气候变化背景下中国农业气候资源变化Ⅵ. 黑龙江省三江平原地区降水资源变化特征及其对春玉米生产的可能影响

利用黑龙江省三江平原地区1959—2007年降水资料和1983—2007年春玉米生育期资料,采用百分位法确定了各站点的极端降水阈值,结合极端降水频次、强度、最长连续（无）降水日数、极端降水贡献率等指标,分析了三江平原地区极端降水的年际间变化特征、不同等级的降水量变化以及春玉米各生育阶段极端降水的分配特征.结果表明：1959—2007年间,研究区域年降水量呈略微减少趋势,且年降水日数的减幅远大于降水量,年内降水量分布更趋于集中;极端降水频次和强度均呈减少趋势,极端降水频次的年际间波动大于极端降水强度;年极端降水量占全年降水量的比例略有减少,减少趋势不显著;年小雨日数极显著减少,而年中雨日数和年内大到暴雨日数的减少趋势不显著.三江平原地区春玉米各生育阶段的极端降水分配比例由高到低依次为生殖生长阶段、营养生长与生殖生长并存阶段、营养生长阶段和出苗前;春玉米生长季内降水量占年降水量的比例显著减少,导致春玉米生长季缺水的风险加大;春玉米生长季内最长连续无降水日数呈极显著增加趋势,增幅达1.1 d·(10 a) ^-1,而最长连续降水日数却呈极显著下降趋势,减幅为0.5 d·(10 a)^-1,说明研究区自然降水条件下春玉米生长季干旱风险有所加大.     

气候变化背景下中国农业气候资源变化Ⅵ.黑龙江省三江平原地区降水资源变化特征及其对春玉米生产的可能影响

利用黑龙江省三江平原地区1959-2007年降水资料和1983-2007年春玉米生育期资料,采用百分位法确定了各站点的极端降水阈值,结合极端降水频次、强度、最长连续(无)降水日数、极端降水贡献率等指标,分析了三江平原地区极端降水的年际间变化特征、不同等级的降水量变化以及春玉米各生育阶段极端降水的分配特征.结果表明:1959-2007年间,研究区域年降水量呈略微减少趋势,且年降水日数的减幅远大于降水量,年内降水量分布更趋于集中;极端降水频次和强度均呈减少趋势,极端降水频次的年际间波动大于极端降水强度;年极端降水量占全年降水量的比例略有减少,减少趋势不显著;年小雨日数极显著减少,而年中雨日数和年内大到暴雨日数的减少趋势不显著.三江平原地区春玉米各生育阶段的极端降水分配比例由高到低依次为生殖生长阶段、营养生长与生殖生长并存阶段、营养生长阶段和出苗前;春玉米生长季内降水量占年降水量的比例显著减少,导致春玉米生长季缺水的风险加大;春玉米生长季内最长连续无降水日数呈极显著增加趋势,增幅达1.1 d·(10 a)-1,而最长连续降水日数却呈极显著下降趋势,减幅为0.5 d·(10 a)-1,说明研究区自然降水条件下春玉米生长季干旱风险有所加大.     

1954—2005年中国北方针叶林分布区的气候变化特征

基于中国北方针叶林(兴安落叶松林)分布区8个气象观测站的气象资料,分析了1954—2005年气温和降水的变化特征.结果表明：研究期间,中国北方针叶林分布区的气温以0.38 ℃·(10 a)^-1的速度上升,远大于全球近50年来0.13 ℃·(10 a)^-1的平均增温速率.尽管夏、秋季的气温呈上升趋势,但不显著;而冬、春季的增温显著(P<0.01);最高年平均气温(0.37 ℃·(10 a)^-1)与最低年平均气温(0.54 ℃·(10 a)^-1)均呈极显著的增加趋势(P<0.01).降水量年际间波动较大,但没有明显的变化趋势;各季节降水量也没有明显的变化规律,其中春、秋、冬季的降水日数有增加趋势,但没有达到显著水平,而夏季的降水日数呈显著减少趋势(P<0.05);各季降水强度均呈增加趋势,其中夏季(P<0.05)和冬季(P<0.01)的变化达到了显著水平.     

