两种生物型芦苇胚性悬浮培养物对渗透胁迫的生理响应 Ⅱ．抗氧化酶类活性的变化

渗透胁迫处理下,沙丘芦苇和沼泽芦苇培养细胞的H2O2含量变化不大,MDA含量随时间延长而降低。抗氧化酶中,沙丘芦苇的SOD、CAT、POD和APx的活力均显著高于沼津芦苇,显示出比沼泽芦苇更强的ROS清除能力。胁迫初期（0．5h-1d)沙丘芦苇细胞中主要表现出SOD、CAT活力的提高,胁迫2d后4种酶活力均明显被诱导。两种生态型芦苇的PEG适应性培养物APx及SOD酶活力显著提高,POD活性仅沼泽芦苇中升高。提示SOD、CAT主要参与沙丘芦苇在渗透胁迫下的短期响应,而APx与长期响应有关。     

两种生态型芦苇胚性悬浮培养物对渗透胁迫的生理响应Ⅱ.抗氧化酶类活性的变化

渗透胁迫处理下,沙丘芦苇和沼泽芦苇培养细胞的H2O2含量变化不大,MDA含量随时间延长而降低.抗氧化酶中,沙丘芦苇的SOD、CAT、POD和APx的活力均显著高于沼泽芦苇,显示出比沼泽芦苇更强的ROS清除能力.胁迫初期(O.5 h～1 d)沙丘芦苇细胞中主要表现出SOD、CAT活力的提高,胁迫2 d后4种酶活力均明显被诱导.两种生态型芦苇的PEG适应性培养物APx及SOD酶活力显著提高,POD活性仅沼泽芦苇中升高.提示SOD、CAT主要参与沙丘芦苇在渗透胁迫下的短期响应,而APx与长期响应有关.     

不同抗旱性玉米幼苗根系抗氧化系统对水分胁迫的反应

以抗旱性不同的2个玉米品种为材料,研究不同程度水分胁迫下玉米根系活性氧清除系统的变化及膜脂过氧化水平。明确了轻度水分胁迫下玉米根系POD、CAT、APX等保护酶活性明显提高;中、重度胁迫下其活性急剧下降,但几种酶对水分胁迫的敏感程度不同。SOD对水分胁迫表现最不敏感,在中度水分胁迫下仍保持上升趋势;抗氧化剂GSH含量变化趋势与保护酶相似;而AsA含量在不同程度水分胁迫下持续下降;MDA含量随水分胁迫程度加剧而增加。其中抗旱性强的鲁玉14与抗旱性弱的掖单13相比具有较高的保护酶活性和抗氧化剂含量,膜脂过氧化程度较轻,除POD外,品种间抗氧化酶活性（抗氧化剂含量）呈极显著差异,说明抗氧化能力强是抗旱性品种具有较强抗旱性的重要原因之一。     

外源精胺对水分胁迫下小麦幼苗保护酶活性的影响

通过营养液培养试验,研究了水分胁迫下外源精胺(Spm)对抗旱性不同的小麦品种幼苗叶片质膜相对透性及保护酶活性的影响.结果表明:水分胁迫下,小麦叶片的质膜相对透性、M DA含量增加、SOD、CAT和POD活性上升,外源精胺处理可延缓水分胁迫下小麦叶片质膜相对透性和M DA含量上升,提高了SOD、CAT、POD酶活性的上升幅度;并且对抗旱性弱的品种保护酶活性增幅高于抗旱性强的品种.因此,外源精胺处理对抗旱性弱的品种缓解水分胁迫作用大于抗旱性强的品种.     

粗毛鳞盖蕨干旱胁迫下生理变化规律的研究

研究了粗毛鳞盖蕨（Microlepias trigosa）成熟孢子体在自然干旱胁迫处理下生理特性的变化。发现胁迫过程中其相对电导率、过氧化物酶（POD）活性、可溶性糖、脯氨酸含量上升;可溶性蛋白与丙二醛（MDA）含量先升高后降低再升高;超氧化物歧化酶（SOt））活性、叶绿素含量、总呼吸速率、净光合速率（Photo）、蒸腾速率（TrmmoI）、气孔导度（Cond）呈下降趋势;CAT活性、胞间CO2浓度（Ci）呈先升后降的趋势。表明其膜系统并未受到严重伤害;渗透调节系统起到了较好的抗脱水作用;保护酶系统虽受到抑制,但仍能发挥清除自由基的作用;呼吸及光合系统受到影响显著下降,但主要表现为植物体的自主调节。说明在胁迫过程中粗毛鳞盖蕨生理上能够迅速作出相应的适应调节,表现出对干旱胁迫后较强的恢复能力和一定的忍耐能力。     

