地衣芽孢杆菌16S rRNA基因的TD-PCR扩增及系统发育分析

运用16SrRNA基因序列分析了中国工业微生物菌种保藏管理中心(CICC)保存的30株地衣芽孢杆菌的系统发育关系,结果显示:24株菌株位于地衣芽孢杆菌系统发育分支;3株菌株位于蜡状芽孢杆菌-苏云金芽孢杆菌系统发育分支;1株菌株位于枯草芽孢杆菌系统发育分支;2株菌株与其它地衣芽孢杆菌菌株间序列同源性为96.4%~97.4%,明显低于其它地衣芽孢杆菌菌株间同源性,分类地位不明确,有待进一步讨论。通过比较分析16SrRNA基因5′端500bp、3′端500bp以及其全基因的系统发育树,表明16SrRNA基因5′端500bp可以很好的代表全基因序列进行系统发育研究,可用于区分地衣芽孢杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌以及蜡状芽孢杆菌分支。     

芽胞杆菌β-甘露聚糖酶基因部分序列的克隆及相似性分析

通过平板筛选,从28株芽孢杆菌中筛选出16株产β-甘露聚糖酶的菌株。利用一对兼并引物,通过PCR分别从不同来源芽孢杆菌基因组DNA上扩增出β-甘露聚糖酶编码基因的一段保守序列。将基因片段测序并同已发表的β-甘露聚糖酶基因进行相似性分析,并构建进化树。结果表明:克隆到的β-甘露聚糖酶部分基因序列与报道的相比,其最高同源性在62%～98%之间。环形芽孢杆菌β-甘露聚糖酶编码基因间相似性较低,枯草芽孢杆菌及其它芽孢杆菌的β-甘露聚糖酶编码基因间相似性较高。     

枯草芽孢杆菌β-甘露聚糖酶在毕赤酵母中的分泌表达

目的:研制高效分泌表达枯草芽孢杆菌β-甘露聚糖酶的毕赤酵母基因工程菌株。方法与结果:将优化设计的枯草芽孢杆菌MA139β-甘露聚糖酶基因用EcoRⅠ/XbaⅠ双酶切,克隆到诱导型表达载体pPICzαA中α因子信号肽编码序列的下游,转化大肠杆菌筛选重组质粒,转化毕赤酵母X-33感受态细胞,经Zeocin筛选,获得重组表达菌株X-33/mann。将重组菌株在10L全自动发酵罐中进行高密度发酵培养,甲醇诱导72h发酵活力达到2100U/mL。重组甘露聚糖酶的最适催化温度为40℃,最适催化pH值为6.0。结论:枯草芽孢杆菌β-甘露聚糖酶在毕赤酵母中获得了高效分泌表达,具有开发作为饲料添加剂的潜能。     

牡丹内生菌JP13的产β-甘露聚糖酶活性及鉴定

以凤丹牡丹为材料,采用组织分离法从其营养器官分离株筛选出一株产β-甘露聚糖酶菌株,编号为JP13。经过魔芋粉鉴别培养基初筛,初步判断JP13具有产β-甘露聚糖酶活性;采用DNS法对菌株JP13经过54 h连续发酵液每6 h进行一次β-甘露聚糖酶活性测定,结果表明,发酵培养开始后的每次测定均能检测到β-甘露聚糖酶活性,发酵30 h酶活性达到最大值11.2 U/m L,确定JP13为产β-甘露聚糖酶菌株。通过显微观察、生化特性测定和16S r DNA序列分析,确定菌株JP13隶属于芽孢杆菌属Bacillus,暂命名为Bacillus sp.JP13。菌株JP13丰富了产β-甘露聚糖酶野生菌株资源,对拓展凤丹牡丹的开发应用提供了新的切入点。     

碱性β-甘露聚糖酶基因异源表达的研究

亚克隆的碱性β-甘露聚糖酶基因(man)来源于嗜碱芽孢杆菌N16-5,构建了大肠杆菌-枯草芽孢杆菌诱导型表达质粒pDG-man,在大肠杆菌JM109中获得了活性表达,经0.5 mmol/L的IPTG诱导后,可表达5 U/mL碱性β-甘露聚糖酶。重组大肠杆菌DE3-RIL(pDG-man)表达β-甘露聚糖酶水平是大肠杆菌JM109(pDG-man)的2倍。重组枯草芽孢杆菌WB600(pDG-man)可表达19.2 U/mL碱性β-甘露聚糖酶。     

