凹唇壁蜂和紫壁蜂筑巢、访花行为和传粉生态学的比较研究

连续３年在苹果园内人工释放条件下对我国凹唇壁蜂ＯｓｍｉａｅｘｃａｖａｔａＡｌｆｋｅｎ和紫壁蜂Ｏ．ｊａｃｏｔｉＣｏｃｋｅｒｅｌ的筑巢、访花行为和传粉生态学的观察研究表明,两种壁蜂都能够在释放的果园区定居,并选择人工提供的巢管构筑巢室、采集蜂粮和产卵,繁殖后代。同时,对苹果花朵的采访专一性强,可以为果树提供有效的授粉服务,替代人工授粉。两种壁蜂尽管利用的食物资源基本一样,但是由于它们对巢管的选择、采粉时间、访花部位及其行为等方面存在着差异。凹唇壁蜂活动起点温度低、日工作时间长、访花速度快、定巢能力强,其传粉效果明显地比紫壁蜂好,是苹果园最有效的传粉昆虫。紫壁蜂的活动受气候条件的影响较大,更适合山区果园使用     

五种壁蜂的鉴别特征

壁蜂属 Osmia绝大多数属独栖蜂 ,并具有很强的访花习性。我国自 1 987年从日本引进角额壁蜂 Osmia cornifrons(Rad.)后 ,开始在苹果、梨、李、桃、杏及樱桃等多种北方落叶果树花期 ,利用壁蜂授粉 ,提高坐果率。我国北方春季果树花期常见的壁蜂种类有角额壁蜂 Osmia图　 5种壁蜂雌虫鉴别特征A～ D,唇基两侧的角状突 (侧面观 ) :A.角额壁蜂　 B.叉壁蜂　 C.叉壁蜂 (顶面观 )　 D.壮壁蜂 ;E～ I,唇基端缘特征 (前面观 ) :E.角额壁蜂　F.叉壁蜂　 G.壮壁蜂　 H.凹唇壁蜂　I.紫壁蜂cornifrons(Rad.)、凹唇壁蜂 O.excavataAlfken、紫壁蜂 …     

凹唇壁蜂为油菜授粉的行为特征及经济价值评估

【目的】凹唇壁蜂Osmia excavata Alfken是近年来被迅速应用的一种传粉昆虫。明确凹唇壁蜂对油菜的授粉行为、授粉效果,评估凹唇壁蜂对油菜的授粉功能量及经济服务价值,有利于加深社会对凹唇壁蜂的认知并促进其在油菜上的推广应用。【方法】在油菜田内,于油菜开花前,把油菜区域划定为凹唇壁蜂授粉区、隔离授粉区两个区域,实验过程中用摄像机记录凹唇壁蜂授粉行为和效果。采用蜜蜂依存度市场估价法,结合我国国情,评估2015年间油菜凹唇壁蜂授粉的经济价值,并探索凹唇壁蜂对油菜生产的重要性。【结果】60%以上的凹唇壁蜂在上午7:00到8:00出巢,下午4:30到5:30归巢,日出巢活动时间约9.58 h。凹唇壁蜂在每朵花上平均停留时间达10.89 s。凹唇壁蜂授粉区在单角果鲜重、结角果率、单角果籽粒数上比隔离授粉区分别提高2.74%、4.81%、11.48%。结合2015年数据,计算得出凹唇壁蜂对我国各省份油菜的授粉功能量超过373.3万吨,授粉服务总价值超过194.102亿元,从凹唇壁蜂授粉功能量和服务价值来看,凹唇壁蜂具有极大的生态价值、经济价值。【结论】凹唇壁蜂具有传粉优势,组织凹唇壁蜂在油菜花期进行辅助授粉,是提高油菜产量的一条重要途径,对提高油菜产生的经济效益具有积极的作用。凹唇壁蜂授粉是应该得到重视的生产投入,应当提高民众对凹唇壁蜂授粉价值的认知度。     

