犀牛在中国灭绝与人口压力关系的初步分析

三千多年以前,犀牛沿黄河两岸自西向东约有１８００多公里的广阔的分布北界。近三千年来,犀牛在中国的分布北界不断南移,它是我国犀牛地减性灭绝的重要特征。北界南移速度相当惊人,平均每年以０．５ｋｍ的速度禹南消退。犀牛在中国灭绝的根本原因是人口压力、中国古代人口对犀牛的压力包括直接与间接两个方面,通过简单计算可知,犀牛种群承受人口压力阈值小于４人／ｋｍ＾２。     

图门江流域人口压力对东北虎数量的影响

图门江流域曾是东北虎适宜生存地，有着广泛分布，近百年来由于人口迅速增长，人口压力不断加大，原始森林大面积皆伐，东北虎栖息领地绝大多数被灌丛，荒山，农田及村镇所代替。东北虎主要食物，大型草食动物，也相继大幅度减少。虎与人畜矛盾日益尖锐，东北虎被捕杀的机遇逐年增大，整个流域东北虎数量日趋减少，目前已基本绝迹。     

乔氏新银鱼基于细胞色素b序列的种群遗传结构和种群历史

为促进乔氏新银鱼(Neosalanx jordani)种质资源的保护, 采集了长江流域和淮河流域5个乔氏新银鱼地理种群计129个样本, 利用线粒体细胞色素b基因(Cyt b)全序列作为分子标记, 初步分析了乔氏新银鱼种群的遗传多样性、遗传结构及种群历史动态。研究结果共检测到18个Cyt b单倍型, 发现和其他鱼类相比, 乔氏新银鱼具有较高的单倍型多样性(h, 0.590±0.047), 但核苷酸多样性较低(π, 0.00088±0.00011)。分子变异分析(AMOVA)表明, 乔氏新银鱼5个地理种群内个体间和流域内种群间均存在显著的遗传差异, 而长江流域与淮河流域之间遗传分化不明显, 显示乔氏新银鱼遗传分化与当前水系的分布格局不吻合。结果表明乔氏新银鱼目前的遗传格局主要是由于长距离独立的建群事件、基因流限制以及种群的持续扩张的共同作用而形成的。种群历史动态分析结果显示乔氏新银鱼种群为近期扩张种群, 其大部分变异发生在1.897万年之内, 与最后一次冰期全面消退、海平面上升、长江流域及淮河流域中下游大量湖泊(适宜生境)形成的时间相吻合。建议对现存的乔氏新银鱼种群, 特别是遗传多样性较高的那些种群(如鄱阳湖、太湖及洪泽湖种群)分别保护。     

种群生存力分析（PVA）的方法与应用

随着人们对资源的加速利用,生境丧失和破碎化导致物种濒危问题日益严重.以岛屿生物地理学为理论起源的种群生存力分析（PVA）,通过分析和模拟种群动态过程并建立灭绝概率与种群数量之间的关系,为濒危物种保护提供了重要的理论依据和研究途径.在过去的几十年中,种群生存力分析已成为保护生物学中一项重要的研究内容.目前种群生存力分析发展稳定,但对其实际预测能力和准确性尚存质疑,应用方面也有待进一步发展.种群生存力分析的进一步完善还需要在理论和方法上的创新,特别是籍于景观生态学和可持续性科学的理念,将空间分析手段、经济社会因素纳入到物种和种群的预测和管理上,从而使其 具有更完整的理论基础和更高的实用价值.为此,本文对种群生存力分析的历史、基本概念、研究方法、模型应用和准确性进行了综述,并提出了有关的研究展望.     

华南地区人口压力增长对猕猴(Macaca spp.)分布的影响

通过研究本世纪初和现今两个历史时期华南地区猕猴分布、人口和耕地变化发现,猕猴在本世纪初为随机分布,现今已为聚集分布。在现今生产力水平下,180人·km^-2是猕猴分布限量。本世纪初区内有猴分布的县(市)为61%,现今仅为23.47%.21世纪30年代前后预计尚余15.2%县(市)仍有猴分布,主要分布在湘西北、桂西及湘、桂、粤交界的南岭一带,琼西南尚余少数。     

人参氨基酸成分的分析

<正> 人参(Panax ginseng C.A.Meyer)为五加科人参属的多年生宿根草木植物,在我国已有三百多年的栽培历史。人参根部入药,是驰名中外的贵重药材和滋补佳品。     

高原鼢鼠种群历史动态研究

利用细胞色素b基因序列作为分子遗传标记,分析了高原鼢鼠Eospalax baileyi整个分布区及4个地理种群历史动态变化.结果显示,0.33～0.16百万年前(Ma),该物种有效种群大小出现最高值与最低值,种群剧烈波动;0.16～0.08 Ma,种群大小基本保持不变;0.08 Ma至今,基本呈现缓慢下降趋势.结果充分说明倒数第二次冰期造成了高原鼢鼠有效种群大小的急剧下降或波动,间冰期有利于该物种种群数量稳定水平的维持,而末次冰期仅仅限制了有效种群大小的增加,并未导致种群崩溃或灭绝.     

