植物细胞核的凹入和核液泡的形成

核质互作在细胞核中形成膜囊结构首先是在动物细胞中揭示的［１］。对植物细胞超微结构的研究亦发现有类似现象的存在［２—４］。在植物细胞核中形成的膜泡认为有两种形式：一是核被膜向核基质深度凹入,形成细胞质深入细胞核的状态,称之为“假包被（ｐｓｅｕｄｏ－ｉｎｃｌｕｓｉｏｎ）”［２,５］;另一种形式是细胞核内膜或内外双层核膜向核基质深度凹入,并最终脱离核被膜,在核基质中形成囊泡结构,称之为“核液泡（ｎｕｃｌｅａｒｖａｃｕｏｌｅ）”［３,４,６,７］。对细胞核质间通过核被膜在结构上的特殊作用形式缺少像对通过…     

西洋参胚性细胞和胚状体细胞中的核内含体与细胞质内含体

１９２１年,Ｍｏｌｉｓｈ首先在光镜下发现植物叶片细胞核中有一种晶体状的内含物（见Ｗｅｉｎｔｒａｕｂ等［１］）。后来人们陆续在某些动、植物的细胞核中观察到了这种结构［２—４］,并称之为核内含体（ｉｎｔｒａｎｕｃｌｅａｒｉｎｃｌｕｓｉｏｎｓ）。Ｂｉｇａｚｚｉ［３］曾在４５种桔梗科植物的细胞中看到了核内含体。但在离体培养的植物细胞中发现内含体的报道很少,至今仅在榛子组织培养分生细胞中看到了类似的结构［５］。我们在对西洋参体细胞胚胎发生进行超微结构研究的过程中发现,在胚性愈伤组织和胚状体细胞的核和细胞质…     

植物青枯病菌细菌素的产生,性质及其利用

细菌素（Ｂａｃｔｅｒｉｏｃｉｎ）是细菌代谢过程中合成的、对同种或近缘种有特异性抑制作用的杀菌蛋白或多肽物质［１］。大多数植物病原细菌如放射农杆菌（Ａｇｒｏｂａｃｔｅｒｉｕｍ ｒａｄｉｏｂａｃｔｅｒ）、密执安棒形杆菌（Ｃｌａｖｉｂａｃｔｅｒ ｍｉｃｈｉｇａｎｅｓｔｓ）、软腐欧文氏菌（Ｅｒｗｉｎｉａｃａｒｏｔｏｖｏｒａ、 Ｅ． ｃｈｒｙｓａｎｔｈｅｍｉ）、丁香假单胞菌（Ｐｓｅｕｄｏｍｏｎａｓｓｙｒｉｎｇａｅ）、甘蓝黑腐黄单胞菌（Ｘａｎｔｈｏｍｏｎａｓ ｃａｍｐｅｓｔｒｉｓ）等都具有产生细菌素的能力［２］…     

由小-簇麦杂种悬浮细胞和原生质体再生植株

１９８８年以来,小麦原生质体培养取得了重要进展［１—７］,但成功还仅限于少数基因型,因此,为了建立和不断完善小麦及其他禾谷类植物原生质体培养的技术体系,还有待在更多的基因型中进行探索。在小麦远缘杂种系统中,１９９０年王铁邦等［８］培养小－偃麦原生质体获得成功。本文报道由普通小麦－簇毛麦杂种悬浮细胞和原生质体再生植株的结果。材料和方法起始材料取自本实验室继代保存近２年的小－簇麦杂种（２ｎ＝４ｘ＝２８）愈伤组织。该愈伤组织是由小麦（ＴｒｉｔｉｃｕｍａｅｓｔｉｖｕｍＬ．,品种：“农大１４６”）×簇毛麦…     

植物耐热性及热激信号转导机制研究进展

随着温室效应的加剧,全球气候变暖已经成为现代农业生产体系所面临的严峻挑战．高温灾害性气候是影响作物产量的一种主要的非生物胁迫．因此,对于农作物生产而言,研究植物耐热信号转导机制不仅有重要的科学意义,而且有现实的紧迫性．最近几年,在阐明植物耐热信号转导机制的研究方面取得了很多重要的进展,这些进展涵盖植物高温胁迫的感受机制、热激转录因子和热激蛋白的表达调控、热激转录因子结合蛋白参与耐热性调控的分子机制等几个主要的方面．热胁迫影响细胞膜系统、RNA、蛋白质的稳定性,同时改变酶的活性和细胞骨架系统．当热胁迫来临时,植物的转录组会发生显著变化,所涉及的基因大约占基因组的2％．这些高温胁迫响应基因构成了热激响应网络,是植物抵御热胁迫的第一道防线．植物的耐热性分为基础耐热性和获得性耐热性．基础耐热性是植物固有的耐热性．获得性耐热性是温和的热驯化诱导的耐热性．获得性耐热性状的形成反映了植物在自然生长环境下适应高温胁迫的生理机制．     