一株产耐高温β-甘露聚糖酶菌株的筛选鉴定

目的:筛选鉴定一株产耐高温β-甘露聚糖酶的天然菌株。方法:通过形态、生理生化特征及16S rDNA比对,对从水温高于68℃的热泉中分离出的一株产β-甘露聚糖酶细菌进行鉴定。结果:该菌株的最适生长温度为50℃,可在35～80℃条件下生长,确定为一种极端嗜热枯草芽胞杆菌;该菌所产的β-甘露聚糖酶可耐受90℃高温处理。结论:产耐高温β-甘露聚糖酶极端嗜热枯草芽胞杆菌的筛选鉴定,为后续重组耐高温β-甘露聚糖酶的开发奠定了基础。     

应用多重PCR鉴定微生物肥料常用芽孢杆菌

[目的]枯草群芽孢杆菌中枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)、解淀粉芽孢杆菌(B.amyloliq-wefaciens)、地衣芽孢杆菌(B.licheniformis)和短小芽孢杆菌(B.pumilus)是微生物肥料中常用菌种,用传统方法鉴定费时费力,有必要建立检测和鉴定这些芽孢杆菌的种特异性PCR方法.[方法]利用已登录的gyrA、rpoA和16s rRNA基因序列分别设计和筛选上述菌种的特异引物并建立多重PCR反应体系.[结果]以基因组DNA为模板,扩增芽孢杆菌、类芽孢杆菌和短芽孢杆菌3属15种的标准菌株(共33株),4个目标种分别产生了大小不同的唯一的产物,除个别种与短小芽孢杆菌引物有交叉反应外,其余参考菌株均为阴性.从23株枯草群菌株的基因组DNA扩增发现,PCR鉴定与常规鉴定结果一致.[结论]本文建立的多重PCR方法具有较好的特异性,可快速准确鉴定枯草群的4个种,在微生物肥料检测方面有良好的实用前景.     

短小芽孢杆菌耐碱性β-甘露聚糖酶基因的异源表达及其酶学特性

摘要:【目的】本研究报道了一种新颖的耐碱性β-甘露聚糖酶基因的异源表达并研究其酶学特性,为其工业应用奠定基础。【方法】通过基因同源性分析以及染色体步移技术,从短小芽孢杆菌Nsic-2中克隆得到甘露聚糖酶基因(manB)。然后分别将manB基因在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)和枯草芽胞杆菌WB800N中进行表达,并研究其酶学特性。【结果】克隆得到的manB基因序列有一个含1104 bp的开放阅读框,编码一种含有367个氨基酸的甘露聚糖酶(ManB)。经预测其蛋白序列N末端有一个含有31个氨基酸的信号肽。将ManB的氨基酸序列进行同源性分析,发现其与来源于短小芽孢杆菌CCAM080065的甘露聚糖酶具有很高的一致性,可以推测ManB属于糖苷水解酶家族26。manB基因在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中成功地表达,得到甘露聚糖酶最高酶活为11021.3 U/mL。与其它甘露聚糖酶比较,ManB在碱性条件下表现出较高的稳定性,在pH6.0－9.0之间酶活相对稳定。纯化后的ManB比活可达4191±107 U/mg。酶反应动力学参数Km和Vmax分别为35.7 mg/mL和14.9 μmol/(mL·min)。同时,在枯草芽胞杆菌WB800N中也成功地实现了重组蛋白ManB的分泌表达。【结论】β-甘露聚糖酶基因成功实现异源表达,并得到其酶学性质。本文是首次报道从臭豆腐卤液中分离菌株,克隆表达甘露聚糖酶,并描述其酶学特性。ManB在碱性条件下的酶活稳定性,使得其在工业应用中具备较高的潜在应用价值。     

