中国南方灌丛凋落物现存量

凋落物是陆地生态系统的重要组成部分,在区域尺度上阐明其现存量的分布特征及其影响因子有助于理解陆地生态系统碳循环的机理。该研究采用分层随机抽样调查方法分析了中国南方灌丛生态系统凋落物现存量的空间分布格局及其影响因子。结果发现:该区域灌丛凋落物现存量的平均值为0.32 kg·m~(–2),是中国森林凋落物现存量(0.47 kg·m~(–2))的68%,是中国草地凋落物现存量(0.06 kg·m~(–2))的5倍;凋落物现存量呈现出明显的纬度格局,随着纬度的增加而升高;该区域的灌丛生态系统凋落物现存量的碳转换系数为0.41,显著低于植被活体转换系数0.50;凋落物现存量与年平均气温、土壤全磷含量和土壤pH值显著负相关,与年降水量、土壤碳、氮以及有机碳含量相关性不显著。研究表明:该区域灌丛凋落物现存量是中国陆地生态系统碳库不可忽视的组分;年平均气温是影响该区域内灌丛生态系统凋落物现存量的重要环境因子;采用常用的植被活体碳转换系数可能会高估凋落物现存量碳库的22%。     

中国森林生态系统凋落叶分解速率的分布特征及其控制因子

凋落物分解是森林生态系统碳循环的重要组成部分。建立中国森林凋落叶分解速率数据库, 分析凋落叶分解速率与其主要影响因素之间的关系, 对精确地预测中国森林生态系统碳收支具有重要意义。该研究通过收集已报道的中国森林凋落叶分解常数(k)及其相关变量, 分析探讨地理因素(纬度、经度和海拔)、气候因素(年平均气温和年降水量)、凋落叶质量(氮、磷、钾、木质素、木质素:氮和碳氮比)和叶特性(常绿与落叶、阔叶与针叶)对中国森林凋落叶分解速率的影响。结果表明, 在国家尺度上, k随年平均气温、年降水量、氮、磷和钾的增加而增加, 随纬度、经度、海拔、碳氮比、木质素和木质素:氮的增大而减小, 叶特性对k的影响不显著。气候与地理因素(年平均气温、年降水量和纬度)能解释k值变异的34.1%, 凋落叶质量(氮、钾、木质素和木质素:氮)能解释k值变异的21.7%, 它们能共同解释k值变异的74.4%。了解森林凋落叶分解速率在国家尺度上的格局和主控因素可为中国森林生态系统碳循环相关模型提供基础参数。     

Spatial characteristics in decomposition rate of foliar litter and controlling factors in Chinese forest ecosystems

凋落物分解是森林生态系统碳循环的重要组成部分。建立中国森林凋落叶分解速率数据库, 分析凋落叶分解速率与其主要影响因素之间的关系, 对精确地预测中国森林生态系统碳收支具有重要意义。该研究通过收集已报道的中国森林凋落叶分解常数(k)及其相关变量, 分析探讨地理因素(纬度、经度和海拔)、气候因素(年平均气温和年降水量)、凋落叶质量(氮、磷、钾、木质素、木质素:氮和碳氮比)和叶特性(常绿与落叶、阔叶与针叶)对中国森林凋落叶分解速率的影响。结果表明, 在国家尺度上, k随年平均气温、年降水量、氮、磷和钾的增加而增加, 随纬度、经度、海拔、碳氮比、木质素和木质素:氮的增大而减小, 叶特性对k的影响不显著。气候与地理因素(年平均气温、年降水量和纬度)能解释k值变异的34.1%, 凋落叶质量(氮、钾、木质素和木质素:氮)能解释k值变异的21.7%, 它们能共同解释k值变异的74.4%。了解森林凋落叶分解速率在国家尺度上的格局和主控因素可为中国森林生态系统碳循环相关模型提供基础参数。     