水分胁迫对太阳扇扦插苗形态和生理特征的影响

采用持续干旱和淹水处理,测定太阳扇的叶绿素、可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖、脯氨酸、丙二醛含量和抗氧化酶体系等指标的变化,分析太阳扇对不同程度水分胁迫响应特征的差异及形成的机制.结果表明:水分胁迫初期(5 d)内,太阳扇受害指数和大部分生理生化指标与对照差异不显著;随着干旱胁迫强度的增加和时间的延长,太阳扇产生较严重的伤害直至最后死亡,其受害指数、脯氨酸含量、SOD、POD、CAT活性均急剧上升,叶绿素含量明显减少,而丙二醛、可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖含量呈先减少而后增加的趋势;淹水胁迫下,太阳扇可溶性糖和叶绿素含量呈先下降到实验后期有所上升,丙二醛和可溶性蛋白含量呈降-升-降的趋势,SOD、POD活性实验初期增加然后有所减少,CAT活性和脯氨酸含量均呈持续上升趋势;持续干旱和淹水胁迫对太阳扇形态和生理特征造成严重影响,太阳扇对淹水胁迫的响应不及干旱胁迫,持续干旱对扦插苗伤害较大,太阳扇基本丧失自我调节适应不良环境的能力.     

辣椒开花结果期对干旱胁迫的形态与生理响应

在遮雨网室选用抗旱性较强的农城椒二号和抗旱性较弱的陕蔬2001,研究辣椒在轻度、中度和重度干旱胁迫下不同时间的生长、产量、渗透调节物质、保护酶活性的变化规律及其生理调节机制。结果表明:随干旱胁迫时间的延长,辣椒的株高、分枝数、叶面积、单位面积产量、叶绿素含量和叶片相对含水量的抗旱系数呈下降趋势,下降速率与干旱胁迫程度呈正相关,与品种的抗旱性呈负相关;脯氨酸、丙二醛含量和细胞膜透性相对值随干旱胁迫时间的延长呈上升趋势;POD、SOD、CAT活性和可溶性蛋白相对值随着干旱胁迫时间的延长先升高后下降,抗旱性强的材料增加幅度低于抗旱性弱的材料;可溶性糖含量的相对值在轻度和中度干旱胁迫下呈上升趋势,在重度干旱胁迫下呈上升—下降趋势,且抗旱性强的材料上升速度大于抗旱性弱的材料。相关分析表明,干旱胁迫下,产量与株高、分枝数、叶片叶绿素含量、叶面积、叶片相对含水量抗旱系数呈显著正相关;与细胞膜透性、CAT活性和可溶性蛋白含量抗旱系数呈显著负相关。主成分分析表明,用作辣椒抗旱性鉴定的主要指标是单株产量、株高、叶面积、分枝数、可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖、MDA、叶绿素含量和细胞膜透性及叶片相对含水量,叶片POD、SOD、CAT活性、脯氨酸含量可做为辣椒抗旱性鉴定的次要鉴选指标。     

Cu2+、Pb2+胁迫对秋茄幼苗可溶性蛋白和抗氧化酶活性的影响

【摘要】为研究重金属胁迫对秋茄幼苗抗氧化系统的影响, 砂培红树植物秋茄幼苗一个月,研究不同重金属浓度(Cu2+: 0、3、15、30、45 mg·L–1, Pb2+: 0、1、5、10、15 mg·L–1)和不同实验时间(0、3、7、14、28 d)对叶片的影响。测量的生理指标包括: 可溶性蛋白、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和过氧化物酶(POD), 实验条件下两种重金属对各项参数的影响一致。结果表明: 在特定浓度重金属处理下(Cu2+: 0、3、15、30、45 mg·L–1, Pb2+: 0、1、5、10、15 mg·L–1), 可溶性蛋白含量随着时间的增加基本呈先升后降趋势; SOD活性呈降低趋势; CAT活性最初受到明显促进, 后促进作用减弱; POD活性变化规律并不一致。在相同处理时间下, 可溶性蛋白含量随Cu2+浓度的增加而降低, 在Pb2+处理下有所波动; SOD活性在各浓度条件下均降低; CAT活性基本呈降低趋势; POD活性呈先升后降的趋势。通过Pearson相关性分析和PCA分析表明, 可溶性蛋白含量与SOD、POD、CAT三种酶活性呈显著负相关关系, 相关系数分别为–0.401, –0.722, –0.521; 而SOD、POD和CAT活性则表现为显著正相关关系, SOD与POD的相关系数为0.359, SOD与CAT的相关系数为0.384, POD与CAT的相关系数为0.485, 说明三种抗氧化酶协同作用形成一条抗氧化链抵御重金属胁迫。     

