西藏色季拉山急尖长苞冷杉林土壤线虫群落特征

为了解西藏东南部亚高山地带典型森林群落类型——急尖长苞冷杉林土壤生态系统线虫多样性现状,于2010年夏季至2011年春季,调查了0～30 cm范围内不同深度土层的土壤线虫群落,用线虫个体密度、多样性指数和营养类群指数等特征值分析了土壤线虫群落的组成与结构特点.调查采用浅盘法分离得到土壤线虫7915条,隶属于2纲6目38科67属;线虫个体密度平均为620条·100 g-1干土;表层(0～5 cm)土壤中线虫个体数量占总数的56.9％,表聚性明显.垫咽属、螺旋属及绕线属为优势属.植食性线虫是主要营养类群,非植食线虫中食真菌性线虫所占比例最大.土壤有机质以真菌分解途径为主.土壤线虫群落H'多样性指数、J'均匀度指数、λ优势度指数及SR丰富度指数季节间差异均不显著,不同土层间的.J'均匀度指数差异不显著,H'多样性指数、λ优势度指数及SR丰富度指数土层间的差异随土壤深度加深而增大.表明色季拉山急尖长苞冷杉林生态系统成熟度较高,抵抗外界干扰的能力较强.     

藏东南急尖长苞冷杉林林隙土壤线虫群落特征

为了解西藏东南部急尖长苞冷杉林林隙土壤线虫群落特征,对林隙、非林隙土壤0~30 cm范围内不同深度土层的线虫群落进行调查,并用线虫个体密度、生物多样性指数和营养类群指数等特征值分析了土壤线虫群落的结构及多样性特点.结果表明： 采用浅盘法分离得到土壤线虫26801 条,隶属于2纲5目40科64属;线虫个体密度平均为3552 条·100 g-1干土,表聚性极强.垫咽属、丝垫刃属为林隙土壤线虫优势属;食细菌性线虫为主要营养类群.土壤有机质的分解兼有真菌分解和细菌分解两种途径.线虫的生物多样性及丰富度与林隙面积有关.土壤线虫群落特征表明,林隙具有异于郁闭林分和林间空地的特性,在环境指示方面具有应用潜力.     

公路源重金属对青藏高原高寒草甸土壤线虫群落的影响

为了解重金属对青藏高原高寒草甸土壤线虫群落的影响,在邦杰塘草原利用公路源重金属含量差异,采用高通量测序技术,分析重金属对高寒草甸土壤线虫群落多样性及群落组成的影响。结果表明：在重金属含量较低样本中,土壤线虫群落Shannon指数、Ace指数、Chao指数比重金属含量较高样本均要小,且整体上Shannon指数、Ace指数、Chao指数与重金属含量较高样本差异显著（P<0.05）。重金属含量升高改变了高寒草甸土壤线虫纲水平和目水平的群落结构,使近自然状况下的色矛纲（Chromadorea）、小杆目（Rhabdtida）优势土壤线虫群落转变为一类未分类线虫纲（unclassified_p_Nematoda）、一类未分类线虫目（unclassified_p_Nematoda）的优势土壤线虫群落。重金属Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd与线虫门（Nematoda）和刺嘴纲（Enoplea）正相关,但与色矛纲（Chromadorea）负相关,且对土壤线虫Chao指数的变异解释比例依次减小。研究表明土壤重金属含量对青藏高原高寒草甸土壤线虫群落多样性及组成产生很大影响,但仍需对高寒草甸区域进行系统的土壤线虫调查,并丰富土壤线虫生物信息数据库。     

色季拉山急尖长苞冷杉林不同坡向土壤养分及肥力研究

以色季拉山不同坡向急尖长苞冷杉(Abies georgei var.smithii)天然林为研究对象,采用单因素方差、化学计量比及内梅罗指数等方法对不同坡向0—100 cm土壤的pH和7种养分含量及肥力状况进行研究,以期为色季拉山急尖长苞冷杉的经营管理提供理论依据。结果表明:(1)色季拉山急尖长苞冷杉林土壤pH7,为酸性。0—100 cm土层中除土壤全钾含量外,其他各养分含量及变异系数的均值均表现为:阳坡阴坡,且均属于中等变异程度。除全磷、全钾含量较低外,其他指标均处于"中等"及以上水平。(2)土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮随土层的增加而降低,总体上表层与深层差异显著(P0.05),其他土层之间差异不显著(P0.05);其他养分随土层变化规律不一致,各土层之间差异不显著(P0.05)。(3)阳坡各土壤化学计量比总体上表现为随土壤深度增加而降低,阴坡呈波动性变化,除C∶N外,阳坡C∶P、C∶K、N∶P、N∶K、P∶K均小于阴坡。(4)阴坡的土壤肥力指数(1.44)大于阳坡(1.32),不同坡向土壤肥力均属于"中等"水平。坡向通过影响多种因素使土壤理化性质具有一定差异性,阴坡的土壤养分含量及肥力状况优于阳坡,全钾是第一限制因子,全磷是第二限制因子。     