浙江南部近海主要虾类的时空生态位及种间联结性

根据2015年11月(秋季)、2016年2月(冬季)、5月(春季)、8月(夏季)在浙江南部近海的调查数据,运用生态位宽度、生态位重叠值、方差比率法、卡方检验、联结系数以及种对共同出现百分率对主要虾类间的关系进行研究.结果表明:1)在时间维度上,扁足异对虾的生态位宽度值最大;在空间维度上,中华管鞭虾的生态位宽度值最大;在时空二维上,扁足异对虾的生态位宽度值最大;2)在时间维度上,假长缝拟对虾和细巧仿对虾的生态位重叠值最高,拥有最大的时间生态位重叠值(>0.99);在空间维度上,凹管鞭虾、中国对虾、假长缝拟对虾和滑脊等腕虾的生态位重叠值最高(0.96);在时空二维上,中国对虾和凹管鞭虾的生态位重叠值最高;3)方差比率法分析表明,主要虾类总体呈显著正关联,其中有13个种对间的联结性达到显著水平(χ²≥3.841),联结系数(AC)和共同出现百分率(PC)表明种间联结性趋于正相关.本研究结果为探讨虾类的生态位分化、种间竞争及对环境的适应性研究提供了数据资料.     

信息素促进凹唇壁蜂访花提高苹果座果率和果实品质

【目的】凹唇壁蜂Osmia excavata Alfken是我国北方早春重要的果树传粉昆虫之一,但是其访花活动容易受到早春低温等不良天气的影响。为应对低温等不良天气,研究信息素(蜜蜂活动增强剂)对凹唇壁蜂活动规律、苹果树花朵座果率以及果实产量的影响具有重要意义。【方法】测定苹果树在释放信息素与不释放信息素的条件下,凹唇壁蜂的访花活动规律、花朵座果率及果实产量等数据。【结果】苹果对凹唇壁蜂授粉的依赖程度为0.95。释放信息素区域的凹唇壁蜂访花效率是对照的1.34倍,显著提高苹果的座果率,增加程度为12%;增加平均单果重3.53 g;显著提高0.15 mg/100 g的维生素C含量。【结论】在低温等不良环境条件下,可以通过释放信息素等人工管理措施,提高授粉昆虫对作物的访花效率,进而改善作物品质,提高作物产量,减少损失。     

陕西省壁蜂区系调查与利用研究：膜翅目：切叶蜂科

陕西当地存在3种壁蜂:叉壁蜂Osmia pedicornis Cockerell、凹唇壁蜂Osmiaexcavata Alfken、角额壁蜂Osmia cornifrons(Radoszkowski),其中凹唇壁蜂和角额壁蜂在陕西为首次发现。3种壁蜂于早春苹果、梨、桃、杏等果树开花前后出来活动,均有较强的访花授粉特性,野生自然条件下,多在土洞、石缝、房屋墙壁等处营巢,对人工制作的芦苇管巢和纸管巢营巢率也很高。     

