凹唇壁蜂成蜂体重与取食对其飞行能力的影响

凹唇壁蜂Osmia excavata Alfken被广泛应用于我国北方果树的传粉， 而其飞行能力是影响其传粉效率的重要因素。本研究通过飞行磨吊飞试验， 评估了凹唇壁蜂雌蜂和雄蜂飞行能力的差异以及取食对其飞行能力的影响。结果表明， 凹唇壁蜂雌蜂体重（116.30 mg）显著大于雄蜂（59.80 mg） (P<0.001)， 雌蜂的最大飞行速度（3.44 km/h）显著大于雄蜂（2.36 km/h）， 雄蜂的飞行距离和最大飞行速度与其飞行前体重成显著的正相关性， 雌蜂的飞行时间与其飞行前体重成显著正相关性， 而雌蜂的平均飞行速度与其体重成显著负相关性； 雌蜂的日平均飞行距离为0.23 km， 根据雌蜂以巢为中心， 采集花粉繁殖后代的生物学习性， 蜂巢之间的放置距离应少于100 m。取食蜂蜜后， 雌雄壁蜂的飞行距离、 飞行时间、 最大飞行速度均有提高的趋势， 建议在田间应用时， 可在蜂巢附近放置蜂蜜或种植其他蜜源植物给初羽化的凹唇壁蜂提供食物补充能量。本研究明确了雌、 雄壁蜂的飞行能力和出茧后补充食物对于壁蜂飞行的促进作用， 为有效地利用凹唇壁蜂进行传粉提供了理论依据。

Effects of body weight and feeding on the flight capacity of adults of Osmia excavata (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

The osmia bees of Osmia excavata Alfken are extensively used for pollination of fruit trees. Flight capacity is one of the important determinants of their pollination efficiency. This study evaluated the effects of body weight and feeding behavior of adult O. excavata on their flight capacity using tethered flight test. The results showed that female bees were significantly heavier (116.30 mg per female) than males (59.80 mg per male), and their flight speed (3.44 km/h) was also significantly higher than males (2.36 km/h) (P<0.001). The flight distance and maximum flight speed of the male bees were positively correlated with their body weight. Female bees showed positive correlation between their body weight and flight duration, but their average flight speed was negatively correlated with body weight. The average flight distance of female adults of O. excavata was 0.23 km/h, and the bees were considered as central foragers because they returned to their nests several times in a day with pollen to nourish their brood cells. So, we recommend that the foraging distance of O. excavata in the field may be less than 100 m. O. excavata showed longer flight distance and flight duration, and also higher maximum flight speed if they fed on honey or pollen. Thus, we recommend that the bees used for pollination should be provided with food following emergence. The results elucidate the fly capacity of female and male adults of O. excavata, and the promotion of fly capacity by food supplement after cocoon break. This stduy provides a theorntical basis for exploiting pollination efficiency in the osmia bees.