菜粉蝶颗粒体病毒分子与银表面间相互作用的SERS谱研究

通过对菜粉蝶颗粒体病毒粒子（样品）遥表面增强拉曼散射（ＳＥＲＳ）光谱的分析,得出样品分子在ＳＥＲＳ中与银表面相互作用的一些特征。样品分子主要通过闳基和氨基与银表面键联。相应谱带的拉曼增强效果与分子基因处于银表面的几何状态有关。分子与银表面产生化学吸附芳香族氨基酸侧链的π－电子得合物和分子基因的α－复合物的存在,使增强具有短程特性,其增强机制主要为分子增强。     

家蚕病毒的表面增强拉曼光谱研究

得到并分析了家蚕核型多角体病毒（ＢｏｍｂｙｘｍｏｒｉＮｏｃｌｅａｒＰｏｌｙｈｅｄｒｏｓｉｓＶｉｒｕｓ缩写为ＢｍＮＰＶ）和质型多角体病毒（ＢｏｍｂｙｘｍｏｒｉｃｙｔｏｐｌａｓｍｉｃＰｏｌｙｈｅｄｒｏｓｉｓＶｉｒｕｓ缩写为ＢｍＣＰＶ）包涵体（即核型多角体ＢｍＮＰＢ和质型多角体ＢｍＣＰＢ）在银胶溶液中的表面增强拉曼散射（ＳＥＲＳ）光谱。ＢｍＮＰＢ和ＢｍＣＰＢ通过氨基酸残基侧链的Ｓ原子、ＣＯＯ－（ＣＯＯＨ）和ＮＨ２（ＮＨ）基团以及蛋白质分子的Ｎ－末端与银表面相作用。Ｔｒｐ残基金部或大部处于疏水环境中。ＢｍＮＰＢ中蛋氨酸残基侧链的Ｓ－ＣＨ２和ＣＨ２－ＣＨ２链分别为扭曲和扭曲式构型。ＢｍＣＰＢ中的Ｓ－ＣＨ２和ＣＨ２－ＣＨ２链则分别属于反式和扭曲构型;Ｃ－Ｃ－Ｓ－Ｓ－Ｃ－Ｃ链为反式－扭曲－反式结构。     

马尾松毛虫核型多角体病毒包涵体的表面增强拉曼光谱研究

获得了马尾松毛虫核型多角体病毒（ＤｐＮＰＶ）包涵体在Ａｇ胶中的ＳＥＲＳ谱。包涵体是通过膜蛋白的ＣＯＯ－和ＮＨ２基团吸附在Ａｇ表面上,Ｔｒｐ和Ｐｈｅ残基侧链接近Ａｇ表面,Ｔｙｒ残基侧链远离Ａｇ表面,ＳＥＲＳ谱中没出现ＡｍｉｄｅⅠ和ＡｍｉｄｅⅢ带。强的低波数谱带（２３８ｃｍ－１）的出现表明包涵体与Ａｇ表面发生了明显的化学吸附。     

整合禽流感病毒血凝素糖蛋白的假型鼠白血病病毒

本研究通过一个瞬时转染系统将H5N1亚型鹅源禽流感病毒囊膜表面的血凝素(HA)糖蛋白整合到鼠白血病病毒(MuLV)颗粒表面并进行了感染性测定.将包含HA基因的真核表达质粒pcDNA-HA与MuLV假病毒构建体系的两种质粒pHIT60(包括MuLV的结构蛋白基因,即gag和pol)和pHIT111(为MuLV的基因组,还包括一个报告基因LacZ)瞬时共转染转化了SV40大T抗原的人胚肾细胞293T,48小时后收集假病毒上清进行了一系列鉴定.将假病毒上清超速离心后用抗H5亚型禽流感病毒的多抗通过Western-blot证实HA 蛋白能够在此假病毒颗粒表面表达,表明HA能够整合到此病毒粒子表面.通过感染293T、COS-7和NIH3T3三种不同的靶细胞,均能检测到LacZ基因的表达,证实所构建的假病毒粒子具有感染性.本研究成功构建了具有感染性的MuLV-HA假病毒,为研究鹅源禽流感病毒侵入细胞的机理及其组织嗜性的变异提供一种新方法.     

