and the oocyte plasma membrane. Each of these interactions is mediated by the sperm head, probably through proteins both on the sperm surface and within the acrosome, a specialized secretory granule. In this study, we have used subcellular fractionation in order to generate a proteome of the sperm head subcellular compartments that interact with oocytes. Of the proteins we identified for which a gene knockout has been tested, a third have been shown to be essential for efficient reproduction in vivo. Many of the other presently untested proteins are likely to have a similarly important role. Twenty-five percent of the cell surface fraction proteins are previously uncharacterized. We have shown that at least two of these novel proteins are localized to the sperm head. In summary, we have identified over 100 proteins that are expressed on mature sperm at the site of sperm-oocyte interactions.     

The effect of cooling rate on the survival of cryopreserved bull,ram, and boar spermatozoa: a comparison of two controlled-rate cooling machines

Spermatozoa from three species, bovine, ovine, and porcine, were frozen using standard techniques in two controlled-rate cooling machines, a commercial instrument and a custom-built device. Ice crystallisation was induced mechanically by touching the straws with a pre-cooled rod. The sperm samples were stored 24h, and then thawed rapidly and evaluated for motility, viability, and acrosomal integrity in the membrane-intact population. The custom-built controlled-rate cooling machine proved significantly better at all cooling rates for all species. This was particularly evident for the ram and the boar spermatozoa. In general, -30 or -50 degrees C/min were better than -1 degrees C/min, with a slight advantage being evident for -30 degrees C/min. However, this became very apparent for boar spermatozoa. It is clear that the higher cooling rates are necessary for successful freezing of spermatozoa from these species, and that careful control of the cooling rate is essential for maximal recovery of viable and functional cells. This is best achieved when the cooling profile is controlled from within a dummy sample.     

Regional specialization of the sperm membrane in the tick Amblyomma hebraeum koch (Acari: Ixodidae)

Summary The spermatozoon of Amblyomma hebraeum is about 200 m long and comprises: (1) a thick, club-shaped anterior part, about 20 m long bearing at its apex a tactile hemisphere, and (2) an elongated tail-like part, about 180 m long. The surface of the tactile hemisphere is covered by numerous bulbous expansions, attached to it by short stalks. The base of the hemisphere is surrounded by a fringe of thin motile processes; the remaining surface of the spermatozoon is covered with long cellular processes which run more or less parallel to one another.The membrane-associated particles found on the membrane beneath the cellular processes are regularly arranged as groups of parallel strands. The external surface of the so-called peripheral granules, as revealed by freeze-etching, is smooth with a very small number of particles. Internally the particles exhibit a regular hexagonal pattern which has not been observed, so far, on any other membrane of these sperm cells.The regional specialization of the spermatozoon surface membrane in relation to sperm motility is discussed. The results obtained indicate that processes of three types: (1) bulbous expansions, (2) motile processes, and (3) cellular processes are regional specializations, all engaged in aspects of sperm motility.The technical assistance of Mr. R. Haemmerle of Balzers Research Laboratories, Mrs. F. Seif and Miss C. Pugin, is gratefully acknowledged     

Significant variability among bulls in the sperm membrane permeability for water and glycerol: possible implications for semen freezing protocols for individual males

The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that bulls have significant intra-individual differences in the hydraulic conductivity (L(p)) and permeability coefficient for glycerol (P(s)) of the sperm cell membrane. The permeability parameters were determined at 22, 10, and 0 degrees C of sperm from 7 Holstein Frisian artificial insemination (AI) bulls, using four ejaculates per bull. A stopped-flow approach was applied to provide temporal resolution sufficient to measure rapid cell volume changes under anisosmotic conditions in the absence or presence of glycerol. This technique utilizes a concentration-dependent self-quenching entrapped fluorophore. The resulting cell volume changes were used in three-parameter fitting calculations to compute L(p) in the absence glycerol, and L(p) in the presence of glycerol (L(p)(gly)) and P(s). Averaged over all bulls, L(p) in the absence of glycerol was 0.28+/-0.01, 0.15+/-0.01 and 0.10+/-0.01 microm min(-1)atm(-1) (mean+/-SD) at 22, 10 and 0 degrees C, respectively, yielding an Arrhenius activation energy (E(a)) of 7.39 kcal/mol. The average L(p)(gly) value at 22 degrees C, was 3.8 times lower than L(p) in the absence of glycerol (P<0.05). L(p)(gly), P(s), and the reflection coefficient (sigma) at 22 degrees C were 0.073+/-0.015 microm min(-1)atm(-1), 0.80+/-0.33 x 10(-3)cm min(-1), and 0.92+/-0.10 (mean+/-SD), respectively. Subsequent experiments were performed at 10 and 0 degrees C. Activation energies for L(p)(gly) and P(s) were 10.08 and 8.77 kcal/mol, respectively. The significant differences between individual bulls in L(p) and P(s) indicate that individual males may require individual adjustments of the cooling protocol. Application of these data in a theoretical model to simulate the osmotic events during freezing resulted in predicted optimal cooling rates in the range of published empirical values.     