巢管内径尺寸对凹唇壁蜂(膜翅目:切叶蜂科)种群参数的影响

【目的】凹唇壁蜂Osmia excavata Alfken是我国北方果园重要的授粉昆虫,为明确人类管理措施对凹唇壁蜂种群动态的影响,本文主要探索人工巢管(芦苇管)的内径尺寸与凹唇壁蜂基本种群参数的关联,从而为维持凹唇壁蜂种群以传粉为目的扩繁确定最合适的巢管尺寸。【方法】通过在苹果园放置不同内径大小的巢管,收集凹唇壁蜂种群,进一步比较了3种不同内径尺寸(6、8、10 mm)的巢管中凹唇壁蜂蜂重、茧长、性比、寄生率和死亡率的差异。最后,综合以上结果评价了巢管内径尺寸对凹唇壁蜂种群参数的影响。【结果】(1)凹唇壁蜂具有雌雄体型性二型现象,雌蜂茧重是雄蜂的1.67倍,雌蜂茧长是雄蜂的1.15倍。(2)一定范围内增加巢管的内径可以显著增加凹唇壁蜂后代的性比(雌蜂比例)、蜂重和茧长。(3)凹唇壁蜂亲本对后代的投资随着巢管内径的增加而增加。【结论】凹唇壁蜂可根据外界筑巢条件的变化调整其对子代的亲本投资和性别分配比例。直径较小的巢管中,对应亲本所产后代偏向个体较小的雄性;直径较大的巢管中,对应亲本所产后代偏向个体较大的雌性。可获得的孔穴的尺寸能够通过影响凹唇壁蜂后代种群的体型和性比,进而影响当地壁蜂种群的结构和稳定性。因此,在半驯养独居蜂的繁育过程中,可以通过人工控制巢管内径尺寸,以筑巢直径8-10mm为最适合范围,来调整后代的蜂重、茧长、性比等,进而优化对半驯养独居蜂的种群管理。     

凹唇壁蜂的营巢生物学研究

凹唇壁蜂Osmia excavata Alfken是我国早春果园重要的野生传粉昆虫,具有重要的农业价值.本研究分别在山东烟台、江西赣州和重庆沙坪坝地区利用人工放养滞育状态下的凹唇壁蜂成虫,并通过野外观察和室内解剖该蜂的筑巢巢管,系统研究了该蜂的筑巢习性、访花行为、日活动规律和生活史等营巢生物学及相关生物学特性.结果表明...     

凹唇壁蜂成蜂体重与取食对其飞行能力的影响

凹唇壁蜂Osmia excavata Alfken被广泛应用于我国北方果树的传粉, 而其飞行能力是影响其传粉效率的重要因素。本研究通过飞行磨吊飞试验, 评估了凹唇壁蜂雌蜂和雄蜂飞行能力的差异以及取食对其飞行能力的影响。结果表明, 凹唇壁蜂雌蜂体重（116.30 mg）显著大于雄蜂（59.80 mg） (P<0.001), 雌蜂的最大飞行速度（3.44 km/h）显著大于雄蜂（2.36 km/h）, 雄蜂的飞行距离和最大飞行速度与其飞行前体重成显著的正相关性, 雌蜂的飞行时间与其飞行前体重成显著正相关性, 而雌蜂的平均飞行速度与其体重成显著负相关性; 雌蜂的日平均飞行距离为0.23 km, 根据雌蜂以巢为中心, 采集花粉繁殖后代的生物学习性, 蜂巢之间的放置距离应少于100 m。取食蜂蜜后, 雌雄壁蜂的飞行距离、 飞行时间、 最大飞行速度均有提高的趋势, 建议在田间应用时, 可在蜂巢附近放置蜂蜜或种植其他蜜源植物给初羽化的凹唇壁蜂提供食物补充能量。本研究明确了雌、 雄壁蜂的飞行能力和出茧后补充食物对于壁蜂飞行的促进作用, 为有效地利用凹唇壁蜂进行传粉提供了理论依据。     

上海市绿化植物中四种常见刺蛾的生态位及其种间竞争

为明确上海城市绿化植物中常见刺蛾的种间关系,定量研究了黄刺蛾、桑褐刺蛾、丽绿刺蛾及褐边绿刺蛾在营养、时间、空间资源序列上的生态位指数。结果表明：褐边绿刺蛾比其它刺蛾能较广泛地利用寄主资源,生态位宽度指数为0.5447;黄刺蛾、桑褐刺蛾在时间序列上占有较大优势,生态位宽度指数分别为0.4304和0.4415;而黄刺蛾的茧则在空间资源利用中优于其它刺蛾,生态位宽度指数为0.5441。在种间,桑褐刺蛾与丽绿刺蛾利用营养资源较为接近,其生态位重叠指数(2.6647)、生态位相似比例(0.5199)和种间竞争系数(0.7015)均高于其它共存种类;黄刺蛾和桑褐刺蛾利用时间资源较相似,生态位相似比例和种间竞争系数分别为0.4846、0.5222;而桑褐刺蛾和褐边绿刺蛾则在空间资源利用中较为接近,其生态位重叠指数(2.7495)、生态位相似比例(0.9165)和种间竞争系数(0.9959)在共存种间均为最高。     