锌胁迫下水车前叶细胞自由基过氧化损伤与超微结构变化之间关系的研究

主要研究了模拟锌污染对水车前叶细胞的自由基过氧化损伤和超微结构的变化,并对二者之间的关系作了初步探讨,随锌胁迫程度的增大,叶绿素含量,SOD（超氧化物歧化酶）活性和可溶性蛋白含量呈下降趋势;而POD（过氧化物酶）和CAT（过氧化氢酶）活性则先升后降;MDA（丙二醛）含量上升,超微结构的变化也呈现加重趋势,低浓度处理的变化为细胞核变形,叶绿体膨胀,类囊体排列紊乱,严重的超微结构的损伤是核仁散开,染色质凝集,细胞核几乎成为空核和核膜破裂,核质散出;线粒体脊突膨胀和部分溶解;叶绿体膜断裂,消失和部分类囊体溶解和散到细胞质中,实验结果表明,锌胁迫下叶细胞超微结构的变化反映了内膜系统遭到严重伤害,这可能是自由基过氧化损伤的结果。     

外源芦丁预处理对水分胁迫下玉米幼苗的生理效应

以玉米(Zeamays L.)品种'郏单958'为材料.采用营养液水培法,研究了外源芦丁(Rutin)对聚乙二醇(PEG)胁迫下幼苗叶片质膜相对透性、脯氨酸、可溶性糖含量及保护酶活性的影响.结果显示:(1)在15%PEG-6000胁迫下,玉米叶片的MDA含量、质膜相对透性、脯氨酸和可溶性蛋白质含量均显著增加,保护酶SOD、CAT、POD活性显著升高.(2)一定浓度芦丁(>0.40 g/L)预处理可显著抑制水分胁迫下玉米幼苗叶片MDA含量的上升,降低叶片质膜相对透性,并诱导SOD、POD和CAT活性提高.降低脯氨酸和可溶性蛋白质含量.说明外源芦丁能够提高玉米幼苗的抗氧化作用,缓解水分胁迫引起的膜脂过氧化,保护细胞膜免受或减少损伤·达到提高植物抗旱性的目的.     

芦苇耐脱水能力的生理生态学分析

甘肃省河西走廊分布有不同生态环境的芦苇,包括沼泽芦苇、盐化草甸芦苇和沙丘芦苇。盐化草甸芦苇和沙丘芦苇表观出很强的耐脱水能力。 测定与植物耐脱水能力相关的SOD、CAT和POD活力,表现为SOD活力以沙丘芦苇最高,盐化草甸芦苇次之,沼泽芦苇最低,但CAT和POD则以沼泽芦苇高于其它生境芦苇。用聚丙烯酰胺垂直板电泳方法分析这3种酶同工酶谱,结果表明,3种不同生境芦苇的SOD同工酶谱基本相同,均有9条酶带,但沙丘芦苇和盐化草甸芦苇的CAT和POD同工酶带数比沼泽芦苇分别增多3条和2条。这些结果证明,芦苇在自然选择压力下形成的耐脱水能力与基因调控的酶多型性相关。     

DNA Damage and Repair of Two Ecotypes of Phragmites communis Subjected to Water Stress

In order to thoroughly understand the mechanism of drought resistance in plants at DNA level, the DNA damage of two ecotypes of reeds ( Phragmites communis T.) stressed by PEG 6000 was analyzed by means of fluorescence analysis of DNA unwinding (FADU). The results showed that the residual double strand DNA percentages (dsDNA%) in dune reed (DR) were significantly higher than those in swamp reed (SR) treated with either 20% or 30% PEG 6000. This meant that the DNA of DR was less damaged in comparison with SR. Similarly, DR resisted DNA damage more strongly than SR as reactive oxygen species (ROS) increased by adding ROS producers diethyldithio carbamate (DDC), H2O2 and Fe2+ of different concentrations. Meanwhile, treating PEG stressed SR with ROS scavengers such as dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) and ascorbic acid (Vc) resulted in the reduction of DNA damage, suggesting that ROS could cause DNA damage. In addition, the DNA repair for water-stressed reeds indicated that DR repaired DNA damage much faster and more completely. This might be the first indication that drought stress led to DNA damage in plants and that drought resistance of plants was closely related to DNA damage and repair.     