基于高通量测序分析西藏北部高寒草甸不同深度土壤线虫群落分布特征

为了研究藏北高寒草甸土壤线虫多样性,于2017年8月,采用Illumina MiSeq测序技术,研究了西藏北部高寒草甸0—25 cm范围内不同深度土层的土壤线虫群落组成与结构特征。结果表明:5个不同深度共获得OTU 990个,隶属于3个纲,7个目,25个科,30个属,刺嘴纲Enoplea为共有优势土壤线虫群落;对样品进行Alpha多样性评价,计算Chao 1指数、Shannon指数和Ace指数,发现5—10 cm的土壤样品群落有较高的丰富度;属水平Heatmap图分析可知20—25、15—20、0—5、5—10、10—15 cm土壤线虫群落的组成相似性有一个递增的趋势。与不同深度藏北高山嵩草(盛长期)线虫群落结构相关性较大的土壤化学指标是K~+、含水率、有机质和Zn~(2+)。研究发现不同深度土壤线虫种类及丰度存在一定的差异,可为研究藏北高寒草地土壤线虫群落特点提供依据。     

不同果园土壤线虫的群落结构与多样性

2012 年 7 月, 对粤东地区柑橘园、番石榴园、荔枝园和芒果园 4 种不同果园土壤线虫群落进行调查, 应用土壤线虫群落生态学指数、土壤线虫各食性类群组成、 cp 类群结构及营养结构特征指数, 分析 4 种不同果园土壤线虫群落的功能结构特征, 探讨果树栽植年限、果园管理方式对土壤线虫群落功能结构的影响。共分离获得土壤线虫 53551 条, 隶属 2 纲 11 目 20 科 28 属。对不同果园土壤线虫的生态指数分析表明, 4 种果园的 Shannon 指数(H′)、Pielou 均匀性指数(J)、 Simpson 指数(D)、 Margalef 丰富度指数(SR)和密度类群指数(DG)均具有显著差异(P<0.05)。Gower 系数表明, 种植年限短的果园土壤线虫群落结构与种植年限长的果园之间具有显著相异性。食细菌线虫的H′、 J、 SR 指数排序为柑橘园>番石榴园>芒果园>荔枝园, 植食性线虫的 H′、 J、 SR 指数排序为荔枝园>芒果园>番石榴园>柑橘园。 cp 类群组成结构特征分析结果显示, 4 种果园的 cp1-cp2 类群的相对丰度均显著高于 cp3-cp5类群(P<0.05), 土壤线虫生活策略组成以 cp2 类群占优势。 PPI 指数表明: 荔枝园和芒果园受扰动程度大于柑橘园和番石榴园, MI、 PPI/MI 值则表明: 柑橘园和番石榴园土壤线虫群落的稳定性较高, 受到的干扰程度小。 NCR 值均说明了 4 种果园的土壤有机质分解主要依靠细菌分解途径。综合线虫功能类群的指数分析结果显示, 果树的栽植年限对果园土壤线虫的 PPI/MI 值有很大影响, 随着果树栽植年限的增加, PPI/MI 值呈上升趋势。土壤线虫各营养类群统计结果表明, 荔枝园和芒果园植食性线虫数量增加虽未达到对果树的伤害阈值, 但种植年限较长的果园土壤环境受到的扰动较大。     

藏东南色季拉山急尖长苞冷杉(Abies georgei var. smithii)林线的生态气候特征

高山林线因其对气候因子的敏感性和自身结构的不稳定性而被视为气候变化的"监视器",通过自动微气象站对藏东南色季拉山急尖长苞冷杉(Abies georgei var. smithii)林线气象因子的连续监测,探讨了色季拉山高山林线的生态气候特征.结果表明:在色季拉山急尖长苞冷杉林线处,年平均温度为1.3℃,年平均相对湿度为79.4%,全年降水量为892.6 mm,主要集中在6、7、8、9月4个月份.林线最热月平均温度为9.4℃,最冷月平均温度为-6.4℃,年生物温度为3.1℃,温暖指数是11.6℃月,寒冷指数是-55.9℃月,生长季内平均温度为7.7℃,生长季长度为133d,大陆度指数为34.0,湿润指数为217.5.其温暖指数与我国两种山地森林树种祁连圆柏和喜马拉雅冷杉的分布上限较为接近.林线的最热月温度、年生物学温度和生长季平均温度与全国高山林线的平均值十分接近.从全球范围来看,色季拉山林线最热月平均温度9.4℃与全球均值10℃很接近.生长季内10cm深度的土壤均温为6.22℃,接近Krner观测的(6.7±0.8)℃全球均值.     