我国主要森林生态系统炭贮量和碳平衡

在广泛收集资料的基础上,估算了我国主要森林生态系统的碳贮量和碳平衡通量,分析了它们的区域特征。主要结果如下：１）我国森林生态系统的平均碳密度是２５８．８３ｔ．ｈｍ＾－２,基本趋势是随纬度的增加而增加;其中植被的平均碳密度是５７．０７ｔ．ｈｍ＾－２,随纬度的增加而减少;土壤碳密度约是植被碳密度的３．４倍,其区域特点与植被碳密度呈相反趋势,随纬度升高而增加;凋落物层平均碳密度是８．２１ｔ．ｈｍ＾－２,     

杉木、火力楠纯林及其混交林生态系统C、N贮量

研究比较第2代连载杉木纯林、杉木与火力楠混交林以及火力楠纯林3种人工林生态系统的C、N贮量。结果表明,杉木与火力楠混交林生态系统C贮量要高于杉木纯林和火力楠纯林,而生态系统N贮量是火力楠纯林和杉木与火力楠混交林高于杉木纯林;生态系统C和N贮量的空间分布基本一致,土壤层占主要部分,其次为乔木层,再次是根系,林下植被层和凋落层所占比例最小;相关分析表明,土壤C、N贮量分别和林下植被生物量以及与森林凋落物现存量之间都具有良好的线性关系,说明林下植被和森林凋落物对土壤C、N贮量有着深刻的影响。     

土地利用变化对陆地生态系统碳贮量的影响

陆地生态系统是重要的碳库之一,在碳素生物地球化学循环中起着重要作用．本文就森林、农田生态系统,综述了土地利用变化对陆地生态系统碳贮量的影响及其可能的作用机制．土地利用变化显著地影响陆地生态系统的结构和功能,造成系统碳贮量的变化,这很大程度取决于生态系统类型和土地利用方式的改变．森林砍伐后变为农田和草地,使生态系统中植被和土壤碳贮量大大降低．土壤碳含量的降低主要是由于凋落物输入的减少,有机质分解速度的提高,以及耕种措施对有机质物理保护的破坏造成的．土壤碳损失主要发生在森林砍伐后较短的时期内,而其降低速率取决于诸多因素以及土壤理化和生物过程．农田和草地弃耕恢复为森林,以及农田保护性管理措施的利用．能够使大气中的碳在植被和土壤中得到汇集．森林恢复过程中植被可以大量汇集大气中的碳,而由于农田耕种历史不同以及土壤空间异质性。导致土壤碳汇集速率差异极大．保护性农田管理措施(诸如免耕、合理的种植制度、化肥的施用等)可以影响土壤理化特性、作物根系生长以及残茬数量和质量、土壤微生物数量和活性,维持和提高土壤碳含量水平．     

我国主要森林生态系统碳贮量和碳平衡

在广泛收集资料的基础上,估算了我国主要森林生态系统的碳贮量和碳平衡通量,分析了它们的区域特征。主要结果如下：1)我国森林生态系统的平均碳密度是258.83t·hm^-2,基本趋势是随纬度的增加而增加;其中植被的平均碳密度是57.07t·hm^-2,随纬度的增加而减小;土壤碳密度约是植被碳密度的3．4倍,其区域特点与植被碳密度呈相反趋势,随纬度升高而增加;凋落物层平均碳密度是8.21t·hm^-2,随水热因子的改善而减小。2)森林生态系统有机碳库包括植被、土壤和凋落物层3个部分,采用林业部调查规划设计院1989～1993年最新统计的我国森林资源清查资料,估算我国主要森林生态系统碳贮量为281.16×10⁸t,其中植被碳库、土壤碳库、凋落物层碳库分别为62.00×10⁸t、210.23×10⁸t、8.92×10⁸t。落叶阔叶林、暖性针叶林、常绿落叶阔叶林、云冷杉(Picea-Abies)林、落叶松(Larix)林占森林总碳贮量的87％,是我国森林主要的碳库。3)我国森林生态系统在与大气的气体交换中表现为碳汇,年通量为4.80×10⁸t·a^-1,基本规律是从热带向寒带,碳汇功能下降,这取决于系统碳收支的各个通量之间的动态平衡;阔叶林的固碳能力大于针叶林。我国森林生态系统可以吸收生物物质、化石燃料燃烧和人口呼吸释放总碳量(9.87×10⁸t·a^-1)的48.7％。     