水分胁迫引起的两种不同生态型芦苇的DNA损伤与修复

利用DNA解链荧光分析（FADU）法检测两种不同生态型芦苇（Phragmites communis T.)在PEG6000胁迫处理后的DNA损伤。结果表明：无论是20％还是30％PEG6000胁迫处理,耐旱性强的沙丘芦苇的DNA损伤都比耐旱性弱的沼泽芦苇较轻。利用不同浓度的二乙基二硫代谢氨基甲酸钠（DDC）、H2O2、FeSO4以增加芦苇的3种活性氧（O2^-、H2O2、OH）的实验也同样显示出沙丘芦苇抵抗水分胁迫引起的DNA损伤的能力较强。同时,当加入外源活性氧清除剂二甲基亚砜（DMSO）、抗坏血酸（Vc）时,水分胁迫处理的芦苇DNA损伤表现出不同程度的减轻。当PEG胁迫处理的芦苇复水后,DNA损伤随复水时间延长而逐渐减轻,但沙丘芦苇的DNA损伤修复较快而完全。实验初步证明：水分胁迫可引起植物体内DNA损伤且该损伤与活性氧有关,植物的抗旱性与DNA损伤及修复密切相关。     

The survival mechanism of dune reed (Phragmites communis) cultures under high sodium chloride concentration

Adaptations to salt stress were studied in embryogenic cultures from two ecotypes of reed (Phragmites communisT.). In the 600 mM NaCl treatment, relative cell viability of dune reed embryogenic cultures from a desert region was 56% greater than the control, 198% greater than swamp reed embryogenic cultures. After treatment with different NaCl concentrations, their relative growth rates (RGRs), pyridine nucleotides, activities of antioxidant enzymes and plasma membrane H⁺-ATPase (EC 3.6.1.35) were determined. The results showed that NADPH content, NADPH/NADP⁺ ratio and the activity of plasma membrane H⁺-ATPase in dune reed embryogenic cultures were higher than those of the control in the present of 600 mM NaCl. The activities of peroxidase (POD, EC 1.11.1.7) and catalase (CAT, EC 1.11.1.6) increased more in dune reed embryogenic cultures than in swamp reed embryogenic cultures. Dune reed embryogenic cultures tolerated higher concentration of NaCl than swamp reed embryogenic cultures. Under high concentration of NaCl, the survival of dune reed embryogenic cultures might be due to reductive status maintenance and ions absorption regulation in the plant cells. This phenomenon would be a result of cross-adaptation in nature.     

Analyses of Soluble Protein,Total and Free Amino Acids in Leaves of Different Ecotypes of Phragmites communis Growing in the Hexi Corridor

The difference of total and free amino acids and protein extracted from the leaves of four different reed ecotypes growing in Hexi corridor of Gansu Province were investigated. In all of the different reed ecotypes, the content of Asp, Glu, Gly, Leu and Ala in total amino acids were high, while the contents of Ala, Phe, Met and Thr, Pro in total amino acids varied among different reed ecotypes. Albeit Ala, Glu, Asp, Gly and Ser were the chief composition of free amino acids in leaves of all reed ecotypes, but temarkble difference was found in the content of each free amino acid from different reed ecotypes. The content of free Pro in leaves of salt meadow and salt meadow-sand dune transitional zone reed were 3.5 and 1.6 times respectively as much as in leaves of swamp reed. Swamp reed had 11 soluble proteins whereas other three reed ecotypes show that each has 13 soluble proteins. Three “salt adaptation proteins” (66 kD, 40.3 kD, 16.5 kD) were found in leaves of three reed ecotypes with varying degree of salt stress, however, the contents of 3 “salt adaptation protens” showed a negative correlation with the degree of salt stress. There was a large amount of “special protein” (11.7 kD) in leaves of sand dune reeds. These results suggest that the difference in cytogene expression takes a priority basis of adaptation of reed plants to different habitats, while a closer relationship of reeds tolerance to salt or drought stress with Pro accumulation in cells is seen than with the of accumulation stress adaptation protein.     