马尾松毛虫质型多角体病毒多角体蛋白基因的cDNA克隆及序列分析

通过对马尾松毛虫质型多角体病毒的增殖、纯化,获得一株单一类型的质型多角体病毒.提纯的病毒粒子经SDS-酚抽提,琼脂糖凝胶电泳分离基因组dsRNDA,回收纯化第十片段S10.S10经DMSO变性,逆转录合成cDNA第一链,PCR扩增后,克隆在pGEM-T载体上.对重组子进行限制性内切酶分析及序列测定,结果表明,克隆片段全长763bp,起始密码AUG位于3～5残基,终止密码UGA位于747～749残基.推测DpGPV多角体蛋白基因编码248个氨基酸的多肽,分子量28kD.和家蚕质型多角体病毒(BmCPV)多角体蛋白基因相比较,核苷酸和编码氨基酸序列同源性分别为89.3%和97.6%.     

猪圆环病毒研究进展

猪圆环病毒(Porcine circovirus,PCV)为无囊膜的单股环状负链DNA病毒,病毒粒子直径约17～20nm,是迄今已知最小的动物病毒之一.PCV属圆环病毒科(Circoviridae)圆环病毒属成员[1].     

猪圆环病毒研究进展

猪圆环病毒(Porcine circovirus,PCV)为无囊膜的单股环状负链DNA病毒,病毒粒子直径约17～20nm,是迄今已知最小的动物病毒之一。PCV属圆环病毒科(Circoviridae)圆环病毒属成员。     

家蝇幼虫抗菌肽MDL-3分子结构的荧光特性

研究了家蝇幼虫抗菌肽MDL-3的荧光光谱和淬灭剂对内源性荧光的影响.家蝇幼虫抗菌肽MDL-3在280nm波长的激发光时,荧光光谱为Tyr残基和Trp残基共同提供,KI不能淬灭抗菌肽MDL-3的Trp残基的荧光,而Acr只能淬灭71%(f=0.71)的抗菌肽MDL-3中的Trp残基的荧光,说明Trp残基不是位于抗菌肽分子的表面,而是位于分子的内部.     

H7N2禽流感病毒HA的分离纯化及其糖链谱研究

血凝素(HA)是位于流感病毒囊膜表面的一种Ⅰ型跨膜糖蛋白,是流感病毒结合宿主细胞表面受体,介导病毒入胞的关键分子,也是中和抗体以及疫苗研制的重要靶标.HA表面糖基化与病毒毒力、感染宿主范围等密切相关,且其表面糖链变化会影响其结构与功能.然而目前关于流感病毒HA糖基化的研究主要集中在其糖基化位点上,而对于HA上详细的糖链结构知之甚少.本文应用禽流感病毒特异识别的唾液酸糖链(SAα2-3Gal)受体,制备特异的糖链磁性微粒复合物,进而从H7N2禽流感病毒中分离纯化HA,并采用SDS-PAGE及质谱技术进行鉴定.确定提取物系HA后,进一步利用凝集素芯片联合质谱技术研究禽流感病毒H7N2的HA表面糖型,结果显示H7N2禽流感病毒HA表面主要含有岩藻糖、半乳糖、N-乙酰半乳糖胺、甘露糖、N-乙酰葡糖胺等糖链结构,共获得16个糖链结构较为准确的寡糖,这些糖链可能与HA生物学功能相关.本研究有助于揭示禽流感病毒感染宿主的糖链作用机制,有助于设计制备针对HA相关的糖链疫苗.     

整合禽流感病毒血凝素糖蛋白的假型鼠白血病病毒

本研究通过一个瞬时转染系统将H5N1亚型鹅源禽流感病毒囊膜表面的血凝素(HA)糖蛋白整合到鼠白血病病毒(MuLV)颗粒表面并进行了感染性测定。将包含HA基因的真核表达质粒pcDNA-HA与MuLV假病毒构建体系的两种质粒pHIT60(包括MuLV的结构蛋白基因,即gag和pol)和pHIT111(为MuLV的基因组,还包括一个报告基因LacZ)瞬时共转染转化了SV40大T抗原的人胚肾细胞293T,48小时后收集假病毒上清进行了一系列鉴定。将假病毒上清超速离心后用抗H5亚型禽流感病毒的多抗通过Western-blot证实HA 蛋白能够在此假病毒颗粒表面表达,表明HA能够整合到此病毒粒子表面。通过感染293T、COS 7和NIH3T3 三种不同的靶细胞,均能检测到LacZ基因的表达,证实所构建的假病毒粒子具有感染性。本研究成功构建了具有感染性的MuLV-HA假病毒,为研究鹅源禽流感病毒侵入细胞的机理及其组织嗜性的变异提供一种新方法。     

