北京地区大仓鼠种群繁殖生态研究

1983-1985年,作者在北京农田区研究了大仓鼠的种群生态。获得标本1101号(♀497,♂604),解剖、观察、测量、记录雌雄生殖系统的变化及繁殖特征。对大仓鼠的雌雄性比、平均胎仔数、怀孕率等作了分析。结果:春季出生的雌鼠,两个月左右即达性成熟,并参加繁殖,在7月以后出生的雌鼠当年不参加繁殖。越冬鼠一年可繁殖2-3次。在数量较高的1983年,性比(♂/♀)为1.33,平均胎仔数为9.24;数量次高的1984年,性比为1.20,平均胎仔数为9.29;数量较低的1985年,性比为0.95,平均胎仔数为9.94。在数量较低的年份,大仓鼠种群的各项繁殖指标均优于数量较高的年份。     

川西平原大足鼠的种群生态学 III.繁殖

在川西平原利用标志重捕、夹捕解剖和半自然条件下笼养的方法,提供了1989～1995年大足鼠种群雄性和雌性个体处于繁殖状态的比例、胎次数、每胎幼仔数、幼年个体的补充和发育等有关繁殖的基本资料。结果显示,大足鼠极灵活的繁殖策略 提高了这个物种幼年个体的存活,使该物种在可预见而频繁的周期性变化的农田环 境中能够保持相对稳定的种群。大足鼠的繁殖特征主要有：处于繁殖状态的雄性比例较大（平均0.491,95%置信区间0.451和0.534）,怀孕雌性的比例较小（平均0.227,95％置信区间0.213和0.301）,较高和相对稳定的繁殖能力（每年4胎,每胎8.245±0.452只）,雌性幼仔较慢的生长和性成熟（4月）,以及幼年个体加入种群与春季的小麦和秋季的水稻成熟相同步。这些繁殖特征使得大足鼠的繁殖活动集中在有利的时间。结果,虽然伴随繁殖活动雌雄性的个体质量下降,但仍能在短暂的时间里恢复到原来的水平。将大足鼠的胎仔数与一些关于中国啮齿动物繁殖参数地理变异 的研究进行了分析比较,发现后者提供的资料尚不足以支持中国所有啮齿动物都有 "胎仔数随纬度增加"的过分简单的一般结论。每一个物种种群都有自己的最优胎 仔数,但最优胎仔数不一定随纬度而增加。我们认为在大尺度上研究如胎仔数这样的生活史性状时,生活史多样性的提法比单一性状的过分简单的一般化更好。     

布氏田鼠种群生理年龄结构的研究

本文根据胴体重分布将布氏田鼠划分为越冬鼠与当年鼠两组,然后再根据生理学指标将当年鼠划分为性成熟鼠(成年)和性未成熟鼠(幼年)。由于生理年龄与时间年龄不一致,故本文并不强调各种形态指标来划分时间年龄组。5月下半月以前种群主体为越冬鼠,但在当年鼠出现地表面后,当年鼠取代越冬鼠成为种群主体,到7月下半月越冬鼠已降到10％以下。当年生的幼鼠春季生长发育旺盛,很快成为当年成鼠。晚夏和秋季出生的个体当年性不发育成熟。秋季种群主体为当年幼鼠。越冬鼠和大部分当年成鼠从种群中消失。比较种群数量上升与下降年份,春季越冬鼠胴体重的轻重与第一批当年鼠(K_1)出现规模可能是种群数量升降的重要指标。     

棕色田鼠种群繁殖特征及密度制约调节(英)

1992年～1994年在河南灵宝市郊黄土高源农作区春夏秋逐月捕获并解剖棕色田鼠1757只（雌性961只,雄性796只）,总性比为1．2073。全年都有繁殖鼠出现,但怀孕率、胎仔数、性比、繁殖指数有明显的季节变化,年间也有一定的差异。不同年龄组的性比、怀孕率、胎仔数、繁殖指数、睾丸下降率不同。种群密度对繁殖特征有明显的调节作用。高密度年份的棕色田鼠的性比、怀孕率和繁殖指数低于低密度年份。高密度区种群的繁殖强度受到抑制,雌鼠怀孕率、睾丸下降率低于低密度种群。     

