褐菖鲉肝CYP 1A作为生物标志物监测厦门海域石油污染状况

以褐菖鲉为实验鱼类,以鱼肝微粒体CYP1A 生物标志物(EROD活性和CYP1A蛋白表达量)为指标,在厦门海域开展了两次野外监测实验,研究EROD活性和CYP1A蛋白表达量的变化,以及它们与海水和沉积物中石油类和重金属含量之间的相关性。结果表明,在现场属于一类海水的石油类浓度(0.0121-0.0242 mg/L)条件下,石油类就能够显著诱导褐菖鲉肝EROD活性和CYP1A蛋白表达量,鱼肝EROD活性和CYP1A蛋白表达量与海水中石油类含量均呈现极显著正相关,CYP1A蛋白表达量比EROD活性较为敏感和稳定。此外,在监测实验中,尚未发现这两种生物标志物受所监测海区的海水和沉积物重金属含量的影响。因此,利用褐菖鲉肝微粒体EROD活性和CYP1A蛋白表达量作为生物标志物监测海洋石油类及其PAHs污染是可行的,在海洋环境石油类污染监测及其生化效应评价中具有重要的应用价值。而且,把这两种生物标志物结合起来加以研究并推广应用将更有意义。     

米曲霉LY-128 广谱有机磷农药水解酶的纯化和鉴定

米曲霉LY-128的培养物经硫酸铵分级沉淀,Sephadex G-100凝胶过滤,DEAE-Sephrose CL-6B和Sephadex G-100层析手段,获得了电泳纯的广谱有机磷农药水解酶.通过SDS-PAGE和IEF电泳测得其分子量为62 kDa,等电点为pH 5.2.该酶的最适反应温度为45℃,最适pH 6.8,在50℃以下及pH6.0～9.5范围内活性稳定.Hg2+、Fe3+、对氯高汞苯甲酸、碘乙酸和N-乙基马来酰亚胺对该酶有强烈的抑制作用,而Cu2+、巯基乙醇、二硫苏糖醇、二硫赤藓糖醇、谷光甘肽和去污剂对酶有不同程度的激活作用.底物的专一性实验表明,该酶不仅可以作用于含P-O键的有机磷农药;而且也能水解含P-S键的有机磷农药.以甲基对硫磷和内吸磷为底物的Km值分别为52μmol、236μmol;Vmax分别为317μmol min-1 mg-1、179 μmol min-1 mg-1;Kcat分别为1152 s-1、650 s-1.     

半胱胺盐酸盐和LHRH-A对黄鳍鲷IGF-Ⅰ基因表达和生长的影响

本文以黄鳍鲷 (Sparuslatus)为研究对象 ,利用GeneRaceTM 技术 ,从其肝组织中克隆出类胰岛素生长因子 (IGF Ⅰ )cDNA ,并应用半定量RT PCR方法研究了半胱胺盐酸盐 (Cysteaminehydrochloride)和LHRH A对其肝组织IGF Ⅰ基因表达的影响。黄鳍鲷IGF ⅠcDNA全长为 84 0bp ,编码 185aa多肽 ;序列分析表明 ,黄鳍鲷IGF Ⅰ基因编码的氨基酸序列与金鱼的同源性为 75 8% ,与牙鲆的同源性为 86 5 % ,与同属鲷科的黑鲷同源性高达 10 0 % ,证明鱼类类胰岛素生长因子是非常保守的 ,E区域分析结果表明黄鳍鲷IGF Ⅰ属Ea 4型。在饲料中投喂CSH、LHRH A等添加剂 ,实验组黄鳍鲷鱼种的相对生长率、垂体GH含量、肝脏IGF ⅠmRNA水平均显著高于对照组。以上结果提示 :CSH、LHRH A能促进黄鳍鲷生长激素的合成和IGF Ⅰ基因的表达 ,从而促进鱼种的生长     

小麦根质膜氧化还原系统及其对水分胁迫的反应（简报）

小麦根质膜制剂氧化NADH的Km为60μmol／L,Vmax为1127nmol／mg蛋白mini还原K3Fe（CN）6的Km为272μmol／L,Vmax为3205nmol／mg蛋白min。两者的最适pH为7．5,最适温度是40℃。KCN、SHAM、Na3VO4对质膜氧化还原活性无影响,DCCD则有抑制作用（10％）。水分胁迫下活体质膜与离体质膜的K3Fe（CN）6还原活性变化呈相反变化趋势。     

