河西走廓不同生态型芦苇核酸代谢季节动态研究

分布在甘肃河西走廓的４种生态型芦苇的核酸代谢季节变化有差异,盐化草甸芦苇ＲＮＡ含量持续增加,ＤＮＡ含量相对稳定,其它３种生态型芦苇的ＲＮＡ和ＤＮＡ以５月份为最高,过渡带芦苇的ＲＮＡ含量,沼泽芦苇及沙丘芦苇的ＤＮＡ含量９月份略有增高,盐化草甸芦苇与过渡带芦苇的ＤＮａｓｅ和ＲＮａｓｅ活性５－９月份呈增高趋势。盐化草甸芦苇的ＤＮＡ和ＲＮＡ合成活性不断升高,过度带芦苇和沼泽芦苇的ＤＮＡ和ＲＮＡ合成活性及沙     

芦苇耐脱水能力的生理生态学分析

甘肃省河西走廊分布有不同生态环境的芦苇,包括沼泽芦苇、盐化草甸芦苇和沙丘芦苇。盐化草甸芦苇和沙丘芦苇表观出很强的耐脱水能力。 测定与植物耐脱水能力相关的SOD、CAT和POD活力,表现为SOD活力以沙丘芦苇最高,盐化草甸芦苇次之,沼泽芦苇最低,但CAT和POD则以沼泽芦苇高于其它生境芦苇。用聚丙烯酰胺垂直板电泳方法分析这3种酶同工酶谱,结果表明,3种不同生境芦苇的SOD同工酶谱基本相同,均有9条酶带,但沙丘芦苇和盐化草甸芦苇的CAT和POD同工酶带数比沼泽芦苇分别增多3条和2条。这些结果证明,芦苇在自然选择压力下形成的耐脱水能力与基因调控的酶多型性相关。     

不同生境芦苇tRNA的分离纯化及氨酰化特性研究

用苯酚法,ＤＥＡＥ－ＳｅｐｈａｄｅｘＡ＿（２５）柱层析分离并纯化了河西走廊分布的不同生境芦苇的ｔＲＮＡ。用ｔＲ－ＮＡ结合￣３Ｈ－Ｌｅｕ、￣３Ｈ－Ｇｌｙ及￣３Ｈ－Ａｌａ的氨酰化活性研究了四种生境芦苇的ｔＲＮＡ氨酰化特性。结果表明,三种￣３Ｈ－氨基酸的ｔＲＮＡ氨酰化活性在不同生境之间及同一生境芦苇的不同发育时期表现出极大差别;ｔＲＮＡ含量也存在类似的变化,表现在沙生芦苇与沼泽芦苇５－９月份含量均增高,盐化草甸－沙丘过渡带芦苇中ｔＲＮＡ含量均较其它生境芦苇低,而盐化草甸芦苇中以７月份含量最高;蛋白水解酶活性除沙生芦苇９月份降低外,其余三种生境芦苇均呈增高趋势;蛋白质含量在盐化草甸芦苇中与总氨酰化活性变化相一致,而过渡带芦苇与蛋白水解酶活性变化类似,沙生芦苇５月份表现为水解占优势后期则主要与合成有关,沼泽芦苇７、９月份却与水解相关。产生这些结果的原因之一是芦苇代谢对各自生境适应的差异性。     

河西走廊不同生态型芦苇核酸代谢季节动态研究

分布在甘肃河西走廊的４ 种生态型芦苇（Ｐｈｒａｇｍ ｉｔｅｓｃｏｍ ｍ ｕｎｉｓＴｒｉｎ．）的核酸代谢季节变化有差异。盐化草甸芦苇ＲＮＡ 含量持续增加,ＤＮＡ 含量相对稳定,其它３ 种生态型芦苇的ＲＮＡ 和ＤＮＡ 含量以５月份为最高。过渡带芦苇的ＲＮＡ 含量、沼泽芦苇及沙丘芦苇的ＤＮＡ含量９ 月份略有增高。盐化草甸芦苇与过渡带芦苇的ＤＮａｓｅ和ＲＮａｓｅ的活性７ 月份最高,沼泽芦苇与沙丘芦苇的ＤＮａｓｅ和ＲＮａｓｅ活性５—９ 月份呈增高趋势。盐化草甸芦苇的ＤＮＡ 和ＲＮＡ 合成活性不断升高,过渡带芦苇和沼泽芦苇的ＤＮＡ 和ＲＮＡ 合成活性及沙丘芦苇的ＲＮＡ 合成活性５—９月份均降低,仅沙丘芦苇的ＤＮＡ合成活性增强。ＲＮＡ 聚丙烯酰胺梯度凝胶电泳分析结果表明,４ 种生态型芦苇均含有２５Ｓ、２３Ｓ、１８Ｓ、１６Ｓ大分子量ｒＲＮＡ 和小分子量５．８Ｓ、５Ｓ、４．５ＳｒＲＮＡ 及４ＳｔＲＮＡ。大分子量ＲＮＡ 的含量高于小分子量ＲＮＡ 含量。不同生态型及同一生态型芦苇的不同发育时期,相同的ＲＮＡ 组分含量各不相同。且发育过程中２３Ｓ、１８Ｓ、１６ＳｒＲＮＡ 在不同月份发生不同程度的降解。由此,我们认为,核酸代谢的差异性是４ 种生态型由生长转入衰     