中国两个气候过渡区森林土壤线虫群落的比较研究

为比较不同气候过渡区地带性森林土壤线虫群落结构和多样性,以南亚热带向中亚热带气候过渡区的石门台常绿阔叶林和北亚热带向暖温带气候过渡区的鸡公山落叶阔叶林为样地,探讨不同气候区土壤微食物网能流方式的差异。结果表明,石门台土壤线虫群落属数(S)、生物量(Biomass)、多样性指数(H')、丰富度指数(SR)、成熟度指数(MI)和结构指数(SI)在表层土壤(0~10 cm)均显著高于鸡公山。石门台的土壤线虫通路指数(NCR)均值高于0.5,而鸡公山的NCR均值小于0.5,说明前者土壤食物网可能偏向于细菌能流通道,而后者偏向于真菌能流通道,这也与食细菌线虫、食真菌线虫生物量的计算结果一致。可见线虫群落结构确实存在明显的南北差异,并较好地指示了土壤能流和养分循环状况。     

川西亚高山/高山森林土壤线虫多样性

为了解青藏高原东缘亚高山/高山森林土壤线虫多样性,于2015年7月以该地区岷江冷杉原始林、混交林和次生林为研究对象,采用淘洗-过筛-蔗糖离心的方法分离土壤线虫,研究了3个海拔森林土壤线虫群落的组成与结构特征.结果表明: 共捕获线虫37950条,隶属于20科27属,平均为4217 条·100 g^-1干土,原始林以丝尾垫刃属为优势属,混交林和次生林以丝尾垫刃属和拟盘旋属为优势属,且优势属个体数量受林型的影响显著.原始林和次生林的优势营养类群为食真菌线虫,混交林则为食细菌线虫.土壤线虫c-p (colonizer-persister)类群c-p 1、c-p 2、 c-p 3和c-p 4数量分别占总数的6.1%、51.1%、30.0%和12.7%.3个海拔森林土壤线虫的自由生活线虫成熟度指数(MI)、总成熟度指数(∑MI)和植物寄生线虫成熟度指数(PPI)随海拔增加而逐渐降低.土壤线虫通路指数(NCR)在混交林高于0.5,在原始林和次生林低于0.5.林型显著影响了土壤线虫成熟度和NCR指数,但林型、土层及二者的交互作用对多样性指数影响不显著.川西亚高山/高山不同森林土壤线虫的组成、营养结构和能流通道存在明显差异,为深入理解土壤线虫在该区森林土壤生态过程中的作用提供了参考.     

川西北高寒地区多年生禾本科人工草地土壤线虫群落动态

为了查明青藏高原地区建植多年生禾本科人工草地对土壤线虫群落的影响及土壤线虫群落随人工草地建植年限增加的变化趋势，以川西北红原县2018年建植的垂穗披碱草样地(Elymus nutans)和老芒麦样地(Elymus sibiricus)为研究对象，以天然草地(Natural grassland)为对照，于2018—2020每年9月对土壤线虫群落、植被和土壤因子等进行连续监测。研究共分离到土壤线虫38470条，隶属于2纲8目65科172属，平均密度2482条/100g干土；食细菌线虫是研究样地的主要营养类群。垂穗披碱草和老芒麦样地的土壤线虫群落组成结构与天然草地间存在明显差异，但差异性随建植年限增加逐渐降低。线虫群落密度和多样性指数在垂穗披碱草、老芒麦和天然草地间均无显著差异。随建植年限增加，土壤线虫群落密度显著上升，Pielou指数显著下降，丰富度和Shannon指数无显著变化；植物寄生线虫密度和比例在第2年显著增加，并成为优势营养类群。线虫群落生态指数在不同草地类型间无显著差异，但垂穗披碱草和老芒麦样地的线虫基础指数随建植年限增加先增加，在第3年时显著降低(P<0.05)。冗余分...     