菜豆幼苗EPSP合成酶的分离纯化和它的部分性质

利用硫酸铵分级沉淀,SephedexG-50凝胶柱层析,FPLCMono-Q和磷酸纤维素离子层析法从菜豆幼苗中分离提纯了EPSP合成酶。该酶被纯化2961.6倍,比活性达到6219.4nmolmg-1蛋白min-1。该酶分子量经SDS-PAGE检测为51kD,等电点为pH5.7,酶促反应最适pH7.5,最适温度45℃。6.2μmol/L的除草剂草甘膦能抑制EPSP合成酶活性的50%。     

樟子松外生菌根中NADP-依赖型异柠檬酸脱氢酶的酶学性质研究

对褐环乳牛肝菌-樟子松菌根组织、樟子松根组织及褐环乳牛肝菌纯培养菌丝的异柠檬酸脱氢酶(isocitrate dehydrogenase,IDH)进行纯化和酶学性质鉴定。通过硫酸铵分级沉淀及葡聚糖凝胶层析纯化后的IDH进行SDS-PAGE电泳检测,并进行3种来源酶的酶学性质鉴定。菌根组织、根组织及真菌纯培养菌丝NADP-IDH对NADP+的Km值分别为10.7μmol/L、11.4μmol/L和22.1μmol/L;对异柠檬酸的Km值分别为71.7μmol/L、79.3μmol/L和87.8μmol/L。最适p H分别为8.2、8.0和7.5,略偏碱性。菌根IDH和根IDH的最适反应温度为45℃,真菌IDH的最适反应温度为42℃。3种IDH的活性依赖于不同的二价金属阳离子的存在,Mn2+、Mg2+存在时酶活性最强,Ca2+、Co2+、Cu2+和Zn2+对酶的活性有较强抑制作用。菌根真菌与樟子松形成外生菌根之后异柠檬酸脱氢酶的蛋白含量及酶活力都得到了提高。     

重组hPRL-1的表达纯化及其理化和酶学性质研究

目的:表达纯化hPRL-1重组蛋白,分析其理化性质及酶学特性。方法:热激法将重组pET15b质粒转化入E.coli BL21中,IPTG诱导表达出His-tagged hPRL-1蛋白。使用Ni-NTA亲和层析法结合Mono Q离子交换层析法纯化。用SDS-PAGE法和Western Blot法进行表达情况的定性定量分析,并使用HPLC法鉴定蛋白纯度,计算出蛋白分子量,圆盘等电聚焦电泳分析重组蛋白等电点。比较分析以pNPP、4-MUP和DiFMUP为底物时的酶促反应动力学。同时以pNPP为底物测定酶的最适pH值;以4-MUP为底物测定酶的最适温度,分析探讨缓冲液离子强度与蛋白酪氨酸酶通用抑制剂钒酸钠对酶活力的影响。结果:以亲和层析和离子交换层析结合,可以纯化得到纯度约为95%的蛋白。测得蛋白分子量为24.54kD,等电点为9.11。以pNPP、4-MUP和DiFMUP为底物时Km分别为3720μmol/L,130μmol/L和50μmol/L。酶的最适pH值为7.6,最适温度为34℃。结论:纯化所得蛋白为目的蛋白hPRL-1;两步纯化相结合可以得到纯度较高的蛋白;三种底物特异性依次为DiFMUP>4-MUP>pNPP。     

海枣曲霉β-葡萄糖苷酶的催化性质

本文研究了海枣曲霉(Aspergillus phoenicis)β-葡萄糖苷酶的底物特异性以及不同化学试剂对酶活力的影响。该酶水解对一硝基酚基-β-葡萄糖苷、纤维二糖和水杨素的相对活力分别为100、180和67.3。水解对一硝基酚基β-葡萄糖苷和纤维二糖的Km值分别为0.97mmol／L和1 8mmol／L,Vmax分别为576μmol min-1.mg-1和595μmol.min-1.mg-1.mg-1。Ag+、D-葡萄糖和纤维二糖对酶活力有强烈的抑制作用。Lineweaver—Burk作图法及Dixon作图法表明D-葡萄糖对该酶显示竞争性抑制作用,其Ki值分别为30mmol／L和3．4mmol／L。     

红栓菌胞外漆酶的诱导,纯化及部分特性研究

红栓菌(pycnoporus cinnabarius)在发酵培养3d后出现胞外漆酶活性峰。木素类似物对红栓菌胞外漆酶活性有诱导作用,阿魏酸、香兰素,愈创木酚和DL-β-苯丙氨酸诱导24h后,发酵液中漆酶活性分别是对照的2.8、4.3、3.5和1.7倍。发酵液经(NH_4)_2S0_4沉淀,Sephadex G-150、DEAE-Sephadex A-25、Sephadex G-25柱层析纯化后,冷冻干燥。高效液相色谱(HPLC)检测为一单峰,分子量为26000,含17种氨基酸,氨基酸总量占酶组成的64.27％。等离子光谱(ICP)分析表明漆酶含有铜。该酶反应的最适温度为30℃,与邻联苯甲胺反应最适pH为4.0,Km值为385μmol/L;与丁香醛连氮反应最适pH为5.8,Km值为833μmol/L。     