枯草芽孢杆菌产β-甘露聚糖酶固体发酵条件的优化*

芽孢杆菌是产甘露聚糖酶的优良菌株,首次研究芽孢杆菌固体发酵条件的优化。以天然麸皮作为基本原料,研究利用枯草芽孢杆菌WY34固体发酵生产β-甘露聚糖酶的发酵条件。最佳固体发酵培养条件为:麸皮5 g,初始水分含量71%,初始pH 7.0,接种量为2 mL,1%Tween-80,0.4 g魔芋粉,培养温度50℃。在最适条件下培养5 d,甘露聚糖酶酶活高达7,650 U/g干基,是未优化前酶活的2.78倍。     

芽孢杆菌β-甘露聚糖酶基因的克隆及表达

从新疆极端干燥环境土壤样品中筛选到具有高β-甘露聚糖酶活性的芽孢杆菌(Bacillus sp.MX).运用PCR技术从该菌基因组中克隆得到β-甘露聚糖酶基因,连接到表达载体pET-28a上.在大肠杆菌BL21中高效表达的基因产物经亲和层析纯化,SDS-PAGE凝胶电泳分析显示该蛋白的相对分子质量为41 kD.酶学性质分析表明该酶在25～95℃,pH3.0～9.6范围内均具有酶活.最适作用温度55℃和pH值5.0,酶比活力为4 572 U/mg.在最适pH 5.0,高温85℃和95℃分别处理10min后,该酶相对酶活力仍保持51%和34%,显示β-甘露聚糖酶具有较好的耐酸性和热稳定性.     

Phytase activity in some groups of bacteria. Search for and cloning of genes for bacterial phytases

A search for phytase genes in 9 Bacillus strains from the collection of IMGAN was implemented. The growth optimum of strains IX-22, IX-12B, K17-2, K18, IMG I, IMG II, M4 and M8 was 50-60 degrees C; the optimal growth temperature for Bacillus sp. 790 was 45-47 degrees C. According to the sequence data of 16S RNA genes, Bacillus sp. 790 belongs to the B. subtilis/amyloliquefaciens group. The other 8 strains were identified as B. licheniformis. Selection of Bacillus strains, potentially containing the phytase genes, was performed via PCR with primers designed on the basis of the conserved sequence regions of the phyA gene from B. amyloliquefaciens FZB45 with chromosomal DNA being used as the template. The nucleotide sequences of all PCR fragments showed a high level of homology to the known Bacillus phytase genes. The gene libraries of B. licheniformis M8 and B. amyloliquefaciens 790 in E. coli were constructed and phytase-containing clones were selected from them. Twenty-four Pseudomonas strains of different species, 5 Xanthomonas maltophilia strains and 1 Xanthomonas malvacearum (all from the mentioned collection) were tested for phytase activity. Such activity was found in 13 Pseudomonas strains and in 6 Xanthomonas strains. The accumulation of phytase in Pseudomonas was shown to take place at later (over 2 days') growth stages. The optimum pH for phytase from 3 Pseudomonas strains were established. The enzymes were found to be most active at pH 5.5.     

Phylogeny of gamma-polyglutamic acid-producing Bacillus strains isolated from a fermented locust bean product manufactured in West Africa

Twenty-five Bacillus strains capable of producing gamma-polyglutamic acid (PGA) were isolated from fermented locust bean products manufactured in the savanna area of Ghana. To clarify the phylogeny of these PGA-producing strains, phylogenetic analyses based on sequences of 16S rDNA, rpoB (RNA polymerase beta-subunit) and fus (elongation factor G) genes were performed. A phylogenetic tree based on 16S rDNA indicated that ten isolates were clustered in the same group of Bacillus subtilis. Another ten isolates were located in the cluster of B. amyloliquefaciens, and the remaining isolates were identified as B. pumilus (three isolates) and B. licheniformis (two isolates), respectively. Phylogenetic trees based on the partial sequences of rpoB and fus genes were similar to the phylogeny based on 16S rDNA sequences. Thirty-four strains in 27 species belonging to the genus Bacillus and its neighbors were also investigated for PGA production. It was found that PGA was produced by B. amyloliquefaciens NBRC 14141 and NBRC 15535(T), B. atrophaeus NBRC 15539(T), B. licheniformis NBRC 12107, B. mojavensis NBRC 15718(T), B. pumilus NBRC 12094, B. subtilis NBRC 16449, and Lysinibacillus sphaericus NBRC 3525. Except for L. sphaericus, the above Bacillus species are very closely related in phylogeny, indicating that PGA-producing Bacillus strains constitute a cluster.     