目标树经营初期对柏木人工林土壤线虫群落的影响

为研究目标树经营初期对柏木人工林土壤线虫群落的影响,对遂宁市安居区处于竞争生长阶段的柏木林进行3种不同密度目标树经营,共计样地12个(目标树密度为6株/667 m~2、9株/667 m~2、12株/667 m~2以及对照各3个)。在目标树经营1年后,采集春、夏、秋、冬4个季节样品共252个,采用改进的Baermann湿漏斗法分离土壤线虫,共鉴定出土壤线虫59科143属。其中Prionchulus为优势属,食细菌性线虫38属,食真菌性线虫12属,植食性线虫36属,杂食/捕食性线虫57属。土壤线虫生活史策略以c-p 4类群为主,占总数的44.33%,其中目标树密度为9株/667 m~2整个样地(9N)的c-p 4占比最大。目标树经营增加了土壤线虫的数量,目标树密度为9株/667 m~2的目标树单株(9C)线虫密度达到最大;目标树经营处理中均以杂食/捕食性线虫数量最多,其中9C杂食/捕食性线虫数量均高于其他处理;目标树经营提高了多样性指数(H′)、均匀度指数(J)、线虫营养多样性指数(TD)、线虫成熟度指数(MI),目标树经营改善了土壤线虫群落结构,其中目标树密度为9株/667 m~2样地的土壤线虫群落结构最优。研究结果表明,采用目标树经营有利于提升土壤线虫群落多样性,使柏木人工林生态系统向更稳定的方向发展,其中目标树密度为9株/667 m~2的效果最为显著。     

Relation of the snow cover to the structure of vegatation in the alpine communities of the eastern Tsinghai-Tibet Plateau

The type of snow cover considerably influences the sctructure of vegetation and production-related processes in alpine communities of diverse regions. The relation of snow cover thickness to the structure of apline plant communities in the eastern Tsinghai-Tibet Plateau (Sichuan, People's Republic of China) was studied by analyzing the vegetation in 251 sample areas grouped in five transects along the gradient of mesotopographic conditions and wintertime snow cover thickness. Considerable differentiation of plant communities related to snow cover thickness in revealed along the line from the northern to the southern slope. It is shown that the influence of snow cover on the distribution of particular plant species is significantly greater than the influence of soil properties (pH, content of humus, total phosphorus, potassium, and ammonia nitrogen in the upper strata of soil). Among the 56 herbaceous plant species and 7 shrub species studied, 52 herbaceous and all the 7 shrub species showed significant (P < 0.05) correlation (positive or negative) to snow cover thickness. Snow cover thickness appeared also significantly correlated to a number of soil properties: soil thickness, content of water, total phosphorus, and humus. But, in contrast to the alpine communities of the Caucasus and the Alps, no considerable acidification of the soil under snowflakes, due to perpetual removal of cations by melt water, was observed.     

The effect of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cercidium praecox</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Prosopis laevigata</Emphasis> on vertical distribution of soil free-living nematode communities in the Tehuacán Desert,Mexico

Vegetation cover is known to act as an abiotic mediator influencing the structure of soil fauna communities in arid and semi-arid ecosystems. The aim of the current research was to determine the spatial dispersion of the soil free-living nematode community under the canopy of Cercidium praecox and Prosopis laevigata during the rainy season. These shrubs are the dominant plant associations in the western part of the Tehuacán-Cuicatlán Valley in Mexico. Soil samples were taken from each 10-cm depth between 0 and 50 cm in August 2004. Our results demonstrated that the abundance and structure of the soil free-living nematode communities in the study area were strongly dependent on plant effects, specified by limited factors such as soil moisture and organic matter availability. The greatest degree of abundance of soil-free-living nematodes (88%) was found in the upper (0–10 cm) soil layer. Plant parasites were the most abundant trophic group under the two plants (58 and 36% under Parkinsonia (Cercidium) praecox and Prosopis laevigata, respectively), whereas omnivore-predators were the most dominant (96%) in inter-plant spaces. The fungivore/bacterivore (F/B) ratio was found to be the most useful tool of the ecological indices tested in the present study, reflecting the vertical distribution of the free-living nematode communities beneath different plant species in the different soil layers. The soil free-living nematode communities and their vertical distribution were found to be affected by plant ecophysiological adaptation, soil moisture, and the interaction between them.     