1982—2015年青藏高原植被变化的主导环境因子

近几十年中随着全球气候环境变化,青藏高原处于变暖变湿过程之中,植被生长发生了显著变化。基于卫星遥感归一化植被指数(NDVI),采用增强回归树模型(BRT)定量分析了1982—2015年影响青藏高原植被生长变化的主要环境因子的相对重要性。结果表明：(1)整个青藏高原生长季(6—9月份)空间平均NDVI和降水呈上升趋势(1.265×10^-4 a^-1和0.746 mm/a,P>0.05);温度和土壤湿度呈现显著增加趋势(0.048℃/a和3.954×10^-4 a^-1,P<0.01);向下短波辐射显著减小(-0.070 W m^-2 a^-1,P<0.01)。(2)青藏高原34.0%地区NDVI表现出显著增加趋势,主要分布在青藏高原北部大部分地区和西部部分区域;9.2%地区NDVI呈显著减小趋势,主要位于青藏高原东部地区。(3)土壤湿度、年均温、年降水和向下短波辐射分别解释了生长季NDVI变化的42%,19%,10%和9%。(4)土壤湿度、年均温、年...     

兴隆山自然保护区驯养马麝的麝香分泌及与其种群动态和年龄结构的关系

马麝(Moschus sifanicus)分布于我国青藏高原及周边区域,雄麝可分泌麝香。因历史上的过度利用及生境丧失等原因,马麝已极度濒危。马麝驯养是保育野生马麝资源及可持续生产麝香的有效方式。我国于1990年在甘肃兴隆山保护区开始马麝驯养,并于1996年实现了可持续的活体取香。分析了兴隆山麝场1996—2006年间的麝香生产及与泌香雄麝种群增长和种群结构的关系,结果表明:兴隆山麝场11a间共取香430头次,麝香总产量达3846.6 g,年均麝香产量为(349.69±84.69)g(n=11)。泌香雄麝的种群数与麝香年产量存在极显著的相关(R=0.638,P0.01),增长模型y=e(6.4285-3.6578/t)(R2=0.735,df=9,F=24.94,P=0.0010.01)和y=e(4.2049-3.4523/t)(R2=0.700,df=9,F=21.02,P=0.0010.01)可分别模拟该麝场的麝香年产量及泌香雄麝种群的增长。泌香雄麝的平均泌香量为(8.93±0.56)g/头(n=68),各年度的雄麝平均泌香量与麝香年产量相关极显著(R=0.442,P0.01),其增长模式呈指数式增长(y=7.5126e0.0244t)(R2=0.373,df=9,F=5.36,P=0.0460.05)。各年龄组雄麝间的平均泌香量差异显著(ANOVA,F7,59=2.522,P=0.0240.05),1.5岁马麝的泌香(2.00±1.82)g,(n=10)显著高于其他各年龄组马麝(P0.05),其余年龄组间的平均泌香量无显著差异(P0.05)。雄麝的年龄组与麝香年产量呈极显著的负相关(R=-0.936,P=0.0010.01),1.5—6.5岁雄麝占种群比例91.16%,生产麝香(3560.1g)占总产量的92.55%。以麝香生产为主的麝场,其驯养雄麝种群配置应以6.5岁龄以下雄麝为主。     

中国东北地区近50年净生态系统生产力的时空动态

东北地区处于我国最高纬度地区,是全球气候变化最敏感的区域之一,研究东北地区净生态系统生产力对气候变化的响应,对阐明北半球中高纬度陆地生态系统碳源汇格局具有重要意义。基于CEVSA(Carbon Exchange between Vegetation,Soil and Atomasphere)模型,对1961—2010年东北地区净生态系统生产力NEP的时空格局及变化趋势进行分析,并探讨了气候变化与区域碳源汇的关系。结果表明:(1)1961—2010年,东北地区年NEP总量在-0.094PgC/a—0.117PgC/a之间波动,年平均0.026PgC/a,占全国NEP总量的15%—37%。过去50年东北区域NEP没有明显的线性变化趋势,20世纪80年代碳吸收量最高,20世纪90年代后碳吸收量开始下降。(2)东北地区NEP的空间分布呈现出东部高,西部和中部低,北部高,南部低的空间格局。过去50年来,碳源区向大气释放的碳量在减少,碳汇区从大气吸收的碳也在减少。(3)NEP的年际变化与温度呈负相关(r=-0.343,P0.05),与降水呈显著正相关(r=0.859,P0.01),东北地区NEP和年降水量的变化规律基本一致,即同期上升或达到最高值,温度和降水共同作用导致东北地区NEP的年际变化,而年降水量的变化对NEP年际变化起主要作用。在空间上,东北地区NEP与降水呈极显著正相关(P0.01)的面积占研究区域总面积的91.5%,与温度呈显著负相关(P0.05)的面积占31.6%,降水也是决定NEP空间分布的最主要因子。(4)升温伴随降水增加导致1961—1990年NEP呈增加趋势,而其后升温伴随降水减少则是近20年东北区域碳汇能力减弱的重要原因。     