Structure-potential dependence of adsorbed enzymes and amino acids revealed by the surface enhanced Raman effect

Surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) of some enzymes (alkaline phosphatase, horseradish peroxidase and lactoperoxidase) and some amino acids (tryptophan, tyrosine and phenylalanine) on silver electrodes has been studied. The spectral band intensities of certain amino acids and amino acid residues were determined by their orientation on the surface and depended on the electrode potential (E).Abbreviations SERS surface enhanced Raman scattering - Trp tryptophan - Tyr tyrosine - Phe phenylalanine - E electrode potential - ORC oxidation-reduction cycle     

Investigation of molecular structure of bombesin and its modified analogues nonadsorbed and adsorbed on electrochemically roughened silver surface

This work describes the molecular structure of bombesin (BN) and its analogs on the basis of the absorption infrared and Raman results described below. In these analogues is replaced one ([D-Phe12]BN, [Tyr4]BN, and [Lys3]BN) or two ([Tyr4,D-Phe12]BN, [D-Phe12,Leu14]BN, and [Leu13-(R)-Leu14]BN) amino acid residues within the peptide chain with a synthetic amino acid, creating antagonists to bombesin, which are useful in the treatment of cancer. It is also used surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) to study the differences and changes in the vibrational spectra of BN and its analogs, which were attached to an electrochemically roughened silver surface as these peptides interacted with target proteins. This work explores the use of SERS for molecules anchored to a macroscopic silver surface to interrogate the interaction of these peptides with protein receptors. The results presented here show that all peptides coordinate to the macroscopic silver surface through an indole ring and the methylene group of Trp8, the C==O fragment, and an amide bond; however, the orientation of these fragments on the electrochemically roughened silver surface and the strength of the interactions with this surface is slightly different for each peptide. For example, the interaction of --CH2-- of [D-Phe12]BN, [Tyr4,D-Phe12]BN, [D-Phe12,Leu14]BN, [Leu13-(R)-Leu14]BN, and [Lys3]BN with the silver surface perturbed the vertical orientation of the Trp8 indole ring on this surface. Hence, the indole ring adopted a close to perpendicular orientation on the silver surface for BN and [Tyr4]BN, only.     

酶切菌紫质C端引起的紫膜蛋白的发光性质变化

用木瓜蛋白酶切去bRC端尾巴约20—25个氨基酸之后发现:在KCl盐浓度作用下,其蛋白荧光光谱中的色氨酸荧光成份有明显的增强;用Cs~ 对bR蛋白荧光的猝灭实验表明此色氨酸荧光成份的增加是由于在KCl作用下bR中某些色氨酸残基暴露的结果;磷光光谱实验表明在KCl作用下色氨酸磷光的增加也是由于色氨酸残基暴露的结果。本文讨论了这种构象变化可能影响正常bR分子中菌蛋白光循环的进行,从而使质子泵效率降低;并且此构象变化可能与其C端尾巴的构象有关。     

白茯苓凝集素的荧光光谱研究

白茯苓凝集素（ＳＬＬ）分子中含有４个色氨酸（Ｔｒｐ）残基,ＮＢＳ修饰测得这４个Ｔｒｐ残基位于分子表面。ＳＬＬ在天然状态下荧光发射峰位于３３５ｎｍ处,离子强度和温度对其荧光光谱均无明显的影响。ＮＢＳ修饰后的ＳＬＬ失去凝血活性,相应荧光光谱的强度减弱,荧光发射峰发生蓝移,提示ＳＬＬ的构象发生改变。用ＫＩ·ＣｓＣｌ和丙烯酰胺淬灭剂研究ＳＬＬ分子中Ｔｒｐ残基的微环境,发现丙烯酰胺和ＣｓＣｌ能淬灭分子中１００％和５０％的Ｔｒｐ残基的荧光,而ＫＩ完全不能淬灭ＳＬＬ分子中Ｔｒｐ残基的荧光,因此Ｔｒｐ残基周围存在阴离子区,或者Ｔｒｐ残基处于分子表面的疏水环境中。     