中亚热带四种森林凋落物及碳氮贮量比较

在湖南省长沙县大山冲省级森林公园内,选择立地条件基本一致的4种森林类型为研究对象,于2011年12月(凋落物高峰期)对森林凋落物现存量及其碳、氮贮量进行调查.结果表明:4种森林凋落物现存量大小依次为青冈-石栎林(12.04±3.60)t·hm-2＞马尾松-石栎林(11.65±2.15) t·hm-2＞南酸枣林(9.12±2.30)t·hm-2＞杉木林(8.92±1.80)t·hm-2;凋落叶在凋落物未分解层中所占比例最高,凋落果在4种林分中比例最小(＜5％),凋落物各分解亚层现存量规律性不明显;4种森林凋落物C含量的变化范围为177.90 ～ 581.34 g·kg-1,N含量的变化范围为5.18～15.48 g· kg-1,C含量变化随凋落物分解程度的加深而下降,且变化极显著( P＜0.0001);凋落物半分解层和已分解层现存量在总凋落物现存量中所占比例与C/N呈负相关;4种森林凋落物C贮量为3.37 ～ 5.69t·hm-2,N贮量为81.52 ～152.18 kg·hm-2;马尾松-石栎针阔叶混交林由于凋落物分解较慢,凋落物现存量较大,林下凋落物层C、N贮量最高.     

扩鞭繁殖毛竹林碳氮贮量的动态变化特征

为探讨不同成林时间扩鞭繁殖毛竹林的碳、氮贮量变化特征,以撂荒地和14年生杉木林为对照,对不同成林时间扩鞭繁殖毛竹林的碳、氮变化动态进行了研究。结果表明,林地的碳、氮贮量均显著高于撂荒地;而14年生杉木林转化为毛竹林后,碳贮量短暂下降后快速上升,成林10年毛竹林的碳贮量达到最大,其后随着“林龄”的增长呈下降的趋势。成林时间超过10年的毛竹林的氮贮量显著高于14年生的杉木林,而成林5年毛竹林的氮贮量低于杉木林。几种类型林分系统的碳、氮贮量均为土壤层>乔木层>凋落物层>林下植被层,且乔木层碳、氮贮量比例越大,土壤层碳氮贮量比例越低。毛竹林凋落物碳、氮贮量高于撂荒地,低于杉木林;但毛竹林凋落物层碳氮贮量随着成林时间的延长而降低,毛竹林较低的凋落物碳氮贮量可能会影响毛竹林的持续固碳能力。因此,平衡乔木层和土壤层的碳氮贮量是森林实现科学经营的关键。     

西藏草地生态系统植被碳贮量及其空间分布格局

在广泛收集资料的基础上,利用平均碳密度方法,估算了西藏高原草地生态系统17类草地植被的碳贮量,并分析了其空间分布格局.结果表明:(1)17类草地植被总面积为8205.194×104hm2,总碳贮量为189.367 Tg (1TgC＝1012g),平均碳密度为2307.895 kgC/hm2,不同植被类型差异较大,在395.977～20471.161kgC/hm2之间波动;(2)从草地类型分布看,高寒草原和高寒草甸是西藏分布面积最大的2类草地,分布面积占西藏草地总面积的70.210%,又是西藏草地碳贮量的主要贮库,碳贮量占西藏草地总碳贮量的79.393%;(3)在空间分布格局上,随着自藏东南向西北的延伸,草地植被总碳密度逐次降低,这一水平分布格局与西藏独特的水热分布相一致;碳密度的垂直分布规律因地区而异,但各地区均以高寒草甸或高寒荒漠的低碳密度为终点,表现出"殊途同归"的特征.     

