p38 MAPK信号传导通路

丝裂原活化蛋白激酶（ｍｉｔｏｇｅｎ－ａｃｔｉｖａｔｅｄｐｏｒｏｔｅｉｎｋｉｎａｓｅ,ＭＡＰＫ）介导了生长、发育,分裂,死亡,以及细胞间的功能同步等多种细胞生理功能,在哺乳动物细胞中已发现和克隆了ＥＲＫ、ＪＮＫ／ＳＡＰＫ,ＥＲＫ５／ＢＭＫ１和ｐ３８／ＲＫ四个ＭＡＰＫ亚族,这些新的ＭＡＰＫ介导了物理,化学反激,细菌产物,炎性细胞因子等多种刺激引起的细胞反应,ｐ３８亚族至少包括ｐ３８（α）,ｐ３８β,ｐ     

酵母HOG途径与甘油合成

ＭＡＰＫｓ（ＭｉｔｏｇｅｎａｃｔｉｖａｔｅｄＰｒｏｔｅｉｎＫｉｎａｓｅｓ）及其上游调节激酶共同组成一个功能单位,作为上游输入信号与多种输出信号间连接的桥梁。ＭＡＰＫ激酶或ＭＥＫ（即ＭＡＰＫ／ＥＲＫ激酶）是ＭＡＰＫ所具有的一个调节激酶,为ＭＡＰＫ的活...     

JNK／SAPK信号传递途径与细胞应激反应

ｃ－ＪｕｎＮＨ２－末端激酶（ＪＮＫ）又称为应激活化蛋白激酶（ＳＡＰＫ）,是有丝分裂原活化蛋白激酶（ＭＡＰＫ）家族成员之一。大量研究证实,ＪＮＫ／ＳＡＰＫ信号传递途径在细胞应激反应中起重要作用。ＪＮＫ／ＳＡＰＫ信号传递途径的激活促进细胞凋亡发生,其机制与诱导ＦａｓＬ表达、调控凋亡相关基因差异表达和改变细胞内Ｃａ＾２＋环境与激活ｃａｓｐａｓｅｓ家族在关。在某些情况下,ＪＮＫ／ＳＡＰＫ信号传递途径的激活     

参与细胞凋亡的丝裂原活化蛋白激酶及其作用机制

丝裂原活化蛋白激酶家族（ＭＡＰＫｓ）参与细胞调亡的信号转导过程。在多数细胞中,ＪＮＫ／ＳＡＰＫｓ和ｐ３８诱导细胞调亡,ＥＲＫ促进细胞增殖;但在另一些细胞中则情况相反。ＭＡＰＫｓ途径与死亡受体途径之间存在一定的联系,它们间的交互作用尚待一步研究。     

p38MAPK信号通路

细胞表面受体到核的信号通路是现代生物学研究的主题之一。细胞外各种刺激通过和膜受体偶联的Ｇ蛋白和酪氨酸激酶介导了一系列丝氨酸／苏氨酸激酶介导的级联反应,即分裂原激活蛋白激酶（ＭＡＰＫ）级联反应。ＭＡＰＫ级联反应把细胞外信号传递到核,并汇总了各种信号通路来的传息,因此研究细胞内ＭＡＰＫ的信号通路是十分重要的．本文简要介绍了ＥＲＫ,ＪＮＫ和ｐ３８三种ＭＡＰＫ途径,着重叙述了ｐ３８ＭＡＰＫ信号途径的性质和功能以及在免疫细胞中的作用和某些疾病的临床关系。     

SELF-TRAINING NEURAL NETWORK MODEL FOR REAL TIME TOMOGRAPHY DATA PROCESSING

ＳＥＬＦ—ＴＲＡＩＮＩＮＧＮＥＵＲＡＬＮＥＴＷＯＲＫＭＯＤＥＬＦＯＲＲＥＡＬＴＩＭＥＴＯＭＯＧＲＡＰＨＹＤＡＴＡＰＲＯＣＥＳＳＩＮＧＹｕ．Ｋｕｌｃｈｉｎ;Ｏ．Ｋａｍｅｎｅｙ（Ｄｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏｆｐｈｙｓｉｃｓ,ＦａｒＥａｓｔｅｒｎＳｔａｔｅＴｅｃ...     