Interspecific relations in forest floor coleopteron assemblages: Niche overlap and guild structure

In six different environments of the Towada-Hachimantai National Park, the forest floor coleopterons were sampled by means of pitfall traps with five different baits. Their niche breadths and niche overlaps were assessed for the electivity of habitat, bait, and habitat × bait, and compared with those expected from neutral models constructed randomly. The niche breadths in the observed assemblages were smaller than those expected from the neutral model, while the niche overlaps were more widely distributed than those expected from the neutral model. Mean overlaps between species neighbors in niche space, cluster analyses, and ordinations of species revealed a guild for habitat, bait and habitat × bait. Lawlor's (1979) gamma matrices concerning the habitat electivity show that the rates of mutualism resulted from indirect interspecific competitions are significantly smaller in the guild than in the whole assemblage. This suggests that the interspecific competition among the guild members is mitigated or even converted into mutualism by joining of the species which do not belong to the guild. The rates of mutualism were also significantly larger in the resource state of two dimensions (habitat × bait) than in that of either one. Therefore, if niche overlaps are measured on the basis of resource state of multi-dimensions, the rates of mutualism may increase further.     

浙江披山海域主要虾蟹类时空生态位及种间联结性

根据2015年11月(秋季)、2016年2月(冬季)、5月(春季)、8月(夏季)在浙江披山附近海域进行的渔业资源调查数据,运用生态位测定、方差比率、χ²检验、Spearman检验和冗余分析等方法,研究了该海域主要虾蟹类的时空生态位特征和种间联结关系。该海域共鉴定出虾蟹类34种,隶属于14科20属,4个季节均出现的有10种,优势种为哈氏仿对虾、脊尾白虾和三疣梭子蟹。主要虾蟹类时间、空间和时空生态位宽度范围分别为0.03～1.34,2.07～3.63和0.08～4.64。生态位宽度聚类分析显示,在90%的相似性水平下,主要虾蟹类可分为窄、中、宽3个生态位宽度种组。此外,披山海域主要虾蟹类时空生态位重叠程度以低等级为主(68.9%的种对Q_ik值＜0.3),物种间对资源利用竞争不大。方差比率分析表明,主要虾蟹类总体以正联结性为主,其中11.1%的种对正联结关系显著。JI指数、OI指数和Spearman检验均显示,披山海域主要虾蟹类种间联结性在整体上趋于正相关。冗余分析表明,表温、底温和表盐是影响披山海域主要虾蟹类分布的主要环境因素。     

皇甫川流域天然草地恢复演替进程中优势种的生态位分析

采用Levins,Shannon-Wiener生态位宽度公式和Levins生态位特定重叠指数公式对皇甫川流域天然草地恢复演替不同阶段植物群落中优势种生态位宽度和生态位重叠进行了测定,并分析各种群生态位宽度和生态位重叠的生态学意义。结果表明:演替过程中每一群落类型的优势种具有最大的生态位宽度;生态位宽度在演替序列的动态变化与种群动态有较好的对应关系;生态位重叠越大,种群间的生态相似性越大,利用资源的相似性程度越高,种间竞争可能越激烈;竞争是促使流域内各植物群落向顶级群落演替的一种动力机制。     

MULTIDIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS OF RESOURCE UTILIZATION IN ASSEMBLAGES OF RANGELAND GRASSHOPPERS (ORTHOPTERA: ACRIDIDAE)