海南岛森林生态系统碳储量及其空间分布特征

利用最新的森林资源二类调查分布数据和野外样地调查资料,采用InVEST模型和空间统计分析等方法,研究了海南岛森林生态系统碳储量及其空间分布特征。结果表明：海南岛森林生态系统总碳储量为338.15 TgC,其中地上生物、地下生物、凋落物和土壤的碳储量分别为85.12、18.73、2.90 TgC和231.40 TgC,所占比重依次为25.17%、5.54%、0.86%和68.43%。海南岛森林生态系统平均碳密度为147.66 MgC/hm²,其中地上生物、地下生物、凋落物和土壤碳密度分别为37.17、8.18、1.27 MgC/hm²和101.04 MgC/hm²。不同市县森林生态系统碳储量分布在8.55—35.40 TgC的范围内,最高的是琼中县。不同植被类型中,橡胶林的碳储量最高,占全岛森林生态系统总碳储量的27.72%;热带山地雨林的碳密度最高,达到249.64 MgC/hm²。在海拔梯度上,森林生态系统碳密度呈现先增加后减少的变化特征,在海拔600—1300 m范围内的碳密度最高,碳密度为20...     

Storage of carbon,nitrogen and phosphorus in temperate shrubland ecosystems across Northern China

Aims Studying storage of carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in ecosystems is of significance in understanding carbon and nutrient cycling. Previous researches in ecosystem C, N and P storage have biased towards forests and grasslands. Shrubland ecosystems encompass a wide gradient in precipitation and soil conditions, providing a unique opportunity to explore the patterns of ecosystem C, N and P storage in relation to climate and soil properties.
Methods We estimated densities and storage of organic C, N and P of shrubland ecosystems in Northern China based on data from 433 shrubland sites.
Important findings The main results are summarized as follows: the average organic C, N and P densities in temperate shrubland ecosystems across Northern China were 69.8 Mg·hm^-2, 7.3 Mg·hm^-2 and 4.2 Mg·hm^-2, respectively. The average plant C, N and P densities were 5.1 Mg·hm^-2, 11.5 × 10^-2 Mg·hm^-2 and 8.6 × 10^-3 Mg·hm^-2, respectively, and were significantly correlated with precipitation and soil nutrient concentrations. The average litter C, N and P densities were 1.4 Mg·hm^-2, 3.8 ×10^-2 Mg·hm^-2, 2.5 ×10^-3 Mg·hm^-2 and were significantly correlated with temperature and precipitation. The average soil organic C, N and P densities in the top 1 m were 64.0 Mg·hm^-2, 7.1 Mg·hm^-2 and 4.2 Mg·hm^-2, respectively and the former two were significantly correlated with temperature and precipitation. The total organic C, N and P storage of shrublands in Northern China were 1.7 Pg, 164.9 Tg and 124.8 Tg, respectively. The plant C, N and P storage were 128.4 Tg, 3.1 Tg and 0.2 Tg, respectively. The litter C, N and P storage were 8.4 Tg, 0.45 Tg, 0.027 Tg, respectively. Soil is the largest C, N and P pool in the studied area. The soil organic C, N and P storage in the top 1 meter were 1.6 Pg, 161.3 Tg and 124.6 Tg, respectively.     

中国主要灌丛植被碳储量

在广泛收集资料的基础上,利用植被平均碳密度方法,估算了我国6种主要灌丛植被的碳储量,并分析了其区域分布特征。主要结果如下:1) 6种灌丛植被总面积为15 462.64 ×10⁴ hm²,总碳储量为1.68±0.12 Pg C (1 Pg=10¹⁵g),灌丛植被平均碳密度为10.88±0.77 Mg C·hm^-2(1 Mg=10⁶ g),不同植被类型差异较大,在5.92~17 Mg C·hm^-2之间波动。2)从区域分布来看,西南3省(云南、贵州、四川)既是我国灌丛主要的分布地区之一,分布面积占6种灌丛总面积的23.5%,又是我国灌丛碳储量的主要储库,碳储量占整个6种灌丛碳储量的1/3(32.6%),适宜的水热条件决定了该地区的植被平均碳密度要高于全国平均水平。3) 与我国森林和草地的植被碳储量相比,这些灌丛碳储量相当于我国森林和草地碳储量的27%~40%和36%~55%。     