Effect of the secondary structure of carbohydrate residues of alpha 1-acid glycoprotein (orosomucoid) on the local dynamics of Trp residues

We studied in this work the relation between the secondary structure of the carbohydrate residues of alpha1-acid glycoprotein and the local motions of Trp residues of the protein. We measured for this purpose the fluorescence emission intensity and anisotropy of the Trp residues between -46 and +30 degrees of the sialylated and asialylated protein. Our results indicate that, in both forms, the global profile of the emission intensity with temperature shows that Trp residues display static and collisional interaction with the neighboring amino acids. However, the profile of the asialylated form is more structured than that observed for the sialylated protein. The Y-plot analysis of the emission-anisotropy results indicated that the frictional resistance to rotation of the surface Trp residue is less important in the sialylated protein than in the asialylated form. This result is in good agreement with the fact that, in the asialylated conformation, the carbohydrate residues are closer to the protein surface than in the sialylated form, thereby increasing the contact of the surface Trp residue with the neighboring amino acids. Also, the interaction between the carbohydrate residues and the surface Trp residue contributes to the modification of the frictional resistance to rotation of the fluorophore.     

A maximum of two tryptophan residues in gene-32 protein from phage T4 undergo stacking interactions with single-stranded polynucleotides

The effect of specific photochemical and radiochemical modification of tryptophyl and cysteinyl residues of the gene 32 protein (gp 32) of bacteriophage T4 on its affinity towards single-stranded polynucleotides has been investigated. Oxidation of Cys residues of gp 32 by the free-radical anion I-.2 induces a partial loss of the protein affinity, probably by affecting the metal-binding domain which includes three of the four cysteine residues of gp 32. Ultraviolet irradiation of gp 32 in the presence of trichloroethanol results in the modification of three of its five Trp residues and total loss of the protein binding. Analysis of the relative affinity of ultraviolet-irradiated gp 32 for single-stranded polynucleotides suggest that modification of a Trp of enhanced reactivity occurs first and has no effect on the protein binding. Radiochemical modification of three Trp residues of gp 32 by (SCN)-.2 results in total loss of activity. Complexation of gp 32 with denatured DNA prior to gamma-irradiation protects two Trp residues and prevents the protein inactivation. These results suggest that at most two Trp residues are involved in stacking interactions with nucleic acid bases. However, time-resolved spectroscopic methods which allow us to monitor selectively the stacked tryptophan residues have not yielded evidence of more than a single residue undergoing such interactions.     

Ligand-mediated conformational changes in Trp repressor protein of Escherichia coli probed through limited proteolysis and the use of specific antibodies

Trp repressor of Escherichia coli K-12 is a dimeric protein (monomer size, 108 amino acids) that acquires high affinity for certain operator targets in double-stranded DNA upon interaction with L-tryptophan. High titer antiserum directed against E. coli Trp repressor protein, elicited in rabbits, was monospecific toward native or denatured Trp repressor. Using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to measure antigen-antibody reaction, we found that the binding of L-tryptophan to Trp repressor was associated with a marked decrease in antibody reactivity that presumably accompanied a conformational change in this protein to a state with strong affinity for trp operator-bearing DNA. We analyzed the pattern of cleavage of Trp repressor by chymotrypsin and trypsin and the effect of L-tryptophan on such hydrolytic cleavages. Chymotrypsin cleaved Trp repressor mainly between residues 71 and 72. In the presence of L-tryptophan this cleavage was slowed. The first-order rate constants for chymotryptic digestion of Trp repressor were 7.6 X 10(-2) and 4.6 X 10(-2) min-1 in the absence and presence of L-tryptophan, respectively. Tryptic digestion was more complex. Initial cleavage of Trp repressor occurred with approximately equal facility between residues 69-70 or 84-85. Subsequent tryptic hydrolyses led eventually to a major core fragment containing the first 54 amino acids of Trp repressor plus four other fragments from the carboxyl-terminal half of the protein. In the presence of L-tryptophan, cleavage by trypsin between residues 54-55 and 84-85 was retarded, even when a previous hydrolytic event elsewhere in the protein had occurred. Tryptophan had essentially no effect on the tryptic hydrolysis of peptide bond 97-98, but accelerated cleavage at peptide bond 69-70. The first-order rate constants for the first tryptic cleavage of Trp receptor were 1.55 X 10(-1) and 1.33 X 10(-1) min-1 in the absence and presence of ligand, respectively. Our results are compatible with a structural model wherein certain amino acid side chains and peptide bonds of Trp repressor (specifically, those of residues 69-85) lie on or near the surface of the protein. This region of Trp repressor has been predicted to contain the operator recognition site. The susceptibility to proteolytic attack of at least four peptide bonds in this area changes when the protein interacts with L-tryptophan.     