高原鼠兔种群敏殖生态的研究

1985-1988年,在青海湖黑马河地区以耳标法对高原鼠兔的繁殖生态进行了研究。在繁殖群体中主要是来自上年出生的第1、2胎的鼠兔（82.85%）,第3胎和老体占少数。成年雌鼠兔100%参加繁殖,通常年产3胎,有的年份可产4胎或5胎。产仔数1-8只（平均为4.52±0.12）,1只雌鼠兔终生可产2-29只。妊娠期为22.2±0.13天。洞内哺乳期为11.65±0.01天。有的年份当年出生的少数雌鼠兔到36.8±3.05日龄可达到性成熟并参加繁殖,生1-2胎,雄鼠兔性成熟较晚。     

棕色田鼠种群繁殖特征及密度制约调节

１９９２－１９９４年在河南灵宝市郊黄土高原农作区春夏秋逐月捕获并解剖棕色田鼠１７５７只,总性比为１．２０７３。全年都有繁殖鼠出现,但怀孕率、胎仔数、性比、繁殖指数有明显的季节变化,年间也有一定的差异,不同年龄组的性比、怀孕率、胎仔数、繁殖指数、睾丸下降率不同化率较为接近种群密度对繁殖特征有明显的调节作用高密度年份的棕色田鼠的性比、怀孕率和繁殖指数低于低密度年份,高密度区种群的繁殖强度受到抑制,雌鼠     

布氏田鼠标志种群的繁殖参数

采用标志重捕和染色观测法跟踪了内蒙古典型草原区布氏田鼠野外种群,按绝对时间年龄研究其种群繁殖参数。结果3表明：4－5月份出生的雄鼠能在当年达到性成熟,性成熟发育历期约为1．5个月,6月后出生的雄鼠当年达不到性成熟。在达到性成熟的当年雄鼠中,多数个体再度转入性休止期,其平均繁殖结束时间要林越冬雄鼠早1个月,而越冬雄鼠则在整个繁殖期保持性活动状态。雌鼠性成熟发育历期约为1个月,首次产仔时间约为2月龄。雌鼠在一年中的产仔窝数与其年龄有关;越冬鼠能产3－4窝,4月份出生的雌鼠能产2－3窝,5月份出生的雌鼠当年能产1－2窝,6月份出生的雌鼠能产0－1窝,7月份之后出生雌鼠当年不参加繁殖,在自然条件下,布氏田鼠一年中最多能产4窝。     

花鼠种群年龄和繁殖的初步研究

1991年3-10月在山西省中条山区猎获花鼠202只。以眼晶体干重为指标划分出4个年龄组,分析了种群年龄组成的季节变化。该鼠每年繁殖1次, 3月下旬-1月中旬怀孕,产仔期在4月中旬-5月中旬,胎仔数5.08±0.16只, 6月上旬幼鼠出现。幼鼠于翌年春季出蛰后参加繁殖。此外,还将晶体干重、齿高指数和臼齿磨损程度3种年龄指标所划分的结果作了比较,也证实体重、体长和尾长不能用于该鼠的年龄鉴定。     

高原鼠兔种群繁殖生态的研究

1985—1988年,在青海湖黑马河地区以耳标法对高原鼠兔的繁殖生态进行了研究。在繁殖群体中主要是来自上年出生的第1、2胎的鼠兔(82.85％),第3胎和老体占少数。成年雌鼠兔100％参加繁殖,通常年产3胎,有的年份可产4胎或5胎。产仔数1—8只(平均为4.52±0.12),1只雌鼠兔终生可产2—29只。妊娠期为22.2±0.13天。洞内哺乳期为11.65±0.01天。有的年份当年出生的少数雌鼠兔到36.8+3.05日龄可达到性成熟并参加繁殖,生1—2胎。雄鼠兔性成熟较晚。     

中华山蝠繁殖生态的研究

借助了Mini-2型超声波接收器,采用标志重捕法,结合录音、录像、拍照等方法,对四川师范学院校舍的中华山蝠繁殖生态进行了研究。结果表明：中华山蝠集群繁殖,产仔育幼期雌蝠与雄蝠分离,形成母子群,4月中下旬开始受乳孕,5月下旬到6月下旬产仔多是一胎两仔,极个别一胎一仔。初生仔性比为1.1:1(♀/♂）,幼蝠不选择母体,母蝠则只哺育自己的幼仔,幼蝠5周龄后开始飞翔,独立生活前辈的成活率约为72.20%,3个半月性成熟。当年仔参与交配,幼仔独立生活后,逐渐与母蝠分离,9月中旬到10月上旬交配,交配后绝大部分迁移。     