吉林省森林生态系统的碳储量、碳密度及其分布

利用森林资源二类调查汇总数据和标准地实测数据,研究吉林省森林生态系统的碳密度、碳储量及其组分和分布特征.结果表明:吉林省森林生态系统碳储量为1827.293TgC,其中乔木层、灌草层、枯落物层和土壤层的碳储量分别为439.152、5.195、45.600和1330.466TgC,分别占总碳量的24.1%、0.3%、2.5%和73.1%.吉林省森林生态系统碳密度为225.304MgC.hm-2,各层碳密度的大小顺序为土壤层(164.666MgC.hm-2)>乔木层(54.352MgC.hm-2)>枯落物层(5.644MgC.hm-2)>灌草层(0.643MgC.hm-2).不同类型森林生态系统碳储量在9.357～959.716TgC,碳密度在180.648～254.627MgC.hm-2之间,各林型分配特征表现为土壤层最大、灌草层最小.全省森林生态系统碳储量和碳密度的空间分布总体上为东部山区高、中西部平原地区低.吉林省森林中中龄林分比重大,若对现有森林加以更好的管理,可以增加其碳吸存潜力.     

Carbon storage of the forests and its spatial pattern in Nei Mongol,China

Aims
Forest carbon storage in Nei Mongol plays a significant role in national terrestrial carbon budget due to its large area in China. Our objectives were to estimate the carbon storage in the forest ecosystems in Nei Mongol and to quantify its spatial pattern.
Methods
Field survey and sampling were conducted at 137 sites that distributed evenly across the forest types in the study region. At each site, the ecosystem carbon density was estimated thorough sampling and measuring different pools of soil (0-100 cm) and vegetation, including biomass of tree, grass, shrub, and litter. Regional carbon storage was calculated with the estimated carbon density for each forest type.
Important findings
Carbon storage of vegetation layer in forests in Nei Mongol was 787.8 Tg C, with the biomass of tree, litter, herbaceous and shrub accounting for 93.5%, 3.0%, 2.7% and 0.8%, respectively. Carbon density of vegetation layer was 40.4 t·hm^-2, with 35.6 t·hm^-2 in trees, 2.9 t·hm^-2 in litter, 1.2 t·hm^-2 in herbaceous and 0.6 t·hm^-2 in shrubs. In comparison, carbon storage of soil layer in forests in Nei Mongol was 2449.6 Tg C, with 79.8% distributed in the first 30 cm. Carbon density of soil layer was 144.4 t·hm^-2. Carbon storage of forest ecosystem in Nei Mongol was 3237.4 Tg C, with vegetation and soil accounting for 24.3% and 75.7%, respectively. Carbon density of forest ecosystems in Nei Mongol was 184.5 t·hm^-2. Carbon density of soil layer was positively correlated with that of vegetation layer. Spatially, both carbon storage and carbon density were higher in the eastern area, where the climate is more humid. Forest reserves and artificial afforestations can significantly improve the capacity of regional carbon sink.     

