褐稻虱生物型的监测和控制对策

广西等11个省、市、自治区的褐稻虱Nilaparvata lugens(Stal)生物型监测表明：我国目前除成都的褐稻虱属生物型1外,其他均以生物型2为优势种群。还发现云南思茅和广 西南宁的褐稻虱有部分个体可致害含抗性基因bph2的ASDT和IR36。并鉴定选出一些抗生物型2的品种可供目前推广使用。尚发现广西药用野稻绝大多数材料、普通野稻部分材料以及国际水稻抗褐稻虱圃中Ptb33及其衍生品种(系)具有广谱抗性。若用以培育具广谱抗性的新品种,则是控制褐稻虱新生物型产生和暴发为害的一个重要对策。     

水稻品种抗褐飞虱不同生物型的稳定性

采用Tai氏方法分析估测12个水稻品种抗褐飞虱不同生物型的稳定性,以期为选育抗虫稳定性好的水稻品种提供较为有效的分析和监测方法.结果表明：光照强度、苗龄、施氮量对不同水稻品种对褐飞虱不同生物型的抗性表现及抗性稳定性有明显影响.抗褐飞虱生物型Ⅱ的品种中,RHT、RP1976-18-6-4-2、Ptb33的抗性较稳定,IR56的抗性不稳定,IR36、ASD7的抗性极不稳定;感褐飞虱生物型Ⅱ的品种中,TN1的感虫性稳定,桂华占、佛山油占、IR26的感虫性较稳定,国粳4号、Mudgo的感虫性不稳定.抗褐飞虱孟加拉型的品种中,RP1976-18-6-4-2、RHT、Ptb33的抗性不稳定,IR56的抗性极不稳定;感褐飞虱孟加拉型的品种中,桂华占、佛山油占、IR26的感虫性稳定;TN1、IR36的感虫性不稳定;国粳4号、Mudgo、ASD7的感虫性极不稳定.     

稻褐飞虱生物型的研究

在浙江,如温州地区虽然大面积推广抗褐飞虱的杂交稻汕优6号已经5年,但是田间种群仍以生物型1占优势。 我们把田间褐飞虱罩在具有Bphl抗虫基因的品种 Mudgo 上连续饲养 11代,即可育成褐飞虱生物型2,既可以适应 Mudgo,也可适应具有 bph2基因的品种 ASD7和 IR36。在台湾省用同样方法育成的生物型 2也可以适应ASD7,因此我们的生物型 2与台湾省的生物型 2相类似;但是后者不适应 CR94-13(IR36的亲本),故两者又有所不同。菲律宾的生物型2对 ASD7和IR36均不能适应,故与我们的不同。 把田间褐飞虱在抗虫品种ASD7上连续饲养,结果很容易育成褐飞虱生物型3。甚至在 ASD7上所饲养的第1代5龄若虫即能为害具有bph2抗虫基因的品种 ASD7,甚至 IR36。这表明本地田间种群由生物型1能很快向生物型3转变。 由于褐飞虱在浙江基本上不能越冬,并根据本地自然种群的生物型鉴定结果,推测本省南部的虫源可能由台湾和福建迁入,而中部和北部虫源可能主要来自两广以至中印半岛。故本地自然种群可能混杂有生物型1、2甚至3的个体。     

水稻抗褐飞虱基因研究和利用现状

稻褐飞虱（Nilaparvata lugens Stal）是一种单食性水稻害虫,根据其对水稻品种的危害,可分为生物型1、2、3、4等类型。它对亚洲各国水稻生产造成极大危害。实践证明,利用抗虫品种是防治稻褐飞虱最经济有效的方法。本文综述了稻褐飞虱的生物学特征和分布、生物类型,着重介绍抗稻褐飞虱基因的研究和利用现状,并对今后开展抗稻褐飞虱基因研究提出几点建议。     

水稻抗褐飞虱基因研究和利用现状

稻褐飞虱(Nilaparvata lugens Stal)是一种单食性水稻害虫,根据其对水稻品种的危害,可分为生物型1、2、3、4等类型.它对亚洲各国水稻生产造成极大危害.实践证明,利用抗虫品种是防治稻褐飞虱最经济有效的方法.本文综述了稻褐飞虱的生物学特征和分布、生物类型,着重介绍抗稻褐飞虱基因的研究和利用现状,并对今后开展抗稻褐飞虱基因研究提出几点建议.     