Social overwintering and food distribution in the bank vole Clethrionomys glareolus

We studied overwintering in the bank vole Clethrionomys glareolus in four 0.5 ha enclosures in an abandoned field in central Finland in the winter 1987/88. In two of the enclosures food was offered evenly distributed over the whole enclosed area (Even Enclosures = EE), in the two others food was offered in one feeding patch with four feeding chambers 2 m apart (Patchy Enclosures = PE). Food was provided in about the same amount in both enclosures. The experiment commenced in early October, with 13 females and 11 males in EEs and 12 + 13 voles in PEs. After two months the voles in the PEs were concentrated around the feeding patches. Territoriality was not observed in EEs, instead the voles formed small exclusive overwintering groups consisting of 2-3 females and at least one male. The size of the home range of the females and males was identical during mid-winter as the voles were non-breeding. By the onset of breeding, range size increased in both sexes, but significantly more in males, however. The survival was about the same in all populations. Every population showed a mid-winter decline suggesting the effect of the mustelid predators observed in and around the enclosures. In the PEs the overwintering aggregations lasted until the maturation of the first litters. Food distribution affected the spatial distribution of the populations. We conclude that the patchiness of the habitat and especially the availability of food are the most important factors determining the social structure of overwintering populations.     

Laboratory breeding of the red-backed vole (Clethrionomys rufocanus bedfordiae)]

Laboratory matings were attempted to establish breeding colonies of red-backed voles (Clethrionomys rufocanus bedformidae) as experimental animals. For these mating, 10 pairs of red-backed voles which were captured in the Tohbetsu region of Hokkaido, Japan and their litters were used. In the results for two years, 1987 to 1988, the rates of pregnancy, birth and weaning were 35.4%, 94.5% and 79.5%, respectively. The mean litter size was 5:1 +/- 1.6 with a range of 1 to 9. The mean gestation period was 20.0 +/- 0.7 days with a range of 18 to 22. These results suggest that planned production of red-backed voles in the laboratory is possible. To determine intraregional variations of red-backed voles with a view to the establishment of a strain by inbreeding, restriction patterns of mitochondrial DNAs using seven restriction endonucleases were compared. Four different patterns were obtained from wild red-backed voles used in the present study.     

高原鼠兔(Ochotona curzoniae)冬季自然死亡率

以耳标观察法。1985年4-7月共捕标了样地内高原鼠兔(Ochotona curzoniae)幼鼠114只。到入冬前,死亡率为50.88%。第2胎出生的鼠死亡率明显地高于第1胎的死亡率。冬季死亡率呈现波动,入冬及开春时死亡率较高。鼠兔种群进入繁殖前期死亡率趋于零。初春样区存活标志鼠6只,经夏秋冬3季总计死亡率达94.74%。如按入冬时实有标志鼠计算,冬季死亡率为91.04%。     

Reproduction of the bank vole, Clethrionomys glareolus, in northern and southern Sweden during several seasons and in different phases of the vole population cycle

The breeding biology of the bank vole was studied in northern and southern populations in Sweden in the years 1973–76. Trapped specimens supplied organ weights and histological data, which were utilized to describe the breeding season, number and size of litters, reproductive losses, spermatogenesis, and sexual maturation. In the north the populations are cyclic. During the increase phase of the cycle the breeding season was long, litter sizes and gonad weights were large, and there was maturation of yearlings in the summer. During the peak phase reproduction was impaired in all these respects. In southern Sweden there was no cyclicity, and the reproductive events varied less, but in 1976 the litters were larger than usual and the season was much extended.
In the south the voles born during the early part of the season regularly became sexually mature during their first summer. The differences in reproductive biology are related to population dynamics and discussed in terms of different hypotheses concerning vole population cyclicity.     