紫杉醇对食蟹猴和人CYP1A2、CYP3A4及CYP2A6酶代谢的影响

目的探讨紫杉醇对食蟹猴和人肝微粒体CYP1A2、CYP2A6和CYP3A4酶活性的影响。方法采用食蟹猴和人肝脏微粒体,分别以非那西汀、睾丸酮和香豆素分别作为CYP1A2、CYP2A6、CYP3A4的底物,建立CYP1A2、CYP2A6和CYP3A4体外代谢体系。采用不同浓度的紫杉醇分别与上述3种底物共同孵育于肝微粒体代谢体系中。用HPLC法分别测定各底物的代谢产物扑热息痛、6β-羟基睾丸酮、7-羟基香豆素的产生量,计算IC50值,以评估紫杉醇对CYP1A2、CYP2A6和CYP3A4代谢的影响。结果紫杉醇对食蟹猴肝微粒体3种酶的IC50值分别为570±5.9μmol/L、140±2.9μmol/L和无影响;紫杉醇对人肝微粒体3种酶的IC50值分别为193±6.6μmol/L、253±3.6μmol/L和24±1.6μmol/L。结论紫杉醇对食蟹猴肝微粒体CYP1A2和CYP3A4活性具有一定的抑制作用,但对CYP2A6酶的活性几乎没有影响。紫杉醇对人肝微粒体CYP1A2和CYP3A4活性的抑制作用较弱,但对CYP2A6酶的活性抑制作用较强,提示临床上紫杉醇与作为上述酶底物的药物联合用药时应慎重,以避免因中西药物相互作用所导致的不良反应发生。     

Comparison of two techniques for the morphometry study on gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) spermatozoa and evaluation of changes induced by cryopreservation

The development of powerful software has made possible spermatozoa morphology studies. However, some problems have emerged in relation to protocol standardization to compare results from different laboratories. This study was carried out to compare two techniques commonly used (staining vs phase contrast technique) for the morphometry study of gilthead sea bream spermatozoa using an integrated sperm analysis system (ISAS). Spermatozoa morphometry values were significantly affected by the technique used, and phase contrast technique was found to be the more accurate method, showing lower coefficients of variation on spermatozoa morphometry parameters measurements. Moreover, it has been shown that cryopreservation process produces damage in gilthead sea bream spermatozoa, causing negative effects in sperm parameters as spermatozoa morphometry (a decrease in cell volume), motility (from 95 to 68% motile cells) and viability (from 95 to 87% of live cells), being the addition of freezing medium containing cryoprotectant (DMSO) an important factor that caused the morphometry changes.     

Essential oil composition of nine Apiaceae species from western United States that attract the female Indra Swallowtail butterfly (Papilio indra)

Aletes acaulis, Cymopterus hendersonii, Cymopterus panamintensis var. acutifolius, Lomatium rigidum, Lomatium scabrum var. tripinnatum, Musineon tenuifolium, Sphenosciadium capitellatum, Tauschia arguta and Tauschia parishii are among the twenty-two species of the Apiaceae family to which female Indra Swallowtail butterflies (Papilio indra: Lepidoptera) are attracted for oviposition. Because plant volatile oils are known to be attractants for female butterflies, the percent composition of the essential oils of each species was studied. Amongst the nine host plants 168 essential oil components were identified representing between 84% and 99% of the oils. Principal Components Analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis on the essential oil compositions of the larval host plants against four non-larval host plants separated the hosts from the non-hosts into distinct clusters. Volatile components of the oils common to the nine species of Apiaceae are correlated with the expression of physiological attraction behavior by the butterfly.     