内蒙古森林生态系统碳储量及其空间分布

内蒙古森林面积居全国第一位, 林木蓄积量居第五位, 准确地估算该区域森林碳储量对于评估中国森林碳储量以及制定森林资源管理措施均具有重要意义。该研究基于内蒙古森林资源野外样方调查和室内分析, 评估了内蒙古森林生态系统的固碳现状, 估算了内蒙古森林生态系统不同林型和不同碳库(乔木、灌木、草本、凋落物和土壤碳库)的碳密度大小, 揭示了其空间分布特征。在此基础上估算了内蒙古森林碳储量大小及空间格局。结果表明: 1)内蒙古森林植被层碳储量为787.8 Tg C, 乔木层、凋落物层、草本层和灌木层分别占植被层总碳储量的93.5%、3.0%、2.7%和0.8%。内蒙古森林植被层平均碳密度为40.4 t·hm^-2, 其中, 乔木层、凋落物层、草本层和灌木层的碳密度分别为35.6 t·hm^-2、2.9 t·hm^-2、1.2 t·hm^-2和0.6 t·hm^-2。2)内蒙古森林土壤层(0-100 cm)碳储量为2449.6 Tg C, 其中0-30 cm的土壤碳储量最高, 占总碳储量的79.8%。0-10 cm、10-20 cm和20-30 cm的土壤碳储量分别占0-30 cm土壤碳储量的38.8%、34.1%和27.1%。内蒙古森林土壤平均碳密度为144.4 t·hm^-2。黑桦(Betula davurica)林土壤碳密度最高, 云杉(Picea asperata)林最小。土壤碳密度随土壤深度的增加而降低。3)内蒙古森林生态系统碳储量为3237.4 Tg C, 植被层和土壤层碳储量分别占森林生态系统碳储量的24.3%和75.7%。落叶松(Larix gmelinii)林总碳储量最高, 其次为白桦(Betula platyphylla)林、夏栎(Quercus robur)林、黑桦林、榆树(Ulmus pumila)疏林和山杨(Populus davidiana)林。内蒙古森林生态系统平均碳密度为184.5 t·hm^-2。土壤碳密度与植被碳密度呈显著正相关关系。4)内蒙古森林生态系统碳储量和碳密度的空间分布总体上为东部地区高、西部地区低的趋势。在降水量充沛的东部地区和降水偏少的中西部地区, 有针对性地开展森林保护区建设和人工造林, 可显著提升区域的碳汇能力。     

中国草地植被生物量及其空间分布格局

 草地生态系统是陆地生态系统分布最广的生态系统类型之一,它在全球变化中的作用越来越受到重视。利用中国草地资源清查资料,并结合同期的遥感影像,建立了基于最新修正的归一化植被指数(NDVI)的我国草地植被生物量估测模型,并利用该模型研究了我国草地植被生物量及其空间分布特征。结果表明：草地植被地上生物量与当年最大NDVI值具有很好的相关关系,两者可以用幂函数很好地拟合(R2=0.71, p<0.001)。我国草地植被总地上生物量为146.16 TgC(1 Tg=1012 g),主要集中在北方干旱、半干旱地区和青藏高原;总地下生物量为898.60 TgC,是地上生物量的6.15倍;而总生物量是1 044.76 TgC,占世界草地植被的2.1%～3.7%,其平均密度约等于315.24 gC·m-2,低于世界平均水平。我国草地植被单位面积地上生物量水平分布趋势为：东南地区高,西北地区低,与水热条件的分布趋势一致;从垂直分布看,在海拔1 350 m和3 750 m处分别出现了波谷和波峰,与我国特有的三级阶梯地势有着密切的关系。此外,我国草地植被生物量为森林的1/4左右,显著大于世界平均水平,说明我国草地在碳平衡中的贡献相对较大。     

Latitudinal patterns of magnitude and interannual variability in net ecosystem exchange regulated by biological and environmental variables