Detection and characterization of naturally occurring plasmids in Bacillus licheniformis

Twenty-two Bacillus licheniformis strains, freshly isolated from pasture-land, were studied for the presence of plasmid DNA. Among these strains, 14 were shown to harbor one or more plasmids of different size. Southern-hybridization experiments showed a high homology between all plasmids investigated and a 2.2-kb PvuII/HindIII fragment of pBL1, a B. licheniformis plasmid previously isolated. Three fragments of pBL1, including the 2.2-kb PvuII/HindIII region, were cloned into pJH101 vector. The resulting chimeras were able to transform Bacillus subtilis. The fragment with high homology probably contains the region with the replicative functions of plasmids from B. licheniformis species.     

Genetic relationship among Bacillus licheniformis rolling-circle-replicating plasmids and complete nucleotide sequence of pBL63.1, an atypical replicon

The degree of biodiversity among Bacillus licheniformis plasmids and their relation to other Bacillus subtilis group plasmids has been evaluated. To attain this goal we surveyed the diversity and linkage of replication modules in a collection of 21 naturally occurring plasmids of B. licheniformis strains, isolated from different geographical areas. On the basis of rep gene sequence analysis it was possible to group the B. licheniformis plasmids rep genes in two main cluster. Comparison with known rep genes from Bacillus rolling-circle-replicating (RCR) plasmids revealed the presence in B. licheniformis plasmids of replication genes with a DNA sequence peculiar to B. licheniformis species together with rep genes with a very high sequence similarity to B. subtilis plasmids. Furthermore, the molecular organization of an atypical replicon, pBL63.1, was shown. This plasmid did not display any significant similarity with known Bacillus RCR plasmids. The complete nucleotide sequence evidenced a replication module with an unexpected similarity with Rep proteins from RCR plasmids of bacterial species phylogenetically distantly related to Bacillus. pBL63.1 represents an exception to the low-level diversity hypothesis among Bacillus RC replicons.     

Distribution and characteristics of Bacillus bacteria associated with hydrobionts and the waters of the Peter the Great Bay, Sea of Japan

Bacilli of the species Bacillus subtilis, B. pumilus, B. mycoides, B. marinus and B. licheniformis (a total of 53 strains) were isolated from 15 invertebrate species and the water of the Vostok Bay, Peter the Great Bay, Sea of Japan. Bacilli were most often isolated from bivalves (22.7%) and sea cucumbers (18.9%); they occurred less frequently in sea urchins and starfish (13.2 and 7.5%, respectively). Most of bacilli strains were isolated from invertebrates inhabiting silted sediments. No Bacillus spp. strains were isolated from invertebrates inhabiting stony and sandy environments. The species diversity of bacilli isolated from marine objects under study was low. Almost all bacterial isolates were resistant to lincomycin. Unlike B. pumilus, B. subtilis isolates were mostly resistant to benzylpenicillin and ampicillin. Antibiotic sensitivity of B. licheniformis strains was variable (two strains were resistant to benzylpenicillin and oxacillin, while one was sensitive). A significant fraction of isolated bacilli contained pigments. Pigmented strains were more often isolated from seawater samples, while colorless ones predominated within hydrobionts. B. subtilis colonies had the broadest range of colors. In the Bacillus strains obtained, DNase, RNase, phosphatase, elastolytic, chitinase, and agarolytic activity was detected. Bacilli strains with hydrolytic activity occurred in invertebrates more often than in seawater.     