芦苇生态型划分指标的主分量及模糊聚类分析

运用主分量分析及模糊聚类的方法首次对包括群落、形态,解剖,生理生化及遗传代谢等４５个指标的不同生态芦苇进行了分析,结果表明,生物量、单株干重、株高,可溶性蛋白质含量、ＲＮＡ含量、ＤＮａａｓｅ和ＲＮａｓｅ活性、Ｋｒａｎｚ结构的有无及土壤ｐＨ值等差异最为显著。４种生态型芦苇中,盐化草甸芦苇与盐化草甸－沙丘过渡带芦苇最相近,其次为沙丘芦苇,沼泽芦苇与其它３种生态相似程度最低。     

芦苇叶中Rubisco对干旱生境的响应

从分布于甘肃省河西走廓的沼泽芦苇和沙丘芦苇叶中提纯的Ｒｕｂｉｓｃｏ,大、小、小亚基分子量无明显变化,但沙丘芦苇与沼泽芦苇与沼泽芦苇相比较,Ｒｕｂｉｓｃｏ的氨基酸组成中,亲水性氨基酸相对含量增加,疏水性氨基酸相对含量减少,酶分子的疏水性降低,且酶分子中可被ＰＣＭＢ滴定的ＳＨ基数仅为沼泽芦苇的５０％。这说明,芦苇在长期适应沙丘干旱生境过程中,其Ｒｕｂｉｓｃｏ无论在结构与功能上,均发生有适应性的改变。     

两种生态型芦苇胚性悬浮培养物对渗透胁迫的生理响应Ⅱ.抗氧化酶类活性的变化

渗透胁迫处理下,沙丘芦苇和沼泽芦苇培养细胞的H2O2含量变化不大,MDA含量随时间延长而降低.抗氧化酶中,沙丘芦苇的SOD、CAT、POD和APx的活力均显著高于沼泽芦苇,显示出比沼泽芦苇更强的ROS清除能力.胁迫初期(O.5 h～1 d)沙丘芦苇细胞中主要表现出SOD、CAT活力的提高,胁迫2 d后4种酶活力均明显被诱导.两种生态型芦苇的PEG适应性培养物APx及SOD酶活力显著提高,POD活性仅沼泽芦苇中升高.提示SOD、CAT主要参与沙丘芦苇在渗透胁迫下的短期响应,而APx与长期响应有关.     

黄河三角洲不同生态型芦苇对盐度适应生理的研究Ⅰ.渗透调节物质及其贡献

山东省黄河三角洲分布４种不同生态型芦苇——淡水沼泽芦苇、咸水沼泽芦苇、低盐草甸芦苇和高盐草甸芦苇。１９９４年与１９９５年的８～９月份对不同生境生态型芦苇的生长情况、群落组成及优势度进行观测,并测定４种不同生态型芦苇的有机和无机渗透剂以及渗透势和渗透调节能力。结果表明：不同生态型芦苇的多度、盖度、植株高度、叶片含水量和渗透势均随生境盐度的增大而降低;低盐度下的芦苇其渗透剂以Ｋ＋和可溶性糖为主,高盐度下以Ｎａ＋、Ｃｌ－为主;芦苇根部Ｎａ＋含量大于叶片,其渗透调节能力也高于叶片;植物体的Ｎａ／Ｋ比值随生境盐度而变化,而高盐度下Ｎａ／Ｋ比为１左右;在渗透调节中有机和无机渗透剂的贡献随生境盐度而变化,有机渗透剂贡献随生境盐度增大而减少,无机渗透剂贡献则随盐度增加而增大。上述结果证明芦苇是一种应性较强的植物,从抗盐机理考虑可以认为它是一种假盐生植物。     