抗褐飞虱水稻品种的培育及其抗性表现

褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens(Stl)是危害水稻的主要虫害之一,发掘和利用新的抗褐飞虱基因培育抗性品种是目前防治褐飞虱最经济有效的方法之一。抗褐飞虱基因来自药用野生稻的抗虫品种B5,对褐飞虱生物型1和2具有高度抗性,B5携带的抗性基因Bph14被定位在第3染色体上。本研究以B5-10为抗源,以优良杂交稻亲本扬稻6号为受体亲本,通过复交和回交,利用与Bph14紧密连锁的分子标记MRG2329在后代中进行分子标记辅助选择,通过苗期分子标记检测和成株期农艺性状选择,最后育成恢复系R476和杂交组合广两优476。采用苗期群体鉴定技术对R476和广两优476的褐飞虱抗性进行了鉴定,R476和广两优476的抗性水平分别为中抗和中感。广两优476在稻飞虱发生较重的稻田进行试种示范,与对照品种扬两优6号和两优培九相比,广两优476对稻飞虱表现出明显的抗性。研究结果表明在育种过程中利用分子标记辅助选择Bph14基因是培育抗褐飞虱水稻品种的有效途径之一。     

中国与越南褐飞虱和白背飞虱生物型研究

【目的】监测我国与越南褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens St?l和白背飞虱Sogatella furcifera Horvath生物型,为抗虫育种工作提供指导。【方法】应用群体集团检测法和蜜露量检测法研究了中国广西、云南、河南、湖南、重庆、贵州和越南河内、河静、顺化、胡志明市和九龙江田间褐飞虱和白背飞虱的致害特性和生物型组成结构。【结果】我国主要稻区(除云南思茅外)和越南中北部的田间褐飞虱以Ⅱ型的比例多,对含Bph1、bph2基因的鉴别品种表现为致害;云南思茅的田间褐飞虱以Ⅱ+Ⅱ型的比例多,对含Bph1、bph2和bph4基因的鉴别品种表现为致害或强致害;越南胡志明市、九龙江的田间褐飞虱以Ⅱ+Ⅱ型的比例多,对含Bph1、bph2、Bph3、bph4基因的鉴别品种主要表现为致害或强致害。我国白背飞虱以Ⅰ型比例较多;越南顺化和河内以Ⅱ型比例多;所有监测点白背飞虱的致害特性总体表现为对含Wph1、Wbph2基因的鉴别品种的致害能力较强,对Wbph3的致害能力表现不一,对含Wph5基因的鉴别品种表现为中等致害。【结论】抗虫育种选择抗源时,不要选含Bph1、bph2基因的水稻品种作为褐飞虱抗源,不要选含基因Wbph1或Wbph2的水稻品种作为白背飞虱抗源。     