油麻藤凝集素的荧光光谱研究

用化学修饰、内源荧光和荧光淬灭等方法研究了油麻藤凝集素（ＭＳＬ）的溶液构象变化和微环境的构象特征。研究发现ＭＳＬ分子中总共有９个色氨酸（Ｔｒｐ）残基,它们的荧光能被丙烯酰胺淬灭,但不易为ＫＩ接近而淬灭,ＭＳＬ经Ｎ－溴代琥珀酰亚胺（ＮＢＳ）修饰后,其内源性荧光发射谱发生相应变化,结果表明ＭＳＬ分子中部分Ｔｒｐ残基埋藏于分子内部,而位于分子表面的Ｔｒｐ残基可能处于分子的疏水袋中。     

Penetration of lipid chains into transmembrane surfaces of membrane proteins: studies with MscL

The transmembrane surface of a multi-helix membrane protein will be rough with cavities of various sizes between the transmembrane alpha-helices. Efficient solvation of the surface by the lipid molecules that surround the protein in a membrane requires that the lipid fatty acyl chains be able to enter the cavities. This possibility has been investigated using fluorescence quenching methods. Trp residues have been introduced into lipid-facing sites in the first transmembrane alpha-helix (M1) of the mechanosensitive channel of large-conductance MscL; lipid-facing residues at the N-terminal end of M1 are buried below the transmembrane surface of the protein. Fluorescence emission maxima for lipid-facing Trp residues in M1 vary with position in the bilayer comparably to those for Trp residues in the second transmembrane alpha-helix (M2) despite the fact that lipid-facing residues in M2 are on the surface of the protein. Fluorescence emission spectra for most Trp residues on the periplasmic sides of M1 and M2 fit well to a model proposing a trough-like variation of dielectric constant across the membrane, but the relationship between location and fluorescence emission maximum on the cytoplasmic side of the membrane is more complex. The fluorescence of Trp residues in M1 is quenched efficiently by phospholipids with bromine-containing fatty acyl chains, showing that the lipid chains must be able to enter the Trp-containing cavities on the surface of MscL, resulting in efficient solvation of the surface.     

Mutational analysis of the role of tryptophan residues in an antimicrobial peptide

Antimicrobial peptides belonging to the pediocin-like family of bacteriocins (class IIa bacteriocins) produced by lactic acid bacteria contain several tryptophan residues that are highly conserved. Since tryptophan residues in membrane proteins are often positioned in the membrane-water interface, we hypothesized that Trp residues in bacteriocins could be important determinants of the structure of membrane-bound peptides and of anti-microbial activity. To test this hypothesis, the effects of mutating each of the 3 tryptophan residues (Trp18, Trp33, and Trp41) in the 43-residue pediocin-like bacteriocin sakacin P were studied. Trp18 and Trp33 are located at each end of an amphihilic alpha-helix, whereas Trp41 is near the end of an unstructured C-terminal tail. Replacement of Trp33 with the hydrophobic residues Leu and Phe had marginal effects on activity, whereas replacement with the more polar Tyr and Arg reduced activity 10-20 and 500-1000 times, respectively, indicating that Trp33 and the C-terminal part of the helix interact with the hydrophobic core of the membrane. Any mutation of Trp18 and Trp41 reduced activity, indicating that these two residues play unique roles. Substitutions with other aromatic residues were the least deleterious, indicating that both Trp18 and Trp41 interact with the membrane-water interface. The suggested locations of the three Trp residues are compatible with a structural model in which the helix and the C-terminal tail form a hairpin-like structure, bringing Trp18 and Trp41 close to each other in the interface, and placing Trp33 in the hydrophobic core of the membrane. Indeed, the deleterious effect of the W18L and W41L mutations could be overcome by stabilizing the hairpin-like structure by introduction of a disulfide bridge between residues 24 and 44. These results provide a basis for a refined structural model of pediocin-like bacteriocins and highlight the unique role that tryptophan residues can play in membrane-interacting peptides.