两种生物型芦苇胚性悬浮培养物对渗透胁迫的生理响应 Ⅱ．抗氧化酶类活性的变化

渗透胁迫处理下,沙丘芦苇和沼泽芦苇培养细胞的H2O2含量变化不大,MDA含量随时间延长而降低。抗氧化酶中,沙丘芦苇的SOD、CAT、POD和APx的活力均显著高于沼津芦苇,显示出比沼泽芦苇更强的ROS清除能力。胁迫初期（0．5h-1d)沙丘芦苇细胞中主要表现出SOD、CAT活力的提高,胁迫2d后4种酶活力均明显被诱导。两种生态型芦苇的PEG适应性培养物APx及SOD酶活力显著提高,POD活性仅沼泽芦苇中升高。提示SOD、CAT主要参与沙丘芦苇在渗透胁迫下的短期响应,而APx与长期响应有关。     

黄河三角洲不同生态型芦苇对盐度适应生理的研究 Ⅱ.不同生态型芦苇的光合气体交换特点

黄河三角洲不同生态型芦苇光合速率和气孔导度有明显差异 ,随生境盐度的增加而降低 ,气孔限制因素是盐胁迫下芦苇光合降低的原因之一。低盐度生境中生长的芦苇的 Rn BPCase活性均大于高盐度下的 ,而 PEPCase活性均小于高盐度下的 ,表明在盐渍条件下 ,叶肉光合器官光合活性的降低也限制芦苇的光合速率。随盐度升高 ,Ru BPCase与PEPCasc活性之比降低。高 PFD下 ,盐胁迫加剧 Fv/Fm降低程度。此外 ,在高盐度下由于叶片蒸腾下降而导致的叶温较高也可能与光合活性降低有关。     

水分胁迫对2种生态型芦苇（Phragmites communis）的可溶性蛋白含量、SOD、POD、CAT活性的影响

研究利用2种抗旱性迥异的芦苇为材料,用PEG6000进行水分胁迫处理,结果表明,抗旱性强的沙丘芦苇（沙芦）的可溶性蛋白含量明显低于沼泽芦苇（水芦）,约为水芦的1／5。但是,在受到20％PEG胁迫时,沙芦的可溶性蛋白含量有所上升,水芦的则稍微下降,在30％PEG胁迫时,水芦的可溶性蛋白含量显著下降,而沙芦则先升后降。沙芦的3种自由基清除酶（SOD、POD、CAT）的活性显著高于水芦。受到水分胁迫后,2种芦苇的SOD、POD、CAT活性或升或降。但是,无论在20％还是30％PEG胁迫条件下,相对水芦而言,沙芦都保持较高的自由其清除酶活性,从而保证其较强的自由基清除能力,减轻自由基对植物细胞生物大分子如DNA、蛋白质、脂肪酸的伤害,维持细胞正常的生命活动,这是沙芦抗旱性强的基础。     

The survival mechanism of dune reed (Phragmites communis) cultures under high sodium chloride concentration

Adaptations to salt stress were studied in embryogenic cultures from two ecotypes of reed (Phragmites communisT.). In the 600 mM NaCl treatment, relative cell viability of dune reed embryogenic cultures from a desert region was 56% greater than the control, 198% greater than swamp reed embryogenic cultures. After treatment with different NaCl concentrations, their relative growth rates (RGRs), pyridine nucleotides, activities of antioxidant enzymes and plasma membrane H⁺-ATPase (EC 3.6.1.35) were determined. The results showed that NADPH content, NADPH/NADP⁺ ratio and the activity of plasma membrane H⁺-ATPase in dune reed embryogenic cultures were higher than those of the control in the present of 600 mM NaCl. The activities of peroxidase (POD, EC 1.11.1.7) and catalase (CAT, EC 1.11.1.6) increased more in dune reed embryogenic cultures than in swamp reed embryogenic cultures. Dune reed embryogenic cultures tolerated higher concentration of NaCl than swamp reed embryogenic cultures. Under high concentration of NaCl, the survival of dune reed embryogenic cultures might be due to reductive status maintenance and ions absorption regulation in the plant cells. This phenomenon would be a result of cross-adaptation in nature.     