Instructions for Authors

Adaptations to salt stress were studied in embryogenic cultures from two ecotypes of reed (Phragmites communisT.). In the 600 mM NaCl treatment, relative cell viability of dune reed embryogenic cultures from a desert region was 56% greater than the control, 198% greater than swamp reed embryogenic cultures. After treatment with different NaCl concentrations, their relative growth rates (RGRs), pyridine nucleotides, activities of antioxidant enzymes and plasma membrane H⁺-ATPase (EC 3.6.1.35) were determined. The results showed that NADPH content, NADPH/NADP⁺ ratio and the activity of plasma membrane H⁺-ATPase in dune reed embryogenic cultures were higher than those of the control in the present of 600 mM NaCl. The activities of peroxidase (POD, EC 1.11.1.7) and catalase (CAT, EC 1.11.1.6) increased more in dune reed embryogenic cultures than in swamp reed embryogenic cultures. Dune reed embryogenic cultures tolerated higher concentration of NaCl than swamp reed embryogenic cultures. Under high concentration of NaCl, the survival of dune reed embryogenic cultures might be due to reductive status maintenance and ions absorption regulation in the plant cells. This phenomenon would be a result of cross-adaptation in nature.     

沼泽、盐化沙丘过渡带和沙丘生境下芦苇的光合及生理生化特性

对于田地区3种不同生境(沼泽、盐化沙丘过渡带和沙丘顶)芦苇的生长环境特征、光合特性、渗透调节及抗氧化系统的特征进行研究。结果表明:芦苇叶片的Pn日变化在沼泽生境呈单峰曲线,在盐化沙丘过渡带和沙丘顶部均为双峰曲线,光合"午休"现象明显,气孔导度降低是其主要原因。脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量随根区土壤水分减少和盐分加剧增加显著,其中可溶性糖含量变化剧烈,对抵御干旱和盐渍化危害的贡献较大。芦苇叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性随干旱及盐分加剧增加显著,两者对水分亏缺的响应较盐分敏感,且可有效缓解沙丘生境由于缺水所造成的氧化损伤,使丙二醛(MDA)含量维持在相对较低水平。过氧化物酶(POD)活性在沙丘和盐渍化生境内都比较高,对抵抗盐渍化和干旱起着同样重要的作用。     

Comparative study on calli from two reed ecotypes under heat stress

The different physiological responses to heat stress in calli from two ecotypes of common reed (Phragmites communis Trin.) plants (dune reed (DR) and swamp reed (SR)) were studied. The relative water content, the relative growth rate, cell viability, membrane permeability (MP), H₂O₂ content, MDA content, proline level, and the activities of enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione reductase (GR), and lipoxygenase (LOX) were assayed. Results showed that under heat stress, DR callus could maintain the higher relative growth rate and cell viability than SR callus, while H₂O₂ content, MDA content, and MP in SR callus increased more than in DR callus. The activities of antioxidant enzymes, such as SOD, CAT, POD, APX, and GR in two calli were enhanced by high temperature. However, antioxidant enzymes in DR callus showed the higher thermal stability than those in SR callus. LOX activity increased more in SR callus than in DR callus under heat stress. High temperature markedly elevated proline content in DR callus whereas had no effect on that in SR callus. Taken together, DR callus is more thermotolerant than SR callus, which might be due to the higher activity of antioxidant enzymes and proline level compared with SR callus under heat stress.     

四种生态型芦苇叶片结构的研究

The leaf anatomy and uhrastructure of the vascular bundle sheath cells of four ecotypes of reed (Phragmites communis Trin. ) were observed with light and electron microscope. The four ecotypes were the swamp reed, dune reed, heavy salt meadow reed and the light salt meadow reed. It was shown that the intracellular content of the vascular bundle sheath cells of the swamp reed was lower than that of the dune reed; that of the heavy salt meadow reed was between that of the former two reeds and that of the light salt meadow reed and that of the light salt meadow reed was similar to the dune reed. The chloroplasts in the swamp reed were round-shaped with poorly developed grana. Starch grains were not visualized. The uhrastructure of their chloroplasts were similar to those in the typical C3 plants as wheat. By contrast, the chloroplasts in the vascular bundle cells of the dune reed were elliptical with their structure similar to that of the typical C4 plants as maize. These chloroplasts contained some poorly developed grana thykloid. The chloroplasts of the vascular bundle sheath cells in the heavy salt meadow reed were similar to those seen in the dune reed, however, those in the light salt meadow reed appeared to be beth round .and elliptical in shape. The above results suggested a great habitat variation did occur among the four ecotypes of reed in which these exists an obvious evolutional trend from C3 to C4 plants.