CEK2,一个白色念珠菌新的MAPK能互补fus3／kss1突变 …

在利用合成寡核苷酸片段和利用简并ＰＣＲ方法筛选白色念球菌ＭＡＰＫ相关蛋白激酶基因的过程中,都得到了一个新的ＭＡＰＫ基因ＣＥＫ２（Ｃａｎｄｉｄａ ａｌｂｉｃａｎｓ ｅｘｔｒａｃｅｌｌｕｌａｒ ｓｉｇｎａｌ－ｒｅｇｕｌａｔｅｄ ｋｉｎａｓｅ２）。ＣＥＫ２基因全长为１１１９ｂｐ,编码３７３个氨基酸,白色念珠菌ＣＥＫ１同源性达５６％。ＣＥＫ２与啤酒酵母ＦＵＳ３基因同源性很高,核苷酸的同源 达５７％,氨基酸     

RSK2偶联丝裂素活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)转导基因表达信号

ＲＳＫ２偶联丝裂素活化蛋白激酶（ＭＡＰＫ）转导基因表达信号ＭＡＰＫ途径是介导多种生长因子引起细胞增殖分化的共同通路。当生长因子携带的信息传入细胞膜后,经一系列的磷酸化反应,激活ＭＡＰＫ,活化的ＭＡＰＫ依次从胞浆转位入细胞核,激活（磷酸化）转录因子ＥＬ...     

用寡聚核苷酸片段筛选白色念珠菌MAPK的基因家族

促分裂原活化蛋白激酶（ｍｉｔｏｇｅｎ－ａｃｔｉｖａｔｅｄ ｐｒｏｔｅｉｎ ｋｉｎａｓｅ,ＭＡＰＫ）是一类与哺乳动物ｐ３４＾ＣＤＣ２同源性很高的Ｓｅｒ／Ｔｈｒ蛋白激酶,在多个不同的信号转导途径中起作用。现有的实验语气表明,ＭＡＰＫ很可能在白色念珠菌形态发生中起作用。我们根据白色念念菌的已知的两个ＭＡＰＫ基因;ＣＥＫ１与ＭＫＣ１第Ⅶ亚结构域的核苷酸序列合成卫段２７ｎｔ的寡核苷酸,作为探针来筛选白色念穆     

小鼠金属硫蛋白 Ⅰ cDNA编码序列的克隆及其在昆虫细胞中的表达

将质粒ｐＢＸ－ＭＴ上的小鼠ＭＴ－ⅠｃＤＮＡ片段切下作为模板,通过ＰＣＲ方法删除该片段的非编码序列,将编码序列克隆到质粒ｐＢＳ－ＳＫ中,经ＤＮＡ序列测定后证明其克隆序列正确．再将ＭＴ－ⅠｃＤＮＡ编码序列插入到转移载体ｐＢａｃＰＡＫ８的ＢａｍＨⅠ和ＥｃｏＲⅠ位点之间,通过磷酸钙／ＤＮＡ共转染方法将其导入昆虫细胞Ｓｆ９中,以Ｗｅｓｔｅｒｎｂｌｏｔ和ＤｏｔＥＩＡ方法对表达产物进行了检测,表达量为１ｍｇ／Ｌ     

Expression and characterization of MAP kinases in bacteria

Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are common signal transducers in all eukaryotic organisms. MAPKs are activated by protein kinase cascades consisting of MAPK kinases (MAP2Ks) and MAPK kinase kinases (MAP3Ks). Extracellular-signal regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) are the best characterized MAPKs. Like other MAPKs their activity is regulated by dual phosphorylation as well as dephosphorylation by a host of phosphoprotein phosphatases. The ability to phosphorylate or thiophosphorylate ERK2 in vitro, as described here, is valuable for use in downstream applications designed to investigate MAPK signaling networks.     

In the cellular garden of forking paths: how p38 MAPKs signal for downstream assistance

Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are evolutionarily conserved enzymes which connect cell-surface receptors to regulatory targets within cells and convert receptor signals into various outputs. In mammalian cells, four distinct MAPKs have been identified: the extracellular signal-related kinases (ERK)-1/2, the c-jun N-terminal kinases or stress-activated protein kinases 1 (JNK1/2/3, or SAPK1s), the p38 MAPKs (p38 alpha/beta/gamma/delta, or SAPK2s), and the ERK5 or big MAP kinase 1 (BMK1). The p38 MAPK cascade is activated by stress or cytokines and leads to phosphorylation of its central elements, the p38 MAPKs. Downstream of p38 MAPKs there is a diversification and extensive branching of signalling pathways. For that reason, we will focus in this review on the different signalling events that are triggered by p38 activity, and analyse how these events contribute to specific gene expression and cellular responses.     