长江三角洲地区极端气温事件变化特征及其与ENSO的关系

基于1960—2014年65个气象站点逐日最高、最低气温和平均气温资料,分析了长江三角洲地区极端气温事件的变化规律和ENSO事件强度对极端气温指数变化趋势的影响。结果表明:近55年长江三角洲地区夏季日数(SU)、热夜日数(TR)、暖昼日数(TX90)、暖夜日数(TN90)、异常暖昼持续指数(WSDI)、生长期(GSL)均呈增加趋势,其中暖夜日数(TN90)增加幅度最大,增幅为8.55d/10a;极值指数也呈上升趋势,其中月最低气温极小值(TNn)上升幅度最大为(0.53℃/10a);冰冻日数(ID)、霜冻日数(FD)、冷昼日数(TX10)、冷夜日数(TN10)、异常冷昼持续指数(CSDI)均呈减少趋势,其中冷夜日数(TN10)减少幅度最大(-6.06d/10a);月平均日较差(DTR)以0.11℃/10a的速率呈下降趋势。空间上,所有站点SU、TXn、TNx呈增加趋势;TR、TX90、TN90、TNn、TXx、WSDI、GSL分别有97%、85%、98%、95%、78%、92%、94%的站点呈增加趋势;所有站点ID、FD、TX10、TN10呈减少趋势;CSDI、DTR分别有87%、77%的站点呈减少趋势。多数极端气温指数与纬度、经度、海拔显著相关。气候变暖突变后,极端暖指数明显增加,极端冷指数明显减少。总体上,厄尔尼诺对极端气温指数的影响大于拉尼娜的影响。     

近50年黄土高原地区降水时空变化特征

根据黄土高原地区214个地面气象站最近50年(1961-2010年)的逐日降水量数据, 采用非参数Mann-Kendall和Mann-Whitney法,从黄土高原地区、典型黄土高原和综合治理分区3个层面,对本地区年降水量(PTOT)、侵蚀性降水量(R12mm)、汛期降水量(RJJAS)和暴雨量(R50mm)的时空变化特点进行了研究。结果表明:(1)在黄土高原地区,PTOT、R12mm和RJJAS变化的空间格局基本一致,从东南向西北,其减少幅度逐渐变小,至西北部和最西部,其反而略有增加。但是R50mm变化的空间趋势不大明显。相比之下,典型黄土高原PTOT、R12mm和RJJAS变化的空间趋势更为突出。(2)在黄土高原地区,约83%的站点PTOT呈减少趋势,69%的站点R12mm和RJJAS呈减少趋势;其中20%的站点PTOT减少显著,10%的站点R12mm和RJJAS减少显著。而约68%的站点R50mm变化率为零。相比之下,在典型黄土高原,呈减少或显著减少趋势的站点比例较高,约92%的站点PTOT呈减少趋势,80%的站点R12mm和RJJAS呈减少趋势;其中24%的站点PTOT减少显著,12%的站点R12mm和RJJAS减少显著。R50mm变化率为零的站点比例则较底,约占62%。(3)近50a黄土高原地区的PTOT和R12mm总体上分别呈显著和接近显著减少趋势,递减率分别为9.9mm/10a和5.9mm/10a;但是其RJJAS和R50mm的减少不显著。近50a典型黄土高原的PTOT和R12mm均呈显著减少趋势,递减率分别为13.4 mm/10a和8.1mm/10a。其RJJAS减少趋势接近显著,递减率为7.6mm/10a。但是其R50mm减少不显著。(4)就5个综合治理区而言,第Ⅰ区和第Ⅱ区的PTOT总体呈显著减少趋势,这两个区的R12mm分别呈接近显著和显著减少趋势,而第Ⅲ至Ⅴ区的PTOT和R12mm总体呈不显著增加趋势。仅第Ⅱ区的RJJAS呈显著减少趋势。R50mm在第Ⅰ区、第Ⅱ区和第Ⅳ区减少不显著,在第Ⅲ区和第Ⅴ区变化率为零。(5)近50aPTOT减少的突变时间在黄土高原地区、典型黄土高原和综合治理第Ⅱ区始于1986年, 在第Ⅰ区始于1991年。PTOT在其余3个区没有出现突变现象。这些结果表明,在典型黄土高原,尤其是其水土保持重点区(即第Ⅱ区),近50a的年降水量、侵蚀性降水量和汛期降水量明显减少,但暴雨量却未显著减少。这意味着如果此种趋势继续下去,尽管因水蚀导致的土壤侵蚀量总体上会有所减少,但是缺水情形会更为严峻,因暴雨导致的剧烈水土流失仍不会有明显缓解。     