四种生态型芦苇叶片结构的研究

采用光学显微镜和电子显微镜对４种生态型芦苇（ＰｈｒａｇｍｉｔｅｓｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｓＴｒｉｎ．）叶解剖结构及叶脉维管束鞘细胞超微结构进行了观察研究。结果表明,沼泽芦苇维管束鞘细胞内含物较少,维管束鞘细胞叶绿体呈近圆形,超微结构与典型Ｃ３植物小麦鞘细胞的相似,基粒发育退化,不含淀粉粒;沙丘芦苇鞘细胞内含物较多,鞘细胞叶绿体呈近椭圆形,超微结构与典型Ｃ４植物玉米的相似,具有不发达的基粒;重度盐化草甸芦苇鞘细胞内含物则较沼泽芦苇多,而较沙丘芦苇少,鞘细胞叶绿体形态、超微结构与沙丘芦苇相似;轻度盐化草甸芦苇鞘细胞内含物与沙丘芦苇相似,但是,其鞘细胞含有与沼泽芦苇鞘细胞内叶绿体形态相似的近圆形以及与沙丘芦苇和重度盐化草甸芦苇鞘细胞内形态相似的近椭圆形两种形态的叶绿体。表明生长在同一地区不同环境中的４种生态型芦苇的光合结构发生了深刻的变异,表现出从Ｃ３向Ｃ４进化的明显趋势。     

四种生态型芦苇叶片结构的研究

The leaf anatomy and uhrastructure of the vascular bundle sheath cells of four ecotypes of reed (Phragmites communis Trin. ) were observed with light and electron microscope. The four ecotypes were the swamp reed, dune reed, heavy salt meadow reed and the light salt meadow reed. It was shown that the intracellular content of the vascular bundle sheath cells of the swamp reed was lower than that of the dune reed; that of the heavy salt meadow reed was between that of the former two reeds and that of the light salt meadow reed and that of the light salt meadow reed was similar to the dune reed. The chloroplasts in the swamp reed were round-shaped with poorly developed grana. Starch grains were not visualized. The uhrastructure of their chloroplasts were similar to those in the typical C3 plants as wheat. By contrast, the chloroplasts in the vascular bundle cells of the dune reed were elliptical with their structure similar to that of the typical C4 plants as maize. These chloroplasts contained some poorly developed grana thykloid. The chloroplasts of the vascular bundle sheath cells in the heavy salt meadow reed were similar to those seen in the dune reed, however, those in the light salt meadow reed appeared to be beth round .and elliptical in shape. The above results suggested a great habitat variation did occur among the four ecotypes of reed in which these exists an obvious evolutional trend from C3 to C4 plants.     

Leaf anatomy and photosynthetic carbon metabolic characteristics in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phragmites communis</Emphasis> in different soil water availability

To investigate the variations of anatomical and photosynthetic carbon metabolic characteristics within one species in response to increasing soil water stress, leaf anatomical characteristics, gas exchange and the activity of key enzymes in photosynthesis and photorespiration were compared in different ecotypes of Phragmites communis growing in an oasis-desert transitional zone (ODTZ) from swamp habitat (plot 1–3) via heavy salt meadow (plot 4–7) and light salt meadow habitat (plot 8–9) to dune habitat (plot 10–13) in Northwest China. The results showed that interveinal distance (ID) decreased with increasing water stress except that in plots of dune reed (DR). Vein mean diameter (VMD) in plot 10, 11 and 12 of the DR was significantly larger than that in other ecotypes. Leaf specific porosity (LSP) enhanced from plot 4 to plot 13 from heave salt meadow reed (HSMR) to light salt meadow reed (LSMR) and to DR. Chlorophyll fluorescence in bundle sheath cells were microscopically found in four ecotypes, especially significantly in the DR. Net CO₂ assimilation rate (A _n) dropped rapidly from the swamp reed (SR) to the HSMR and then increased progressively from the LSMR to the DR. Stomatal conductance (g _s) decreased and the water use efficiency (WUE) rose from the wet to the dry ecotypes. Sensitivity of g _s to intercellular CO₂ concentration (C _i) increased, but glycolate oxidase (GO) activity gradually reduced with increasing soil water deficiency. The RuBPCase activity did not reduce in four ecotypes even in DR, but, the PEPCase and NAD-ME activities as well as the ratio of PEPCase/RuBPCase were gradually enhanced with increasing soil water stress. We concluded that anatomical and photosynthetic carbon assimilating characteristics in P. communis were developing to the direction of C₄ metabolism in response to the increasing drought stress in desert areas. The DR enduring severe water stress had more C₄ like photosynthetic features than the HSMR and LSMR as well as SR, according to significantly increased VMD and LSP and higher g _s sensitivity to C _i as well as higher PEPCase activity and lower GO activity in the DR.     