Evidence for participation of GCS1 in fertilization of the starlet sea anemone Nematostella vectensis: Implication of a common mechanism of sperm–egg fusion in plants and animals

It has been reported that GCS1 (Generative Cell Specific 1) is a transmembrane protein that is exclusively expressed in sperm cells and is essential for gamete fusion in flowering plants. The GCS1 gene is present not only in angiosperms but also in unicellular organisms and animals, implying the occurrence of a common or ancestral mechanism of GCS1-mediated gamete fusion. In order to elucidate the common mechanism, we investigated the role of GCS1 in animal fertilization using a sea anemone (Cnidaria), Nematostella vectensis. Although the existence of the GCS1 gene in N. vectensis has been reported, the expression of GCS1 in sperm and the role of GCS1 in fertilization are not known. In this study, we showed that the GCS1 gene is expressed in the testis and that GCS1 protein exists in sperm by in situ hybridization and proteomic analysis, respectively. Then we made four peptide antibodies against the N-terminal extracellular region of NvGCS1. These antibodies specifically reacted to NvGCS1 among sperm proteins on the basis of Western analysis and potently inhibited fertilization in a concentration-dependent manner. These results indicate that sperm GCS1 plays a pivotal role in fertilization, most probably in sperm–egg fusion, in a starlet sea anemone, suggesting a common gamete-fusion mechanism shared by eukaryotic organisms.     

底物膜技术检测精子顶体酶活性的研究

应用底物膜技术检测１３０例正常精液,精子顶体酶活性百分率的正常值下限为５７％。４５９例不孕症病人精液分析,无精症２５例,其余４３４例中７５％精子顶体酶活性正常。实验表明精子密度对数值与顶体酶活性百分率之间有正相关,ｒ＝０．８４（Ｐ＜０．０１）,回归方程为顶体酶活性百分率ｙ＝４８．４３％＋（８．９％）（ｌｏｇ精子计数）。活动精子百分率与顶体酶活性之间有密切正相关,ｒ＝０．９６７,（Ｐ＜０．０１）,顶体酶活性ｙ＝３８．６％＋０、３６ｘ％。前向活跃直线运动精子百分率与顶体酶活性之间也有密切相关．ｒ＝０．９６,（Ｐ＜０．０１）,顶体酶活性ｙ＝３４．２１％＋０．６１ｘ％。     

Shedding off specific lipid constituents from sperm cell membrane during cryopreservation

Membrane damage is one of the main reasons for reduced motility and fertility of sperm cells during cryopreservation. Using a model system of sperm cryopreservation developed in our laboratory, we have investigated the detailed changes due to cryopreservation in the plasma membrane lipid composition of the goat epididymal sperm cells. Total lipid and its components, i.e., neutral lipids, glycolipids and phospholipids decreased significantly after cryopreservation. Among neutral lipids sterols, steryl esters and 1-O-alkyl-2,3-diacyl glycerols decreased appreciably, while among phospholipids, major loss was observed for phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidyl ethanolamine. Unsaturated fatty acids bound to the phospholipids diminished while the percentage of saturated acids increased. The cholesterol:phospholipid ratio enhanced and the amount of hydrocarbon, which was unusually high, increased further on cryopreservation. The data indicates that profound increase of the hydrophobicity of the cell membrane is one of the major mechanisms by which spermatozoa acquire potential to resist or combat stress factors like cryodamage. The results are compatible with the view that for survival against cryodamage, sperm cells modulate the structure of their outer membrane by shedding off preferentially some hydrophilic lipid constituents of the cell membrane.     

Phosphatidic Acid (PA)-preferring Phospholipase A1 Regulates Mitochondrial Dynamics

Recent studies have suggested that phosphatidic acid (PA), a cone-shaped phospholipid that can generate negative curvature of lipid membranes, participates in mitochondrial fusion. However, precise mechanisms underling the production and consumption of PA on the mitochondrial surface are not fully understood. Phosphatidic acid-preferring phospholipase A₁ (PA-PLA₁)/DDHD1 is the first identified intracellular phospholipase A₁ and preferentially hydrolyzes PA in vitro. Its cellular and physiological functions have not been elucidated. In this study, we show that PA-PLA₁ regulates mitochondrial dynamics. PA-PLA₁, when ectopically expressed in HeLa cells, induced mitochondrial fragmentation, whereas its depletion caused mitochondrial elongation. The effects of PA-PLA₁ on mitochondrial morphology appear to counteract those of MitoPLD, a mitochondrion-localized phospholipase D that produces PA from cardiolipin. Consistent with high levels of expression of PA-PLA₁ in testis, PA-PLA₁ knock-out mice have a defect in sperm formation. In PA-PLA₁-deficient sperm, the mitochondrial structure is disorganized, and an abnormal gap structure exists between the middle and principal pieces. A flagellum is bent at that position, leading to a loss of motility. Our results suggest a possible mechanism of PA regulation of the mitochondrial membrane and demonstrate an in vivo function of PA-PLA₁ in the organization of mitochondria during spermiogenesis.     

Stimulation of voltage-dependent calcium channels during capacitation and by progesterone in human sperm

To fertilize, mammalian sperm must undergo two sequential steps that require activation of calcium entry mechanisms, capacitation and acrosomal exocytosis, induced in the latter case by the egg zona pellucida glycoprotein ZP3 or by progesterone. Voltage-dependent calcium channels (VDCC) could participate in these processes. Since patch clamp recordings are extremely difficult in mature sperm, the activity of VDCC has been alternatively analyzed with optical detectors of membrane potential and intracellular calcium in sperm populations. Using this approach, we previously reported that in human sperm there is a voltage-dependent calcium influx system that strongly indicates that human sperm are endowed with functional VDCC. In this study we developed evidence indicating that calcium influx through VDCC is significantly stimulated during sperm in vitro capacitation and by progesterone action, which is present in the follicular fluid that surrounds the egg. The observed effects of capacitation and progesterone on VDCC may be physiologically significant for sperm-egg interaction.