Vertical distribution of soil nematodes in an age sequence of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Caragana microphylla</Emphasis> plantations in the Horqin Sandy Land,Northeast China

The vertical distribution of soil nematodes down to a depth of 50 cm was studied in an age sequence of 0-, 5-, 10-, and 22-year-old Caragana microphylla plantations (treatments) in the Horqin Sandy Land, Northeast China. The abundances and generic compositions of nematode fauna in five soil layers (0–10, 10–20, 20–30, 30–40, and 40–50 cm) were analyzed. 42 genera were observed in the nematode suspensions, and Acrobeles was the dominant genus in all treatments. The results showed that the total number of nematodes and the generic diversity in an age sequence of C. microphylla plantations decreased with increasing soil depth. Significant differences in the numbers of total nematodes, bacterivores (BF), plant parasites (PP), and omnivores–predators (OP) were observed between treatments and depths. BF was the most abundant trophic group in our study, followed by OP. The numbers of OP showed an obviously increasing trend with increasing age of C. microphylla plantation. The vertical distribution of the soil nematode communities was related to gradual changes in soil chemical properties, and it indicated that C. microphylla plantations have played positive roles in improving soil environmental conditions and restoring desertified ecosystems in the Horqin Sandy Land. The ecological indices selected were influenced by plantation chronosequence but not by soil depth.     

稻田不同水分管理方式对土壤线虫群落的影响

在下辽河平原地区就稻田不同水分管理方式对土壤线虫多度、营养类群、群落组成的影响进行了研究．结果表明,0～10cm土层不同水分管理处理的线虫总数在耙耕前和黄熟期显著低于对照,10～20cm土层各时期处理间线虫总数的差异不显著,20～30cm土层线虫总数在耙耕前和黄熟期差异极显著．北方单季稻水田试验共观察到土壤线虫16科22属．绕线属(Plectus)、垫刃属(Tylenchus)、单宫属(Monhystera)是优势属,绕线属和垫刃属对不同的水分管理比较敏感．在耙耕前和黄熟期不同水分管理方式对0～10cm土壤食细菌线虫能够产生显著影响．稻田土壤中食细菌线虫和植物寄生线虫是优势营养类群,而捕食／杂食性线虫的相对多度最低．     

青藏高原不同牧草人工草地对土壤线虫群落的影响

为缓解草蓄矛盾,青藏高原人工草地得到快速发展。土壤线虫对环境变化敏感,是草地生态系统的重要组成部分。然而,不同牧草人工草地对土壤线虫群落的影响尚不明确。2016年7月,对多年生禾本科(垂穗披碱草Elymus nutans Griseb.、老芒麦Elymus sibiricus L.、早熟禾Poa annua L.和羊茅Festuca ovina L.)、一年生禾本科燕麦Avena sativa L.和多年生豆科紫花苜蓿Medicago sativa L.等6种单播牧草人工草地(建植期4年)和天然草地(对照)的土壤线虫群落进行了调查。结果表明：(1)土壤线虫隶属于2纲8目32科58属,平均密度为1754个/100 g干土;紫花苜蓿样地的线虫密度最低,为949个/100 g干土;燕麦样地最高,为3267个/100 g干土;(2)与天然草地相比,燕麦样地的线虫群落总密度、多样性以及植食性和杂食-捕食性线虫密度显著增加,而其他人工草地的线虫群落密度、多样性以及植食性、食真菌和食细菌线虫密度均无显著变化;(3)土壤线虫总密度以及各营养类群密度在不同人工草地间差异显著,且均在燕麦样地最高;(4)建...     

Absence of snow cover reduces understory plant cover and alters plant community composition in boreal forests

Snow regimes affect biogeochemistry of boreal ecosystems and are altered by climate change. The effects on plant communities, however, are largely unexplored despite their influence on relevant processes. Here, the impact of snow cover on understory community composition and below-ground production in a boreal Picea abies forest was investigated using a long-term (8-year) snow cover manipulation experiment consisting of the treatments: snow removal, increased insulation (styrofoam pellets), and control. The snow removal treatment caused longer (118 vs. 57 days) and deeper soil frost (mean minimum temperature −5.5 vs. −2.2°C) at 10 cm soil depth in comparison to control. Understory species composition was strongly altered by the snow cover manipulations; vegetation cover declined by more than 50% in the snow removal treatment. In particular, the dominant dwarf shrub Vaccinium myrtillus (−82%) and the most abundant mosses Pleurozium schreberi (−74%) and Dicranum scoparium (−60%) declined strongly. The C:N ratio in V. myrtillus leaves and plant available N in the soil indicated no altered nitrogen nutrition. Fine-root biomass in summer, however, was negatively affected by the reduced snow cover (−50%). Observed effects are attributed to direct frost damage of roots and/ or shoots. Besides the obvious relevance of winter processes on plant ecology and distribution, we propose that shifts in the vegetation caused by frost damage may be an important driver of the reported alterations in biogeochemistry in response to altered snow cover. Understory plant performance clearly needs to be considered in the biogeochemistry of boreal systems in the face of climate change.