两种生防木霉菌的种群动态监测及回收毒力测定

目的:对施入人参地的两株木霉菌的种群动态进行长期监测及回收毒力测定,为应用木霉菌安全、长期、有效防治根部病害提供理论依据。方法:采用木霉菌选择性培养基筛选法和平板对峙培养法,对木霉菌进行回收测定及毒力评价。结果:Th3080与Tv04-2在人参地土壤环境中定殖后可长期大量存活。150d检测时,木霉菌种群数量与初始投入量的比率平均为16.2%,最高达44.5%。两种木霉菌对3种人参病原菌的抑制率较原始菌株有所增强或无显著差异。结论:木霉菌引入土壤微生态后可以建立种群。木霉菌不仅可以长期大量存活,而且能很好的保持毒力。     

黑颈乌龟两个养殖种群的遗传多样性分析

开展濒危物种养殖群体的遗传多样性研究,对种质资源的保护与利用具有重要意义.选择线粒体COI基因作为本次研究的分子标记,分别从序列组成、单倍型及遗传距离、种群历史动态等方面对黑颈乌龟(Mauremys nigricans)两个养殖种群进行比较分析.结果显示:两个种群的COI序列全长572 bp,A+T含量为55.4％,G+C含量为44.6％.广东种群的遗传多样性指标均高于广西种群.其次,两个种群共享15个单倍型,广东种群内部的遗传距离(0.002～0.024)高于广西种群内部(0.002～0.011),可见广东种群具有更加丰富的遗传变异.中性检验结果显示种群间的遗传分化达到较高水平(Fst=0.205 93),AMOVA分析结果证明种群内部变异在两个种群的遗传分化中占据主要作用(79.41％).最后,核苷酸错配分布曲线和中性检验结果揭示广西种群经历了种群扩张,然而在扩张过程中并未有效积累核苷酸变异,建议避免杂交,加强同一物种不同群体间的基因交流,并优先保护群体中个体占有率低的单倍型.本研究为黑颈乌龟的遗传多样性保护提供了科学的理论指导,促进了黑颈乌龟经济养殖与物种保护的共同发展.     

4种人参属植物基因组大小的测定

人参属（Panax）植物是重要的药用植物资源。以水稻（Oryzasativa）为内标,利用流式细胞术测定了三七（Panaxnotoginseng）、屏边三七（Panaxstipuleanatus）、越南三七（Panaxvietnamensis）及假人参（几n似pse“doginseng）4种人参属植物的基因组大小。结果表明,4种植物的基因组大小各不相同,其中。三七的最大,而屏边三七的最小。本组数据将为该属植物的基因组学研究以及种群进化研究提供基础数据参考。     

论我国人口容纳量

人口环境容纳量是直接与社会生产力发展水平相适应的。它体现在人类智力发展水平、经济结构的合理性以及各人在行业中所占位置。本文据1982年人口普查10％抽样资料对我国劳动力分布进行了分析,并指出:劳动力分布不平衡反映出社会生产力的落后,自然资源与人力资源的浪费。我国的农牧渔业资源还有着巨大的潜力,只要国策对,人尽其才,物尽其用,使资源得到合理地开发和利用,今后50—100年内,我国农牧渔业资源将可满足15亿人口科学膳食需求。     

MAXIMUM-LIKELIHOOD ESTIMATION OF POPULATION DIVERGENCE TIMES AND POPULATION PHYLOGENY IN MODELS WITHOUT MUTATION

In this paper we present a method for estimating population divergence times by maximum likelihood in models without mutation. The maximum-likelihood estimator is compared to a commonly applied estimator based on Wright's F_ST statistic. Simulations suggest that the maximum-likelihood estimator is less biased and has a lower variance than the F_ST-based estimator. The maximum-likelihood estimator provides a statistical framework for the analysis of population history given genetic data. We demonstrate how maximum-likelihood estimates of the branching pattern of divergence of multiple populations may be obtained. We also describe how the method may be applied to test hypotheses such as whether populations have maintained equal population sizes. We illustrate the method by applying it to two previously published sets of human restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) data.     

昆虫种群动态模拟方法的一点改进──三化螟种群动态模拟模型的研究

以Ｒｕｅｓｉｎｋ（１９７６）的模型为基础,根据昆虫个体一般不同步地进入下一发育阶段的状况,当昆虫各虫态发育到完成该虫态发育所需要的最低年龄级数后,假定各年龄级的昆虫种群均以一定的概率分布函数值进入下一个发育阶段,同时根据有效积温向前推进。据此,对昆虫种群动态模拟方法作了一点改进。该方法综合了已有的种群模型的优点,因而较Ｒｕｅｓｉｎｋ（１９７６）和ＣｈｉＨｓｉｎ等（１９８５）提出的方法更真实地反映了昆虫种群动态的变化规律。根据三化螟自然种群生命表的资料,分析和确定逐日存活率、逐日发育率和逐日生殖率,对三化螟种群进行逐日动态模拟和预测,同时引入环境因素对种群的控制作用,研究不同环境条件下的种群动态,经验证,模型基本能够反映田间三化螟的发生规律。     