Over the last two and half decades, strong evidence showed that the terrestrial ecosystems are acting as a net sink for atmospheric carbon. However the spatial and temporal patterns of variation in the sink are not well known. In this study, we examined latitudinal patterns of interannual variability (IAV) in net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of CO₂ based on 163 site-years of eddy covariance data, from 39 northern-hemisphere research sites located at latitudes ranging from ∼29°N to ∼64°N. We computed the standard deviation of annual NEE integrals at individual sites to represent absolute interannual variability (AIAV), and the corresponding coefficient of variation as a measure of relative interannual variability (RIAV). Our results showed decreased trends of annual NEE with increasing latitude for both deciduous broadleaf forests and evergreen needleleaf forests. Gross primary production (GPP) explained a significant proportion of the spatial variation of NEE across evergreen needleleaf forests, whereas, across deciduous broadleaf forests, it is ecosystem respiration (Re). In addition, AIAV in GPP and Re increased significantly with latitude in deciduous broadleaf forests, but AIAV in GPP decreased significantly with latitude in evergreen needleleaf forests. Furthermore, RIAV in NEE, GPP, and Re appeared to increase significantly with latitude in deciduous broadleaf forests, but not in evergreen needleleaf forests. Correlation analyses showed air temperature was the primary environmental factor that determined RIAV of NEE in deciduous broadleaf forest across the North American sites, and none of the chosen climatic factors could explain RIAV of NEE in evergreen needleleaf forests. Mean annual NEE significantly increased with latitude in grasslands. Precipitation was dominant environmental factor for the spatial variation of magnitude and IAV in GPP and Re in grasslands.     

典型亚热带森林生态系统碳密度及储量空间变异特征

以浙江省森林生态系统为研究对象,基于GIS网格布点,采集了838个森林样地样本(土壤、枯落物等),结合浙江省森林资源监测中心相关数据,利用地统计学和Moran's I相结合的方法系统研究了浙江省森林生态系统碳密度及碳储量空间变异特征。结果表明:浙江省森林生态系统平均碳密度为145.22 t/hm~2,其中森林植被、土壤、枯落物和枯死木层碳密度分别为27.34、108.89、1.79、1.38 t/hm~2。克里格空间插值和局部Moran's I指数结果表明碳密度空间分布规律呈现从西南向东北方向逐渐递减的趋势,与浙江省地形、地势较为一致,受海拔、树龄、森林类型、台风气候等自然因素和人类活动共同影响。浙江省森林生态系统碳储量为877.19 Tg C,森林植被、土壤、枯落物和枯死木层碳储量分别为203.88、656.20、10.84、6.27 Tg C,分别占总碳储量的23%、75%、1.3%、0.7%。在浙江省森林生态系统碳储量空间分布格局中,土壤层是森林生态系统中最大的碳库,约是森林植被层的3.22倍,是整个浙江省森林生态系统碳储量最主要的贡献者。浙江省森林资源丰富,大多数森林仍处于中幼龄林阶段,碳密度水平较低,但是中幼龄林生长速度较快,加强对全省中幼龄林的健康管理,是未来整体提升浙江省森林生态系统固碳潜力的关键。     

Spatial patterns and climate drivers of carbon fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems of China

Understanding the dynamics and underlying mechanism of carbon exchange between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere is one of the key issues in global change research. In this study, we quantified the carbon fluxes in different terrestrial ecosystems in China, and analyzed their spatial variation and environmental drivers based on the long‐term observation data of ChinaFLUX sites and the published data from other flux sites in China. The results indicate that gross ecosystem productivity (GEP), ecosystem respiration (ER), and net ecosystem productivity (NEP) of terrestrial ecosystems in China showed a significantly latitudinal pattern, declining linearly with the increase of latitude. However, GEP, ER, and NEP did not present a clear longitudinal pattern. The carbon sink functional areas of terrestrial ecosystems in China were mainly located in the subtropical and temperate forests, coastal wetlands in eastern China, the temperate meadow steppe in the northeast China, and the alpine meadow in eastern edge of Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau. The forest ecosystems had stronger carbon sink than grassland ecosystems. The spatial patterns of GEP and ER in China were mainly determined by mean annual precipitation (MAP) and mean annual temperature (MAT), whereas the spatial variation in NEP was largely explained by MAT. The combined effects of MAT and MAP explained 79%, 62%, and 66% of the spatial variations in GEP, ER, and NEP, respectively. The GEP, ER, and NEP in different ecosystems in China exhibited ‘positive coupling correlation’ in their spatial patterns. Both ER and NEP were significantly correlated with GEP, with 68% of the per‐unit GEP contributed to ER and 29% to NEP. MAT and MAP affected the spatial patterns of ER and NEP mainly by their direct effects on the spatial pattern of GEP.