Abstract  A study was conducted in a typical steppe area in central Inner Mongolia to determine resource utilization in time, space, and food by grasshopper assemblages. Pattern of use for these resources was analyzed from three vegetation types by examining species-specific niche breadths, overlaps and partitions of resource utilization as well as population sizes. Popular niche indices and the principal components analysis (PCA) procedure were used to indicate the interrelations among grasshopper species. In the heterogeneous grassland environments resulting from livestock grazing, eleven grasshopper species were categorized respectively based on the 3-dimensional niche segregation and overlap degree. Population sizes were determined by the calorific values of their realized population biomass. Comparison in niche breadth displayed that species which had a broad niche along one dimension at least had a narrow niche along another one. There were sufficient differences between species for overall overlap associated with resource use to explain coexistence in the assemblages by resource segregation. Distinct rule of niche complementarity in overlap was not found. Evidence from this study implied that the species-specific use of resource may be due primarily to grasshopper adaptive differentiation and to coevolutionary interactions between grasshopper and plant rather than interspecific competition among grasshopper species.     

草原蝗虫种团资源利用的多维分析(直翅目:蝗科)(英文)

本文研究了内蒙古典型草原蝗虫在时间、空间和食物资源利用方面的特点。对于这些资源利用的格局是通过对存在于三种类型植被中蝗虫种的生态位宽度、资源利用的分化和重叠以及每种蝗虫的种群大小来分析的。常用的生态位指数和主成份分析技术用来阐明蝗虫种间的关系。在放牧形成的异质性草原环境中,11种蝗虫根据它们在三维生态位方面的分化和重叠程度被划分成数个种组。种群的大小是根据种群实际生物量所含热能值来确定的。生态位宽度比较说明,在某一维生态位宽的种,在另一维上必定变窄。生态位重叠的差异说明共存的蝗虫种在资源利用上的分化。生态位重叠的补偿规律在本项研究中并不明显。本项研究结果说明,蝗虫种资源利用的分化主要归因于蝗虫的适应性分化和蝗虫——植物协同进化的相互作用关系,而不是蝗虫种间竞争所造成的。     

Niche partitioning among three montane ground‐dwelling pheasant species along multiple ecological dimensions

Pheasants (order Galliformes) are typical ground‐dwelling birds, having a large body size and weak flight abilities. Sympatric pheasants are expected to share narrower niche space and face more extensive interspecific competition. However, little work has been undertaken simultaneously to investigate niche partitioning among sympatric pheasant species across multiple ecological dimensions. We compared microhabitat use, activity pattern and foraging strategy of sympatric Blood Pheasant Ithaginis cruentus, Buff‐throated Partridge Tetraophasis szechenyii and White Eared‐pheasant Crossoptilon crossoptilon on the Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau, China, to identify potential interspecific niche partitioning along different ecological dimensions in the breeding season. We found that the Buff‐throated Partridge differed significantly from the other two species in microhabitat use, and the three species showed different foraging strategies. It is likely that niche partitioning reduced potential interspecific competition, thus facilitating the species’ stable coexistence. Our study provides practical evidence of multidimensional niche theory within sympatric ground‐dwelling pheasant species, emphasizing that species interactions and coexistence within a guild are often not uni‐dimensional. Given global conservation concern for maintaining bird diversity, we recommend further restriction of yak grazing in these species’ habitat.     