蚕豆蚜种群动态与蚕豆生理变化的关系

本文以蚕豆和蚕豆蚜构成的人工种间关系系统为对象,研究了蚜虫种群动态和植物生理变化的关系。发现蚕豆生理应激过程能影响蚕豆蚜种群的生殖率、存活率等种群特征,从而调节其种群的动态。蚕豆还能传导放大昆虫种群自主调节的信息。蚜虫种群的适应过程,包括减小种群数量(低生殖率和迁移),降低对植物的胁迫,从而维持种间关系系统的持续发展。本文还初步将植物的生理应激过程与昆虫种群的动态过程相耦联,建立动态模型,对种间关系的发展趋势进行了分析和讨论。     

EFFECTIVE POPULATION SIZE IN A CONTINUOUSLY DISTRIBUTED POPULATION

An individual-based simulation model was created to examine genetic variability, time until fixation and spatial genetic structure in a continuously distributed population. Previous mathematical models for continuously distributed populations have the difficulty that the assumption of independent reproduction and independent dispersal of offspring cause clumped spatial distribution and thus violate an assumption of random spatial distribution. In this study, this problem is avoided by considering the dispersal behavior of offspring. The simulation results showed that the inbreeding effective population size estimated by the rate of decrease of heterozygosity during the first 15 generations corresponds to the neighborhood size calculated by the standard deviation of the dispersal distance (σ_T). This inbreeding effective population size does not greatly change with the area of simulation when the densities and σ_T are the same. However, the inbreeding effective population size estimated by heterozygosity using the first 500 generations is larger than the neighborhood size calculated by the dispersal distance and increases with the area of simulation with the same densities. The variance effective population size, estimated by time until fixation of alleles, increases with dispersal distance (σ_T) and with the area of simulation given the same densities. The inbreeding effective population size and variance effective population size were smaller than the actual population size unless σ_T is sufficiently large (2 σ_T > approximate L/2, where L is a side of the simulation square).     

MAXIMUM NET PRODUCTIVITY LEVEL ESTIMATION FOR THE NORTHERN FUR SEAL (CALLORHINUS URSINUS) POPULATION OF ST. PAUL ISLAND, ALASKA

The goal of this study was to assess the maximum net productivity level for the northern fur seal ( Callorhinus ursinus ) population of St. Paul Island, Alaska. Definitive determination of this level is not possible due to uncertainty in life table parameters and density-dependent changes in those parameters. To account for such uncertainty, repetitive numerical simulations were used to generate frequency distributions of estimates for the maximum net productivity level and related population parameters. This approach systematically varied simulation input parameters, ran a separate simulation with each input parameter combination, and validated the simulations on the basis of comparison with historical observations. Results from validated simulations were compiled in frequency distributions to provide a measure of confidence for MNPL estimates. The distributions confirm that this population is probably well below its maximum net productivity level. Because they reflect the uncertainty in our understanding of northern fur seal population dynamics, these distributions are a more realistic basis for management than single point estimates.     

QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF OPTIMUM SUSTAINABLE POPULATION LEVEL

Quantitative methods are reviewed and compared for determining whether a marine mammal population is at an optimum sustainable population (OSP) level, a management goal specified by the U.S. Marine Mammal Protection Act. Methods of OSP determination fall into two general types: those that require an estimate of a population's maximum net productivity level ( e.g. , the back-calculation method) and those that do not ( e.g. , dynamic response analysis). The two types differ in the data they require and in whether they determine OSP with respect to present or historical carrying capacity. Back-calculation and dynamic response analyses are compared using data on the California gray whale ( Eschrichtius robustus. ) Marine mammal monitoring programs should be designed to detect trends in both the abundance of a population and its condition relative to carrying capacity, because both quantities are involved in the definition of OSP. The value of using both abundance and condition indices in an assessment is illustrated with data on the northern fur seal ( Callorhinus ursinus. )     

Application of atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation mass spectrometry in the identification and differentiation of Panax species

An HPLC-MS method using an atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation (APCI) source has been developed to assist in the differentiation of three ginseng species: Panax quinquefolium (American ginseng), P. ginseng (Chinese ginseng) and P. notoginseng (sanqi) species. The differentiation method relies on the identification of ginsenosides Rf and F11 and notoginsenoside R1. R1 is observed in both P. notoginseng and Chinese ginseng, whilst F1, is found exclusively in the American species. The presence of these compounds permits the definitive identification of the species to be made. The APCI ionisation source has been employed to tackle the matrix interference in analysing Chinese medicinal materials and to minimise the associated matrix effects that are commonly encountered with other ionisation modes. Moreover, the method allows direct interface to conventional HPLC systems. More importantly, chemical reference standards of ginsenosides are not required in this method. This technique provides an alternative approach to analysing high molecular weight polar compounds that typically encountered in complex matrices of Chinese medicinal materials.