Essential oil composition of Hypericum L. species from Southeastern Serbia and their chemotaxonomy

The essential oils of the aerial parts of nine species of Hypericum (Hypericum barbatum, Hypericum hirsutum, Hypericum linarioides, Hypericum maculatum, Hypericum olympicum, Hypericum perforatum, Hypericum richeri, Hypericum rumeliacum and Hypericum tetrapterum), collected from different locations in Southeast Serbia, were obtained by steam distillation and analyzed by GC and GC–MS. The essential oils investigated were characterized by a high content of non-terpene compounds and a low content of monoterpenes. The contents of non-terpenes, monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes in oils of the species H. barbatum, H. richeri and H. rumeliacum (section Drosocaprium) were similar and these oils were characterized by high contents of fatty acids. The oils of H. hirsutum and H. linarioides (section Taeniocarpium) contained a high percentage of n-nonane. There were similarities in contents of non-terpenes and sesquiterpenes in oils of species that belong to the section Hypericum (H. maculatum, H. perforatum and H. tetrapterum). The oil of H. olympicum differed from others by higher terpene content. A comparison was also carried out of the chemical composition of the essential oils from flower, leaf and stem of H. perforatum and it revealed that the highest concentration of non-terpene compounds was found in the flower and stem oil, while a high concentration of sesquiterpenes was characteristic for leaf oil. There were significant differences in the concentrations of the same compounds in the essential oils of H. maculatum, H. olympicum and H. perforatum, collected in different years from the same location which could be explained by seasonal differences. All data were statistically processed with principal component analysis and cluster analysis. The main conclusion from the above data is that genetic and environmental factors both play a role in determining the composition of essential oils of the Hypericum species studied.     

Composition and anti-plasmodial activities of essential oils from some Cameroonian medicinal plants

In a search for new plant-derived biologically active compounds against malaria parasites, five essential oils extracted from the Cameroonian plants Xylopia phloiodora, Pachypodanthium confine, Antidesma laciniatum, Xylopia aethiopica, and Hexalobus crispiflorus were evaluated in regard to their anti-plasmodial activity against the W2 strain of Plasmodium falciparum. The oils were obtained from the plants with 0.12, 0.13, 0.18, 0.6 and 0.1% yields (relatively to dried material weight) respectively. Analysis by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry identified mainly terpenoids, among which alpha-copaene, gamma-cadinene, delta-cadinene, alpha-cadinol, spathulenol and caryophyllene oxide were most commonly found. The five oils were active against Plasmodium falciparum in culture. The most effective was the oil of Hexalobus crispiflorus, with an IC50 of 2 microg/ml.     

Inhibitory effect of essential oils of Allium sativum and Piper longum on spontaneous muscular activity of liver fluke, Fasciola gigantica

Effects of essential oil of Allium sativum (garlic) and Piper longum (Indian long pepper) were evaluated on muscular activity of whole Fasciola gigantica and its strip preparation. The whole flukes and longitudinal strip preparations of the flukes were isometrically mounted to record the spontaneous muscular activity (SMA) and to evaluate effects of cumulative doses (0.1, 0.3, 1.0 and 3.0 mg/ml) of the plant essential oils. Whole flukes and the strip preparations exhibited continuous SMA without any significant difference in its baseline tension, frequency and amplitude for 2 h. Essential oil of A. sativum produced significant reduction in the frequency and the amplitude of the SMA of whole fluke at 1 and 3 mg/ml concentrations. It caused complete paralysis of the fluke after 15 min of administration of 3 mg/ml concentration. Similar to whole fluke, essential oil of A. sativum (3 mg/ml) also produced flaccid paralysis in the strip preparations of the flukes. Essential oil of P. longum firstly induced marked excitatory effect and then there was flaccid paralysis of the whole fluke following 15 min exposure at 3 mg/ml concentration. Complete flaccid paralysis of the strip preparation was also ensued after 15 min of administration of 3 mg/ml concentration of P. longum. In both the essential oils, the whole fluke and strip preparations did not recover from paralysis following 2-3 washes. In conclusion, the observations demonstrated irreversible paralytic effect of essential oils of A. sativum and P. longum on F. giganticain vitro which might possibly help to developing herbal-based anthelmintic.     

Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oils of the Amazon Guatteriopsis species

The essential oils of Guatteriopsis blepharophylla, Guatteriopsis friesiana and Guatteriopsis hispida were obtained by hydrodistillation and analysed by GC and GC/MS. The main compound found in the leaf oil of G. blepharophylla was caryophyllene oxide (1) (69.25%). The leaf oil of G. friesiana contained predominantly beta-eudesmol (2) (51.60%), gamma-eudesmol (3) (23.70%), and alpha-eudesmol (4) (14.56%). The major constituents identified in the leaf of G. hispida were beta-pinene (38.18%), alpha-pinene (30.77%) and (E)-caryophyllene (20.59%). The antimicrobial activity of the essential oils was evaluated against 11 species of microorganisms. The oil of G. friesiana exhibited significant antimicrobial activity for all microorganisms tested, whereas that of G. hispida and G. blepharophyla had potent activity against Rhodococcus equi with MIC of 50 microg mL(-1). The major constituents of each oil were also tested separately, and showed lower activity compared to the oils. Moreover, mixtures of the main constituents, in the same proportions found in G. friesiana and G. hispida oils, did not show the same activity as the original oils.     