南海北部近海头足类优势种及其生态位特征

为了解南海北部近海头足类优势种的种间关系,根据2014—2015年该海域4个季节底拖网渔业资源调查,应用相对重要性指数、生态位宽度和重叠指数从时空维度分析头足类优势种的生态位特征。结果表明: 该海域4个季节的头足类优势种共5种,分别为剑尖枪乌贼、中国枪乌贼、火枪乌贼、金乌贼和杜氏枪乌贼,前两种是4个季节的共同优势种。与历史数据相比,头足类优势种的种类组成已发生改变。头足类资源时空分布格局明显,海南岛南部至粤东海域资源密度高于北部湾,季节变化呈夏季高而冬季低特征。时空生态位分析表明,优势种的时间和空间生态位宽度没有一致位序,剑尖枪乌贼和中国枪乌贼分别占据最大的时间(1.32)和空间生态位宽度(3.90),而时间和空间生态位宽度最小的物种分别是金乌贼(0.98)和杜氏枪乌贼(2.04)。虽然时间生态位重叠在数值上显著高于空间生态位重叠,但二者均是在中国枪乌贼、剑尖枪乌贼、火枪乌贼等种对间有较高重叠,而杜氏枪乌贼与其余4个优势种的重叠较低。相关分析表明,在时空尺度上生态位宽度与丰度的变化均呈极显著负相关。生态位可反映物种资源量时空变化信息,丰富了传统渔业群落研究方法。     

木犀属新资料(Ⅱ)

运用经典分类方法,在对木犀属进行系统研究的基础上,归并了总状桂花Osmanthus racemosus X.H.Song,将其作为厚叶木犀O.marginatus(Champ.ex Benth.)Hemsl.var.pachyphyllus(H.T.Chang)R.L.Lu的一个新异名;将大果桂花O.macrocarpus P.Y.Bai转移到野桂花O.yunnanensis(Franchet)P.S.Green下作为其异名,从而给出了木犀属的两个新异名。     

Realised niche changes in a native herbivore assemblage associated with the presence of livestock

Habitat partitioning is a common ecological mechanism to avoid competition among coexisting species, and the introduction of new species into existing assemblages can increase competitive pressures. However, situations of species in allopatry and sympatry only differing in species presence but not in environmental conditions are scarce. Thus, discerning whether niche segregation arises from competition or from different habitat preferences is usually unfeasible. Here, we analyse species’ habitat niches in an assemblage of native and introduced herbivores in southern Patagonia. We test if niche overlap is higher between native and domestic herbivores than among natives as expected from the relatively short time of coexistence, and we evaluate the effect of intra‐ and interspecific competition on niche breadth. We use a probabilistic multidimensional approach and null models to evaluate overlap and changes in niche dimensions. Overlap among native species is low as expected for species coexisting in evolutionary time. In native‐domestic species pairs, niche overlap was higher than among natives, although showing some niche segregation indicating niche differentiation in ecological time. Moreover, the presence of domestic species was associated with niche narrowing of both native and introduced species, revealing interspecific density‐dependent effects on their habitat niche during resource shortage periods.     

Comparing macroecological patterns across continents: evolution of climatic niche breadth in varanid lizards

Macroecological analyses often test hypotheses at the global scale, or among more closely related species in a single region (e.g. continent). Here, we test several hypotheses about climatic niche widths among relatively closely related species that occur across multiple continents, and compare patterns within and across continents to see if they differ. We focus on the lizard genus Varanus (monitor lizards), which occurs in diverse environments in Africa, Asia, and Australia. We address three main questions. 1) How do climatic niche breadths of species on a given niche axis change based on the position of species along that niche axis? (E.g. are species that occur in more extreme environments more narrowly specialized for those conditions?) 2) Are there trade‐offs in niche breadths on temperature and precipitation axes among species, or are niche widths on different axes positively related? 3) Is variation in niche breadths among species explained primarily by within‐locality seasonal variation, or by differences in climatic conditions among localities across the species range? We generate a new time‐calibrated phylogeny for Varanus and test these hypotheses within and between continents using climatic data and phylogenetic methods. Our results show that patterns on each continent often parallel each other and global patterns. However, in many other cases, the strength of relationships can change dramatically among closely related species on different continents. Overall, we found that: 1) species in warmer environments have narrower temperature niche breadths, but there is no relationship between precipitation niche breadth and niche position; 2) temperature and precipitation niche breadths tend to be positively related among species, rather than showing trade‐offs; and 3) within‐locality seasonal variation explains most variation in climatic niche breadths. Some of these results are concordant with previous studies (in amphibians and North American lizards), and might represent general macroecological patterns.