珠江流域极端降水事件及其与大气环流之间的关系

基于1960—2012年珠江流域42个气象站点逐日降水量资料,利用线性趋势法、主成分分析法、重标极差(rescaled range analysis method,R/S)分析法及相关分析法,对选取的11种极端降水指标时间变化趋势和空间分布规律进行探讨,并在此基础上分析了该区域极端降水与大气环流之间的关系。结果表明:近53 a以来,珠江流域湿天降水总量以-7.2 mm·10 a-1的趋势呈下降趋势,最大1 d降水量、连续5天最大降水量、非常湿天降水量和极端湿天降水量分别以1.1、0.8、5.3和3.9 mm·10 a-1的趋势增加,降水强度以0.2 mm·d-1·10 a-1趋势呈增加趋势;中雨日数和持续湿润日数以-0.4和-0.2 d·10a-1的不显著减少趋势,大雨日数、强降水日数和持续干燥日数以0.05、0.1和1.1 d·10a-1的趋势增加;空间分布上,极端降水指数表现出明显的区域差异,除持续干燥日数外,其他指数均在云贵高原区呈下降趋势,在广东丘陵和广西丘陵区呈轻微的上升趋势;R/S分析结果显示,极端降水事件未来变化趋势与过去一致;相关性分析结果表明,除持续干燥日数外,各极端降水指数之间均呈现较高的相关性;美国环境预报中心(NCEP)和国家大气研究中心(NCAR)联合推出的(NCEP/NCAR)再分析资料大气环流表明,欧亚大陆冬季反气旋势力增强和东亚夏季风减弱可能是引起珠江流域极端降水事件增加的原因之一。     

辽宁省二代亚洲玉米螟为害防治的经济阈值

为探明二代亚洲玉米螟发生量对玉米产量损失的影响,本试验在田间采用人工密度梯度接卵法(0、20、50、100和200块·百株-1),模拟自然情况亚洲玉米螟发生量,研究辽宁地区二代亚洲玉米螟(Ostrinia furnacalis Guenée)对玉米的经济阈值。结果表明:百株接卵量与虫孔数呈极显著正相关(P0.01),百株虫孔数与产量损失率呈极显著正相关(P0.01),回归方程分别为y=3.1999x+24.8416(R2=0.953,P0.01),y=0.0234x-1.6167(R2=0.988,P0.01),推导出百株接卵量与玉米产量损失率的方程为z=0.0749x-1.0354,即落卵量每增加1块,虫孔数增加约3.2个,产量损失率增加7.49%;隧道长度与雌穗长度、穗粗及粒重呈极显著负相关(P0.01),与产量损失率呈极显著正相关(P0.01),表明玉米茎秆隧道长度每增加10 cm,玉米平均减产7.02 g,产量损失率平均增加4.38%;根据经济阈值定义,在产量8411 kg·hm~(-2)的玉米田,使用松毛虫赤眼蜂(Trichogramma dendrolimi Matsumura)进行单次防治时,辽宁地区防治二代亚洲玉米螟的经济阈值为百株玉米累计落卵量17.39块。     

Natural variations in snow cover do not affect the annual soil CO2 efflux from a mid‐elevation temperate forest