虫害诱导抗性水稻挥发物增强邻近感性水稻品种对褐飞虱的直接和间接抗性

【目的】褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens是为害水稻的重要害虫。本研究旨在明确褐飞虱为害诱导的抗性水稻品种(IR64, ASD7和IR56)挥发物对感性品种TN1抗虫性的影响,为褐飞虱的绿色生态防控提供理论和技术指导。【方法】以水稻-褐飞虱-稻虱缨小蜂Anagrus nilaparvatae为研究对象,利用未被为害和经褐飞虱雌成虫为害(褐飞虱为害诱导)的水稻(IR64, ASD7, IR56和TN1)挥发物处理TN1植株,测定TN1植株上褐飞虱单雌产卵量和单雌蜜露分泌量、若虫存活率和卵孵化率;分别利用H型嗅觉仪和Y型嗅觉仪测定褐飞虱雌成虫和稻虱缨小蜂对上述不同处理TN1植株的选择性。【结果】褐飞虱为害诱导的抗性水稻挥发物处理TN1植株后均可降低褐飞虱单雌产卵量,而未被为害的抗性水稻挥发物处理后不影响褐飞虱单雌产卵量。健康TN1植株经褐飞虱为害诱导的IR64挥发物处理后可降低单雌蜜露分泌量,但对卵孵化率和若虫存活率无影响;同时还降低对褐飞虱的引诱作用,而增强对稻虱缨小蜂的引诱作用。且健康TN1植株经褐飞虱为害IR64和TN1诱导的挥发物处理后,其挥发物组分中仅2-庚酮的相对含量发...     

我国褐飞虱若干地理种群致害性的研究

褐飞虱致害性变异是水稻品种抗性利用的一个重要障碍,监测田间种群的致害性对水稻抗虫品种的培育和利用有重要意义。本文采用蜜露量法对采集自云南勐海、贵州遵义和旧州、广西南宁、湖南衡阳以及浙江富阳等6个褐飞虱田间种群对IR26(含Bph1)和IR42(含bph2)的致害性进行了研究,发现勐海种群对IR26、IR42均有较强的致害性,遵义、旧州、南宁和衡阳种群仅对IR26致害性较强,而对IR42相对较弱;富阳种群对IR26、IR42的致害能力均相对较弱。采用SSST法进一步比较了西南稻区云南勐海、贵州遵义和旧州褐飞虱种群对TN1、IR26、Mudgo、ASD7、IR36、IR42、IR56、Rathu Heenati、Ptb33和Babawee等10个水稻品种的致害性,结果表明:勐海种群的致害性最强,主要体现在对Rathu Heenati、IR56、Ptb33等含Bph3基因的致害性显著强于旧州种群和遵义种群;后两者间,除旧州种群对IR36致害性显著较强外,对其他品种的致害性均无显著差异。总体上,处于东南季风带之外、云南西南部的勐海褐飞虱种群致害性明显强于来源于东南季风带之内的5个褐飞虱种群,进一步为我国西南稻区西部与云贵高原东缘及以东地区分属不同的褐飞虱迁飞场提供了重要依据。     

抗性水稻品种对褐飞虱和白背飞虱种群参数的影响

在半自然状态下 ,用生命表方法初步比较了褐飞虱Nilaparvatalugens和白背飞虱Sogatellafurcif era在 4个抗褐飞虱水稻品种ASD7,IR3 6,JX89和Mudgo上的种群参数。初步的结果表明 ,白背飞虱在 4个抗褐飞虱水稻品种上具有较高的繁殖率 ,较短的发育时间和较大的种群增长。对褐飞虱各种群参数影响最大的是JX89,对白背飞虱影响最大的是Mudgo。与感性品种TN1比较 ,这些抗褐飞虱的水稻品种对 2种稻飞虱均具有不同程度的抗性。这些结果说明 ,抗褐飞虱水稻品种对白背飞虱同样具有一定的抗性 ,但白背飞虱对这种抗性具有较强的适应性 ,如果在一个地区长期推广抗褐飞虱的水稻品种 ,势必会导致白背飞虱的大发生     