黑水虻幼虫肠道和体表产酶细菌的分离和鉴定

从野外收集和室内饲养的黑水虻Hermetia illucens L.幼虫体表和肠道分离出同时具蛋白质和有机磷分解能力的细菌10株,其中编号为T2、T4、T6、T7和T8的菌株分离自体表,编号为S14、S15、S16、S19和S20的菌株分离自肠道。克隆细菌的16S rDNA和DNA促旋酶B亚基编码基因gyrB对10株细菌进行了鉴定。通过16S rDNA序列确定10株菌为芽孢杆菌属,根据gyrB基因以及BLAST结果构建系统发育树,将10株细菌鉴定为枯草芽孢杆菌。然后将10株菌的gyrB基因以B.subtilis subsp.subtilisstr.168和模式菌株B.subtilis subsp.subtilis BCRC10255相应基因序列为参照构建系统发育树,分析10株菌在种的水平上的亲缘关系,发现10株菌存在亲缘关系差异,没有重复菌株。     

Hemicellulases of Bacillus species: preliminary comparative studies on production and properties of mannanases and galactanases

A range of Bacillus subtilis strains and other Bacillus species were screened for mannanase, β-mannosidase and galactanase activities. Maximum mannanase activity, 106.2 units/ml, was produced by B. subtilis NRRL 356. β-Mannosidase and galactanase activities from all strains were relatively low. The effect of carbon and nitrogen source on mannanase and galactanase production by B. brevis ATCC 8186, B. licheniformis ATCC 27811, B. polymyxa NRRL 842 and B. subtilis NRRL 356 was investigated. Highest mannanase production was observed in the four strains tested when the mannan substrate, locust bean gum, was used as carbon source. Induction was most dramatic in the case of B. subtilis NRRL 356 where only basal enzyme levels were produced in the presence of other carbon sources. β-Mannosidase was induced in the four Bacillus cultures by locust bean gum. Results indicated that galactose acted as an inducer for production of galactanase. Organic and inorganic nitrogen sources resulted in induction of high mannanase titres in B. subtilis. Highest galactanase activity was produced by each organism in media containing sodium nitrate as nitrogen source. Mannanases from B. brevis, B. licheniformis, B. polymyxa and B. subtilis retained 100% residual activity after a 3 h incubation at 65°C, 65°C, 60°C and 55°C respectively. Galactanases retained more than 95% activity at 55°C after 3 h. The pH optima of mannanases ranged from 6.5–6.8 whereas galactanases ranged from 5.1 in the case of B. brevis to 7.0 for B. polymyxa.     

Structural plasmid instability in recombination- and repair-deficient strains of Bacillus subtilis

Plasmid pGP1, containing a fusion between the penicillinase gene of Bacillus licheniformis and the beta-galactosidase gene of Escherichia coli, was constructed. This plasmid enabled a study of structural plasmid instability in Bacillus subtilis wild-type cells and a variety of B. subtilis strains, defective in recombination- and DNA-repair functions. Large differences with respect to the level of stability of this plasmid were observed in the various genetic backgrounds.     

Inhibitory effects of Bacillus probionts on growth and toxin production of Vibrio harveyi pathogens of shrimp

Aim:  To investigate the effects of Bacillus subtilis , Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus megaterium in terms of toxin and growth of pathogenic Vibrio harveyi .
Methods and Results:  Three Bacillus probionts were isolated from probiotic BZT aquaculture and identified using a 16S rDNA sequence. Growth inhibition assay showed that supernatants from the 24-h culture of three Bacillus species were able to inhibit the growth of V. harveyi (LMG 4044); B. subtilis was the most effective based on the well diffusion method. Results of a liquid culture model showed that B. subtilis was also widely effective in inhibiting three strains of V. harveyi (isolated from Thailand, the Philippines and LMG 4044), and that both B. licheniformis and B. megaterium inhibit the growth of V. harveyi isolated from the Philippines. Moreover, a haemolytic activity assay demonstrated that V. harveyi (IFO 15634) was significantly decreased by the addition of B. licheniformis or B. megaterium supernatant.
Conclusions:  Bacillus subtilis inhibited Vibrio growth, and both B. licheniformis and B. megaterium suppressed haemolytic activity in Vibrio .
Significance and Impact of the Study:  The cell-free supernatants produced by Bacillus probionts inhibit Vibrio disease, and Bacillus probionts might have an influence on Vibrio cell-to-cell communications.