Climate change might alter annual snowfall patterns and modify the duration and magnitude of snow cover in temperate regions with resultant impacts on soil microclimate and soil CO₂ efflux (F_soil). We used a 5‐year time series of F_soil measurements from a mid‐elevation forest to assess the effects of naturally changing snow cover. Snow cover varied considerably in duration (105–154 days) and depth (mean snow depth 19–59 cm). Periodically shallow snow cover (<10 cm) caused soil freezing or increased variation in soil temperature. This was mostly not reflected in F_soil which tended to decrease gradually throughout winter. Progressively decreasing C substrate availability (identified by substrate induced respiration) likely over‐rid the effects of slowly changing soil temperatures and determined the overall course of F_soil. Cumulative CO₂ efflux from beneath snow cover varied between 0.46 and 0.95 t C ha^?1 yr^?1 and amounted to between 6 and 12% of the annual efflux. When compared over a fixed interval (the longest period of snow cover during the 5 years), the cumulative CO₂ efflux ranged between 0.77 and 1.18 t C ha^?1 or between 11 and 15% of the annual soil CO₂ efflux. The relative contribution (15%) was highest during the year with the shortest winter. Variations in snow cover were not reflected in the annual CO₂ efflux (7.44–8.41 t C ha^?1) which did not differ significantly between years and did not correlate with any snow parameter. Regional climate at our site was characterized by relatively high amounts of precipitation. Therefore, snow did not play a role in terms of water supply during the warm season and primarily affected cold season processes. The role of changing snow cover therefore seems rather marginal when compared to potential climate change effects on F_soil during the warm season.     

Decrease in winter respiration explains 25% of the annual northern forest carbon sink enhancement over the last 30 years

Aim Winter snow has been suggested to regulate terrestrial carbon (C) cycling by modifying microclimate, but the impacts of change in snow cover on the annual C budget at a large scale are poorly understood. Our aim is to quantify the C balance under changing snow depth. Location Non‐permafrost region of the northern forest area. Methods Here, we used site‐based eddy covariance flux data to investigate the relationship between depth of snow cover and ecosystem respiration (R_eco) during winter. We then used the Biome‐BGC model to estimate the effect of reductions in winter snow cover on the C balance of northern forests in the non‐permafrost region. Results According to site observations, winter net ecosystem C exchange (NEE) ranged from 0.028 to 1.53 gC·m^?2·day^?1, accounting for 44 ± 123% of the annual C budget. Model simulation showed that over the past 30 years, snow‐driven change in winter C fluxes reduced non‐growing season CO₂ emissions, enhancing the annual C sink of northern forests. Over the entire study area, simulated winter R_eco significantly decreased by 0.33 gC·m^?2·day^?1·year^?1 in response to decreasing depth of snow cover, which accounts for approximately 25% of the simulated annual C sink trend from 1982 to 2009. Main conclusion Soil temperature is primarily controlled by snow cover rather than by air temperature as snow serves as an insulator to prevent chilling impacts. A shallow snow cover has less insulation potential, causing colder soil temperatures and potentially lower respiration rates. Both eddy covariance analysis and model‐simulated results show that both R_eco and NEE are significantly and positively correlated with variation in soil temperature controlled by variation in snow depth. Overall, our results highlight that a decrease in winter snow cover restrains global warming as less C is emitted to the atmosphere.     

Change in winter snow depth and its impacts on vegetation in China

Snow on land is an important component of the global climate system, but our knowledge about the effects of its changes on vegetation are limited, particularly in temperate regions. In this study, we use daily snow depth data from 279 meteorological stations across China to investigate the distribution of winter snow depth (December–February) from 1980 to 2005 and its impact on vegetation growth, here approximated by satellite‐derived vegetation greenness index observations [Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)]. The snow depth trends show strong geographical heterogeneities. An increasing trend (>0.01 cm yr^?1) in maximum and mean winter snow depth is found north of 40°N (e.g. Northeast China, Inner Mongolia, and Northwest China). A declining trend (?1) is observed south of 40°N, particularly over Central and East China. The effect of changes in snow depth on vegetation growth was examined for several ecosystem types. In deserts, mean winter snow depth is significantly and positively correlated with NDVI during both early (May and June) and mid‐growing seasons (July and August), suggesting that winter snow plays a critical role in regulating desert vegetation growth, most likely through persistent effects on soil moisture. In grasslands, there is also a significant positive correlation between winter snow depth and NDVI in the period May–June. However, in forests, shrublands, and alpine meadow and tundra, no such correlation is found. These ecosystem‐specific responses of vegetation growth to winter snow depth may be due to differences in growing environmental conditions such as temperature and rainfall.     