THE VIRULENCE CHANGE AND DAMAGE CHARACTERISTICS OF VARIOUS GEOGRAPHIC POPULATIONS OF BROWN PLANTHOPPER*

Abstract The virulence change and damage characteristics of brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens Stal, populations collected from Guangxi, Yunnan and Zhejiang Provinces were studied by using various resistant rice varieties. The results indicated that the Zhejiang population could successfully infest varieties IR26 and Mudgo, showing the characters of BPH biotype 2 after 1989. The Guangxi population, however, could adapt the resistant varieties IR26, Mudgo and ASD7 after 1991. In 1997, the nymphal survival indices of Guangxi and Yunnan populations on Rathu Heenati (Bph3) were up to 70. 9 and 66. 7 respectively. This may imply that the BPH populations in Guangxi and Yunnan have shifted into a new biotype. In free-choice test, there was obvious difference in the feeding preference of nymphs and adults of Zhejiang population, the adult preferred to feeding on resistant variety IR26 and the nymphs chose the hosts randomly. Under 26 C and L12: D12, the nymphal duration of Zhejiang population was the longest in the three tested populations. For Guangxi population, the nymphal duration on ASD7 was significantly longer than on TN1, although it could infest resistant variety ASD7. The nymphal survival rate of Zhejiang population fed on IR26 was higher than those fed on TN1 and ASD7. On varieties IR26 and ASD7, an obviously higher nymphal survival rate was observed in Yunnan population as compared to those of Zhejiang and Guangxi populations. These results indicate that difference in virulence and damage characteristics could be found in different geographical populations of BPH.     

共生菌在褐飞虱致害性变化中的作用

研究了不同虫源和致害性褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens种群体内共生菌数量动态及其对褐飞虱在抗虫品种上的取食选择、生长发育、繁殖以及氨基酸转移酶活性的影响。结果表明,褐飞虱田间种群的致害性与其体内共生菌数量有关。广西南宁种群雌成虫体内的共生菌数量显著地高于浙江杭州和龙游两个虫源的雌成虫体内共生菌数量,而已纯化的3个不同致害性生物型体内的共生菌数量无显著差异。取食抗性品种能显著减少生物型Ⅰ雌成虫体内的共生菌数量。缺乏共生菌时,生物型Ⅰ、Ⅱ若虫对水稻品种TN1和ASD7的选择性增大,而对Mudgo的取食选择性下降。尽管缺共生菌的3个生物型在已适应的和不适应的感虫和抗虫品种上的若虫存活率和雌成虫产卵量均下降,若虫历期明显延长,但在已适应品种上的变化程度明显小于在不适应的抗虫品种上的变化程度。共生菌还明显影响成虫体内丙氨酸氨基转移酶和天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶的活性。这些结果证明体内共生菌的数量和质量在褐飞虱对水稻致害性的变化中发挥了重要作用。     

褐飞虱生物型研究进展:致害性变异的遗传机制

能够“克服”水稻抗性的褐飞虱生物型的出现 ,是目前水稻育种及害虫防治工作中面临的重大难题。为探明褐飞虱生物型的形成机制 ,许多学者致力于生物型致害性的遗传学研究 ,然而得出的结论却不尽一致。该文综述了有关褐飞虱生物型研究中争论较多的 3个方面 ,即生物型致害性的稳定性 ,致害性的遗传机制 ,以及生物型的形成机制 ,并介绍了最新的研究进展 ,展望了该领域的研究方向     