No evidence for a trade-off between reproductive investment and immunity in a rodent

Life history theory assumes there are trade-offs between competing functions such as reproduction and immunity. Although well studied in birds, studies of the trade-offs between reproduction and immunity in small mammals are scarce. Here we examined whether reduced immunity is a consequence of reproductive effort in lactating Brandt's voles (Lasiopodomys brandtii). Specifically, we tested the effects of lactation on immune function (Experiment I). The results showed that food intake and resting metabolic rate (RMR) were higher in lactating voles (6≤ litter size ≤8) than that in non-reproductive voles. Contrary to our expectation, lactating voles also had higher levels of serum total Immunoglobulin G (IgG) and anti-keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) IgG and no change in phytohemagglutinin (PHA) response and anti-KLH Immunoglobulin M (IgM) compared with non-reproductive voles, suggesting improved rather than reduced immune function. To further test the effect of differences in reproductive investment on immunity, we compared the responses between natural large (n≥8) and small litter size (n≤6) (Experiment II) and manipulated large (11-13) and small litter size (2-3) (Experiment III). During peak lactation, acquired immunity (PHA response, anti-KLH IgG and anti-KLH IgM) was not significantly different between voles raising large or small litters in both experiments, despite the measured difference in reproductive investment (greater litter size, litter mass, RMR and food intake in the voles raising larger litters). Total IgG was higher in voles with natural large litter size than those with natural small litter size, but decreased in the enlarged litter size group compared with control and reduced group. Our results showed that immune function is not suppressed to compensate the high energy demands during lactation in Brandt's voles and contrasting the situation in birds, is unlikely to be an important aspect mediating the trade-off between reproduction and survival.     

Changes in population structure and reproduction during a 3-yr population cycle of voles

Cyclic changes in population growth rate are caused by changes in survival and/or reproductive rate. To find out whether cyclic changes in reproduction are an important part of the mechanism causing cyclic fluctuations in small mammal populations, we studied changes in the population structure and reproduction of field voles ( Microtus agrestis ), sibling voles ( M. rossiaemeridionalis ), bank voles ( Clethrionomys glareolus ), and common shrews ( Sorex araneus ) in western Finland during 1984–1992, in an area with 3-yr vole cycles. We also modelled the population growth of voles using parameter values from this study. The animals studied were collected by snap trapping in April, May, June, August, September, and, during 1986–1990, also in October. We found several phase-related differences in the population structure (age structure, sex ratio, proportion of mature individuals) and reproduction (litter size, length of the breeding season) of voles. In non-cyclic common shrews, the only significant phase-related difference was a lower proportion of overwintered individuals in the increase phase. According to the analyses and the vole model, phase-related changes in litter size had only a minor impact on population growth rate. The same was true for winter breeding in the increase phase. The length and intensity of the summer breeding season had an effect on yearly population growth but this impact was relatively weak compared to the effect of cyclic changes in survival. The population increase rates of Microtus were delayed dependent on density (8–12-month time lag). Our results indicate that cyclic changes in reproduction are not an important part of the mechanism driving cyclic fluctuations in vole populations. Low survival of young individuals appeared to play an important role in the shift from the peak to the decline phase in late summer and early autumn.     

储草期增加食物对布氏田鼠越冬存活率的影响北大核心CSCD

布氏田鼠(Lasiopodomys brandtii)是内蒙古典型草原区主要鼠种之一。该鼠种在秋季将食物储存在储草仓内,以此来度过植被贫瘠的冬季。为探究储草期增加食物对布氏田鼠越冬存活率的影响,2004年10月,于内蒙古阿巴嘎旗白音图噶苏木的布氏田鼠鼠害草场随机选取两块100 m×200 m的样地,分别设为增食样地和对照样地。增食样地内给每个布氏田鼠洞群补充食物,每天补充500 g小麦,连续补充2 d共计1000 g。对照样地内则不做任何处理。2004年10月,采用标志重捕法调查两块样地内布氏田鼠种群数量,调查显示,增食样地和对照样地内,布氏田鼠数量分别为310只和318只,以该结果作为计算其越冬存活率的基数。2005年5月,返回样地再次进行标志重捕,分别计算两样地布氏田鼠的越冬存活率。卡方检验显示,储草期增加食物能显著提高布氏田鼠越冬存活率。增食样地布氏田鼠越冬存活率为41.3%,显著高于对照样地布氏田鼠越冬存活率(24.2%,P<0.01)。增食样地雌性和雄性布氏田鼠越冬存活率分别为45.4%和37.3%,均显著高于对照样地雌性和雄性布氏田鼠越冬存活率(25.8%和22.6%,P<0.01)。但样地内雌性和雄性越冬存活率均无明显差异(P>0.05)。本研究结果表明,补充食物可大幅度提升布氏田鼠冬季存活率,增加布氏田鼠越冬存活基数,对来年种群增长起重要作用。