Activation of the MAP kinase pathway by the protein kinase raf.

Both MAP kinases and the protein kinase p74raf-1 are activated by many growth factors in a c-ras-dependent manner and by oncogenic p21ras. We were therefore interested in determining the relationship between MAP kinases and raf. The MAP kinase ERK2 is activated by expression of oncogenically activated raf, independently of cellular ras. Overexpressed p74raf-1 potentiates activation of ERK2 by EGF and TPA. MAP kinase kinase inactivated by phosphatase 2A treatment is phosphorylated and reactivated by incubation with p74raf-1 immunoprecipitated from phorbol ester-treated cells. We conclude that raf protein kinase is upstream of MAP kinases and is either a MAP kinase kinase kinase or a MAP kinase kinase kinase kinase.     

丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)生物学功能的结构基础

丝裂原活化蛋白激酶 (MAPK)是生物体内重要的信号转导系统之一 ,能对广泛的细胞外刺激发生反应 .蛋白激酶的空间构象是其功能的重要决定因素 .对MAPK蛋白结构的研究表明 ,MAPK的结构与功能之间具有密切的关系 .尽管MAPK各亚族的结构非常相似 ,但也存在着一些差异 ,这些差异是不同亚族对不同的细胞外刺激产生特异性反应的结构基础 .某些关键性结构 ,例如Loop12 ,在MAPK对上游激酶的作用、下游底物的选择以及亚细胞定位中都具有重要作用 .进一步深入研究MAPK的空间结构 ,探讨MAPK的生物学功能与其空间构象之间的关系 ,对于开发新的MAPK通路抑制剂用于治疗某些严重疾病有着重要的临床意义     

Raf1 plays a pivotal role in lipopolysaccharide-induced activation of dendritic cells

Activation of extracellular-regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK) is involved in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cellular responses such as the increased production of proinflammatory cytokines. However, mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) such as p38 are also activated by LPS and have been postulated to be important in the control of these end points. Therefore, establishing the relative contribution of MAPKs in each cell type is important, as is elucidating the molecular mechanisms by which these MAPKs are activated in LPS-induced signaling cascades. We demonstrated in DC2.4 dendritic cells that ERK regulates tyrosine phosphorylation of phosphatidyl-inositol-3-kinase (PI3-K) and the production of TNF-alpha. We also demonstrated that Raf1 is phosphorylated and involved in the production of TNF-alpha and tyrosine phosphorylation of PI3-K via ERK. Raf1 also regulates the activation of NF-kappaB. We propose that Raf1 plays a pivotal role in LPS-induced activation of the dendritic cells.     

Crystal structure of the MAP3K TAO2 kinase domain bound by an inhibitor staurosporine

Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signal transduction pathways are ubiquitous ineukaryotic cells,which transfer signals from the cell surface to the nucleus,controlling multiple cellularprograms.MAPKs are activated by MAPK kinases [MAP2Ks or MAP/extracellular signal-regulated kinase(ERK) kinases (MEK)],which in turn are activated by MAPK kinase kinases (MAP3Ks).TAO2 is a MAP3Klevel kinase that activates the MAP2Ks MEK3 and MEK6 to activate p38 MAPKs.Because p38 MAPKs arekey regulators of expression of inflammatory cytokines,they appear to be involved in human diseases suchas asthma and autoimmunity.As an upstream activator of p38s,TAO2 represents a potential drug target.Here we report the crystal structure of active TAO2 kinase domain in complex with staurosporine,a broad-range protein kinase inhibitor that inhibits TAO2 with an IC_(50) of 3 μM.The structure reveals that staurosporineoccupies the position where the adenosine of ATP binds in TAO2,and the binding of the inhibitor mimicsmany features of ATP binding.Both polar and nonpolar interactions contribute to the enzyme-inhibitorrecognition.Staurosporine induces conformational changes in TAO2 residues that surround the inhibitormolecule,but causes very limited global changes in the kinase.The structure provides atomic details forTAO2-staurosporine interactions,and explains the relatively low potency of staurosporine against TAO2.The structure presented here should aid in the design of inhibitors specific to TAO2 and related kinases.