High-resolution mapping of a new brown planthopper (BPH) resistance gene, Bph18(t), and marker-assisted selection for BPH resistance in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Brown planthopper (BPH) is a destructive insect pest of rice in Asia. Identification and the incorporation of new BPH resistance genes into modern rice cultivars are important breeding strategies to control the damage caused by new biotypes of BPH. In this study, a major resistance gene, Bph18(t), has been identified in an introgression line (IR65482-7-216-1-2) that has inherited the gene from the wild species Oryza australiensis. Genetic analysis revealed the dominant nature of the Bph18(t) gene and identified it as non-allelic to another gene, Bph10 that was earlier introgressed from O. australiensis. After linkage analysis using MapMaker followed by single-locus ANOVA on quantitatively expressed resistance levels of the progenies from an F₂ mapping population identified with marker allele types, the Bph18(t) gene was initially located on the subterminal region of the long arm of chromosome 12 flanked by the SSR marker RM463 and the STS marker S15552. The corresponding physical region was identified in the Nipponbare genome pseudomolecule 3 through electronic chromosome landing (e-landing), in which 15 BAC clones covered 1.612 Mb. Eleven DNA markers tagging the BAC clones were used to construct a high-resolution genetic map of the target region. The Bph18(t) locus was further localized within a 0.843-Mb physical interval that includes three BAC clones between the markers R10289S and RM6869 by means of single-locus ANOVA of resistance levels of mapping population and marker-gene association analysis on 86 susceptible F₂ progenies based on six time-point phenotyping. Using gene annotation information of TIGR, a putative resistance gene was identified in the BAC clone OSJNBa0028L05 and the sequence information was used to generate STS marker 7312.T4A. The marker allele of 1,078 bp completely co-segregated with the BPH resistance phenotype. STS marker 7312.T4A was validated using BC₂F₂ progenies derived from two temperate japonica backgrounds. Some 97 resistant BC₂F₂ individuals out of 433 screened completely co-segregated with the resistance-specific marker allele (1,078 bp) in either homozygous or heterozygous state. This further confirmed a major gene-controlled resistance to the BPH biotype of Korea. Identification of Bph18(t) enlarges the BPH resistance gene pool to help develop improved rice cultivars, and the PCR marker (7312.T4A) for the Bph18(t) gene should be readily applicable for marker-assisted selection (MAS). K. K. Jena and J. U. Jeung contributed equally to this study.     

小粒野生稻导入系对稻飞虱的抗性鉴定与分析

稻飞虱是水稻生产最严重的害虫之一。野生稻拥有丰富的抗虫基因资源,导入系是鉴定和利用野生稻有利基因的有效途径。本研究通过对371份小粒野生稻导入系进行抗褐飞虱和白背飞虱接虫鉴定,分别筛选出了11份抗、72份中抗褐飞虱的材料和7份抗、45份中抗白背飞虱的材料,其中有5份材料兼抗褐飞虱和白背飞虱,这是从小粒野生稻中鉴定出抗白背飞虱材料的首次报道。通过对2份抗性导入系材料与感虫亲本杂交构建的F1和F2群体的抗虫鉴定和分析表明:K41对褐飞虱和白背飞虱的抗性受2对显性抗虫基因通过互补作用所控制;P114对褐飞虱和白背飞虱的抗性都是由1对主效的隐性基因控制。这些结果必将有利于小粒野生稻抗稻飞虱的基因定位和育种利用。     

Resistant Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase is a Mechanism of Herbicide Resistance in a Biotype of Avena sterilis ssp. ludoviciana

A biotype of Avena sterilis ssp. ludoviciana is highly resistantto a range of herbicides which inhibit a key enzyme in fattyacid synthesis, acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase). Possible mechanismsof herbicide resistance were investigated in this biotype. Acetyl-CoAcarboxylase from the resistant biotype is less sensitive toinhibition by herbicides to which resistance is expressed. I₅₀values for herbicide inhibition of ACCase were 52 to 6 timesgreater in the resistant biotype than in the susceptible biotype.This was the only major difference found between the resistantand susceptible biotypes. The amount of ACCase in the meristemsof the resistant and susceptible is similar during ontogenyand no difference was found in distribution of ACCase betweenthe two biotypes. Uptake, translocation and metabolism of [¹⁴C]diclofop-methylwere not different between the two biotypes. In vivo, ACCaseactivity in the meristems of the susceptible biotype was greatlyinhibited by herbicide application whereas only 25% inhibitionoccurred in the resistant biotype. Depolarisation of plasmamembrane potential by 50 µM diclofop acid was observedin both biotypes and neither biotype showed recovery of themembrane potential following removal of the herbicide. Hence,a modified form of ACCase appears to be the major determinantof resistance in this resistant wild oat biotype. (Received February 10, 1994; Accepted March 11, 1994)