Pyrosequencing Reveals Bacterial Diversity in the Rhizosphere of Three Phragmites australis Ecotypes

Here we present the use of high-throughput DNA pyrosequencing to assess bacterial diversity in the rhizosphere of three Phragmites australis ecotypes from the Hexi Corridor, China. In total, 43404 sequences were obtained for the three ecotypes, representing 31 phyla and a small amount of unclassified bacteria. The predominant bacterial groups in the rhizosphere of P. australis were Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Chloroflexi, Gemmatimonadetes and Planctomycetes. The bacterial community structure varied with the different degrees of wetland degradation, which were exhibited by the three P. australis ecotypes in the study area. At the phylum level, the Caldiserica, Chlamydiae, Deferribacteres, Lentisphaerae, and candidate division WS3 were only detected in the swamp reed (SR) sample. Then, δ-proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, Cyanobacteria and Fusobacteria decreased, the Actinobacteria increased with the degree of degradation from SR through salt meadow reed (SMR) to dune reed (DR). The functional bacterial genera also varied with wetland degradation. The sulfur and sulfate-reducing, nitrifying and nitrogen-fixing bacteria were more abundant in the rhizosphere of the SR sample. Methane-oxidizing bacteria were abundant in the SR and DR samples but less so in the SMR. In our study, pyrosequencing of different P. australis ecotypes provided insight into the structural variation of the rhizosphere bacterial community. This study gave a database for the use of bacteria in the protection and ecological restoration of wetland.     

Instructions for Authors

Adaptations to salt stress were studied in embryogenic cultures from two ecotypes of reed (Phragmites communisT.). In the 600 mM NaCl treatment, relative cell viability of dune reed embryogenic cultures from a desert region was 56% greater than the control, 198% greater than swamp reed embryogenic cultures. After treatment with different NaCl concentrations, their relative growth rates (RGRs), pyridine nucleotides, activities of antioxidant enzymes and plasma membrane H⁺-ATPase (EC 3.6.1.35) were determined. The results showed that NADPH content, NADPH/NADP⁺ ratio and the activity of plasma membrane H⁺-ATPase in dune reed embryogenic cultures were higher than those of the control in the present of 600 mM NaCl. The activities of peroxidase (POD, EC 1.11.1.7) and catalase (CAT, EC 1.11.1.6) increased more in dune reed embryogenic cultures than in swamp reed embryogenic cultures. Dune reed embryogenic cultures tolerated higher concentration of NaCl than swamp reed embryogenic cultures. Under high concentration of NaCl, the survival of dune reed embryogenic cultures might be due to reductive status maintenance and ions absorption regulation in the plant cells. This phenomenon would be a result of cross-adaptation in nature.     

A survey of photosynthetic carbon metabolism in 4 ecotypes of Phragmites australis in northwest China: Leaf anatomy, ultrastructure, and activities of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase and glycollate oxidase

Four ecotypes of Phragmites australis from different habitats in northwest China were examined to compare their photosynthetic characteristics. In a swamp ecotype, the Δ ¹³C value of leaf materials was −34.0‰, and bundle sheath cells contained a small amount of organelles and round-shaped chloroplasts, as being similar to typical C₃ plants. In a dune ecotype, the Δ ¹³C value was −20.9‰ and bundle sheath cells contained oval-shaped chloroplasts with poorly-developed grana. In light and heavy salt meadow ecotypes, Δ ¹³C values were −30.6‰ and −35.6‰, respectively. The shape of bundle sheath chloroplasts in the light salt meadow ecotype was intermediate between those of the swamp and dune ecotypes. Abundance of bundle sheath organelles in the heavy salt meadow ecotype was intermediate. The swamp ecotype had photosynthetic enzyme activities typical of C₃ type plants, whereas the dune ecotype had an increased activity of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC), a key C₄ enzyme, and a decreased ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (Rubisco) activity. The light salt meadow and heavy salt meadow ecotypes had substantial activities of PEPC, which indicates potential for C₄ photosynthesis. These data suggest that this species evolved the C₃-like ecotype in swamp environments and the C₄-like C₃-C₄ intermediate in dune desert environments, and C₃-like C₃-C₄ intermediates in salt environments.