Annual variation in the distribution of summer snowdrifts in the Kosciuszko alpine area,Australia, and its effect on the composition and structure of alpine vegetation

Abstract Australian alpine ecosystems are expected to diminish in extent as global warming intensifies. Alpine vegetation patterns are influenced by the duration of snow cover including the presence of snowdrifts in summer, but there is little quantitative information on landscape‐scale relationships between vegetation patterns and the frequency of occurrence of persistent summer snowdrifts in the Australian alps. We mapped annual changes in summer snowdrifts in the Kosciuszko alpine region, Australia, from Landsat TM images and modelled the frequency of occurrence of persistent summer snowdrifts from long‐term records (1954–2003) of winter snow depth. We then compared vegetation composition and structure among four classes that differed in the frequency of occurrence of persistent summer snowdrifts. We found a curvilinear relationship between annual winter snow depth and the area occupied by persistent snowdrifts in the following summer (r² = 0.9756). Only 21 ha (0.42% of study area) was predicted to have supported summer snowdrifts in 80% of the past 50 years, while 440 ha supported persistent summer snow in 10% of years. Mean cover and species richness of vascular plants declined significantly, and species composition varied significantly, as the frequency of summer snow persistence increased. Cushion plants and rushes were most abundant where summer snowdrifts occurred most frequently, and shrubs, grasses and sedges were most abundant in areas that did not support snowdrifts in summer. The results demonstrate strong regional relationships between vegetation composition and structure and the frequency of occurrence of persistent summer snowdrifts. Reductions in winter snow depth due to global warming are expected to lead to substantial reductions in the extent of persistent summer snowdrifts. As a consequence, shrubs, grasses and sedges are predicted to expand at the expense of cushion plants and rushes, reducing landscape vegetation diversity. Fortunately, few vascular plant species (e.g. Ranunculus niphophilus) appear to be totally restricted to areas where summer snow occurs most frequently. The results from this study highlight potential indicator species that could be monitored to assess the effects of global warming on Australian alpine environments.     

Impacts of long-term snow climate change on a high-elevation cold desert shrubland, California, USA

Ecological responses to 50-year old manipulations of snow depth and melt timing were assessed using snow fences arrayed across 50 km of a shrub–conifer landscape mosaic in eastern California, USA. We compared how increased, decreased, and ambient snow depth affected patterns of vegetation community composition, fire fuel accumulation, and annual tree ring growth. We also tested the effect of snow depth on soil carbon storage based on total C content under the two co-dominant shrub species (Artemisia tridentata and Purshia tridentata) in comparison with open, intershrub sites. Increased snow depth reduced the cover of the N-fixing shrub P. tridentata but not the water-redistributing shrub A. tridentata. Annual ring growth was greater on +snow plots and lower on ?snow plots for the conifer Pinus jeffreyi but not for Pinus contorta. Graminoid cover and aboveground biomass indicated higher fire fuel accumulation where snow depth was increased. Dead shrub stem biomass was greater regardless of whether snow depth was increased or decreased. Results demonstrate community shifts, altered tree growth, feedbacks on carbon storage, and altered fire fuel accumulation as a result of changes in snow depth and melt timing for this high-elevation, snow-dominated ecotone under future climate scenarios that envision increased or decreased snow depth.     

Soil inorganic carbon storage pattern in China

Soils with pedogenic carbonate cover about 30% (3.44 × 10⁶ km²) of China, mainly across its arid and semiarid regions in the Northwest. Based on the second national soil survey (1979–1992), total soil inorganic carbon (SIC) storage in China was estimated to be 53.3±6.3 PgC (1 Pg=10¹⁵ g) to the depth investigated to 2 m. Soil inorganic carbon storages were 4.6, 10.6, 11.1, and 20.8 Pg for the depth ranges of 0–0.1, 0.1–0.3, 0.3–0.5, and 0.5–1 m, respectively. Stocks for 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, and 1 m of depth accounted for 8.7%, 28.7%, 49.6%, and 88.9% of total SIC, respectively. In contrast with soil organic carbon (SOC) storage, which is highest under 500–800 mm yr⁻¹ of mean precipitation, SIC storage peaks where mean precipitation is <400 mm yr⁻¹. The amount and vertical distribution of SIC was related to climate and land cover type. Content of SIC in each incremental horizon was positively related with mean annual temperature and negatively related with mean annual precipitation, with the magnitude of SIC content across land cover types showing the following order: desert, grassland >shrubland, cropland >marsh, forest, meadow. Densities of SIC increased generally with depth in all ecosystem types with the exception of deserts and marshes where it peaked in intermediate layers (0.1–0.3 m for first and 0.3–0.5 m for latter). Being an abundant component of soil carbon stocks in China, SIC dynamics and the process involved in its accumulation or loss from soils require a better understanding.     