Validating the in vitro antimicrobial activity of Artemisia afra in polyherbal combinations to treat respiratory infections

Artemisia afra is one of the most widely used medicinal plants in African traditional medicine and is commonly administered in polyherbal combinations to treat respiratory infections. Focussing on plant volatiles, the aim of this study was to provide scientific evidence for the antimicrobial activity of A. afra (principle plant) in combination with essential oils from three medicinal aromatic plants; Agathosma betulina, Eucalyptus globulus and Osmitopsis asteriscoides. In vitro minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assays were undertaken on four pathogens (Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212, Moraxella catarrhalis ATCC 23246, Klebsiella pneumoniae NCTC 9633 and Cryptococcus neoformans ATCC 90112) to determine antimicrobial efficacy of the oils and their combinations. The fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) and isobolograms were used to interpret pharmacodynamic interactions such as synergy, antagonism or additive profiles. The antimicrobial activity of the individual oils mostly displayed moderate activity. Predominantly, additive interactions were noted. The most prominent synergistic interaction (FIC value of 0.5) was observed when A. afra was combined with O. asteriscoides in the 8:2 ratio (eight parts A. afra with two parts O. asteriscoides) against C. neoformans. No antagonistic interactions were evident.     

Identification key for European strand-forming house-rot fungi

An identification key for 20 common strand-forming indoor wood decay fungi is given. The key is based on observations of material from affected buildings and on wood samples that have been incubated in the laboratory. The key is with macro- and microscopic photographs.     

Fate map of the distal portion of Drosophila proboscis as inferred from the expression and mutations of basic patterning genes

The late-third-instar labial disc is comprised of two disc-proper cell layers, one representing mainly the ventral half of the anterior compartment (L-layer) and the other, the dorsal half of the anterior compartment and most, if not all, of the posterior compartment (M-layer). In the L-layer, Distal-less represses homothorax whereas no Distal-less-dependent homothorax repression occurs in the M-layer where Distal-less is coexpressed with homothorax. In wild-type labial discs, clawless, one of the two homeobox genes expressed in distal cells receiving maximum (Decapentaplegic+Wingless) signaling activity in leg and antennal discs, is specifically repressed by proboscipedia. A fate map, inferred from data on basic patterning gene expression in larval and pupal stages and mutant phenotypes, indicates the inner surface of the labial palpus, which includes the pseudotracheal region, to be a derivative of the distal portion of the M-layer expressing wingless, patched, Distal-less and homothorax. The outer surface of the labial palpus with more than 30 taste bristles derives from an L-layer area consisting of dorsal portions of the anterior and posterior compartments, each expressing Distal-less. Our analysis also indicates that, in adults and pupae, the anterior-posterior boundary, dividing roughly equally the outer surface of the distiproboscis, runs along the outer circumference of the inner surface of distiproboscis.     

Analysis of the molecular cascade responsible for mesodermal limb chondrogenesis: Sox genes and BMP signaling

Here, we have studied how Sox genes and BMP signaling are functionally coupled during limb chondrogenesis. Using the experimental model of TGFbeta1-induced interdigital digits, we dissect the sequence of morphological and molecular events during in vivo chondrogenesis. Our results show that Sox8 and Sox9 are the most precocious markers of limb cartilage, and their induction is independent and precedes the activation of BMP signaling. Sox10 appears also to cooperate with Sox9 and Sox8 in the establishment of the digit cartilages. In addition, we show that experimental induction of Sox gene expression in the interdigital mesoderm is accompanied by loss of the apoptotic response to exogenous BMPs. L-Sox5 and Sox6 are respectively induced coincident and after the expression of Bmpr1b in the prechondrogenic aggregate, and their activation correlates with the induction of Type II Collagen and Aggrecan genes in the differentiating cartilages. The expression of Bmpr1b precedes the appearance of morphological changes in the prechondrogenic aggregate and establishes a landmark from which the maintenance of the expression of all Sox genes and the progress of cartilage differentiation becomes dependent on BMPs. Moreover, we show that Ventroptin precedes Noggin in the modulation of BMP activity in the developing cartilages. In summary, our findings suggest that Sox8, Sox9, and Sox10 have a cooperative function conferring chondrogenic competence to limb mesoderm in response to BMP signals. In turn, BMPs in concert with Sox9, Sox6, and L-Sox5 would be responsible for the execution and maintenance of the cartilage differentiation program.