雪被厚度对色季拉山急尖长苞冷杉林土壤线虫群落的影响

为了解雪被覆盖对青藏高原高寒森林土壤线虫群落的影响,选取藏东南色季拉山急尖长苞冷杉林为研究区,采用高通量测序技术分析不同雪被厚度0、10、20、30 cm下土壤线虫群落特征。结果表明：随着雪被增厚,有机质和全氮含量显著降低(P<0.05),全钾含量显著升高(P<0.05)。雪被增厚对线虫群落Shannon指数、Simpson指数、Pielou指数以及成熟度指数、线虫通路比值(NCR)均未产生显著影响,但NCR值有升高的趋势。雪被增厚使刺嘴纲(Enoplea)及食细菌性线虫的相对丰度增多,同时使20 cm和30 cm雪被下土壤线虫群落结构发生显著变化(P<0.05)。土壤有机质、全氮和全钾含量是影响土壤线虫群落的最关键的3个土壤环境因子。研究表明雪被厚度会对青藏高原色季拉山急尖长苞冷杉林土壤线虫群落产生影响,雪被增厚意味着较为稳定和温暖的土壤环境,利于土壤细菌数量增加,继而利于土壤有机质分解及钾的释放,为刺嘴纲及食细菌性线虫的增多提供了资源与环境条件。目前仍需对青藏高原地区土壤进行系统调查,以更深入的了解该生态脆弱区土壤线虫分布及其响应环境变化的规律。     

Ecosystem respiration derived from 222Rn measurements on Rishiri Island, Japan

We evaluated the nighttime CO₂ flux (ecosystem respiration) on Rishiri Island, located at the northern tip of Hokkaido, Japan, from 2009 to 2011, by using the relationship between atmospheric ²²²Rn and CO₂ concentrations. The annual mean CO₂ flux was 1.8 μmol m^?2 s^?1, with a maximum monthly mean in July (4.6 ± 2.6 μmol m^?2 s^?1) and a broad minimum from December to March (0.33 ± 0.29 μmol m^?2 s^?1). The annual mean was comparable to fluxes at the JapanFlux sites in northern Japan. During the season of snow cover (mid-December to early April), the CO₂ flux was low (0.45 ± 0.43 μmol m^?2 s^?1). Total annual respiration was estimated at 679 ± 174 g cm^?2, about 8 % of which occurred during the season of snow cover.     

积雪对长白山阔叶红松林土壤温度的影响

2004-2007年对长白山阔叶红松林林地进行遮雪试验,观测了有雪、无雪覆盖的森林土壤温度和气温.结果表明:积雪对土壤温度变化有明显的缓冲作用,有雪覆盖减缓了土壤温度的变化; 积雪对浅层（0～20 cm）土壤有较好的保温作用,随雪深的增加,保温作用增大,雪深从10 cm 增至20 cm时保温作用的增幅最大,当雪深超过30 cm时,保温作用的增幅不明显; 融雪期土温经历0 ℃左右的恒温期后缓慢上升,恒温期的持续时间主要由冬季的雪深及其时间分布所决定.     

Foot morphology and distribution of Sika deer in relation to snow depth in Japan

The distribution of Sika deer (Cervus nippon) on Japanese islands is biased toward, the east where there is less snow. To explain this biased distribution in relation to snow, the foot morphology of Sika deer was measured. Hoof load was greatest in male adults (0.78 kg cm⁻²) and smallest in fawns (c 0.43 kg cm⁻²). The values were similar to those for white-tailed deer, and were smaller than those for snow-adapted species like caribou and chamois. Foreleg length wasc. 50 cm and 60 cm, and hind feet (lower half) length wasc. 40 cm and 45 cm for fawns and adult deer, respectively. Chest heights werec. 45 cm and 53 cm for fawns and adults, respectively. These figures suggest that areas where snow accumulates deeper than 50 cm are not favorable as a Sika deer habitat. The present distribution of Sika deer is clearly related to snow depth: they are mostly concentrated in the ‘preferable area’ of <50 cm of snow, some of them can live in the ‘habitable area’ of 50–100 cm of snow, and they rarely live in the ‘inhabitable area’ of >100 cm of snow.