三褶脉紫菀中的新二萜甙

三褶脉紫菀（ＡｓｔｅｒａｇｅｒａｔｏｉｄｅｓＴｕｒｃｚ．）系菊科多年生草本植物,遍布全国,是民间常用的中药,有清热解毒、祛痰镇咳的功效［１,２］。化学工作者们曾从其同属植物紫菀（ＡｓｔｅｒｔａｒａｒｉｃｕｓＬ．ｆ．）中分离到紫菀酮（ｓｈｉｏｎｏｎｅ）、槲皮素（ｑｕｅｒｃｅｔｉｎ）、无羁萜（ｆｒｉｅｄｅｌｉｎ）、表无羁萜（ｅｐｉｆｒｉｅｄｅｌｉｎｅｌ）、毛叶醇（ｌａｃｈｎｏｐｈｙｌｌｏｌ）、乙酸毛叶酯（ｌａｃｈｎｏｐｈｙｌｌｏｌａｃｅｔａｔｅ）、茴香醚（ａｎｅｔｈｏｌｅ）以及紫菀三萜皂甙［２—４］…     

沙冬青高活性抗冻蛋白的发现

关于植物的抗冻作用机制已有许多论述［１—３］,然而低温植物中是否存在高活性的抗冻蛋白？抗冻作用的主要作用机制是什么？为研究这些问题,我们以沙冬青（Ａｍｍｏｐｉｐｔａｎ－ｔｈｕｓｍｏｎｇｏｌｉｃｕｓ）为材料,分离和部分纯化了植物抗冻蛋白。经测定,其分子量包括４５．７ｋＤ和８１．２ｋＤ等,在５０ｍｇ／ｍｌ的浓度下,其熔点约为－１５℃,所以它的抗冻活性比已经发现的鱼类［４—６］或黑麦抗冻蛋白（在６０ｍｇ／ｍｌ的浓度时冰点为－１．１℃）［２］活性高得多。在１００—２００倍的相差显微镜下可观察到其冰晶呈多…     

陆地棉珠孔的结构及花粉管在其中的生长途径

在大多数被子植物中,花粉管经珠孔进入胚珠进而实现受精,但珠孔结构及花粉管在其中的生长途径是植物受精生物学研究中较薄弱的一个环节。迄今仅在向日葵中从超微结构水平上作了详细的研究［１］,因而需要扩大研究的对象。陆地棉花粉管生长所经雌蕊组织中,关于柱头、花柱［２,３］、珠心［４,５］和助细胞［６］的超微结构已有较详细的研究,但涉及珠孔这一环节,只有简单的描述［７］。本文报道我们在这方面的研究结果。材料和方法取陆地棉（ＧｏｓｓｙｐｉｕｍｈｉｒｓｕｔｕｍＬ．）授粉前和授粉后２２小时的胚珠,切除其合点端部分…     

微核仁是富含剪接因子SC35的核内小体

许多植物细胞核中存在一些较小的球形或卵圆形的结构,不同作者分别将其称为球体（ｓｐｈｅｒｕｌｅｓ）［１］、核体（ｋａｒｙｏｓｏｍｅ）［２］、核仁附着小体（ｎｕｃｌｅｏｌｕｓａｓｏｃｉａｔｅｄｂｏｄｉｅｓ）［３］、螺旋小体（ｃｏｉｌｅｄｂｏｄｉｅｓ）［４...     

抽穗扬花期高温胁迫对水稻主要品质指标的影响

高温热害对水稻生产造成了巨大的损失。利用国际水稻研究所耐热圃材料,在抽穗扬花期进行高温处理,研究了该时期高温胁迫对水稻主要品质评价指标的影响,结果如下：水稻耐热圃材料的耐热性有较大的差别,依然存在高温相对敏感材料;抽穗扬花期高温胁迫对水稻主要品质评价指标影响较大;高温胁迫对水稻籽粒的透明度、长宽比、垩白率、糊化温度和蛋白质含量等品质指标与品种的耐热性相关关系不大;高温胁迫下直链淀粉含量变化与品种耐热系数表现出显著的正相关关系（r=0.659 78）;高温胁迫下胶稠度变化与不同水稻品种的耐热系数呈显著的负相关关系（r=-0.516 70）。     

Ultrastructural Study in Leaf Cell of Brassica oleracea var. capitata Under Heat Stress

Ultrastructural changes of the leaf cells in response to heat stress in thermo-resistant cultivar and thermo-sensitive cultivar of Brassica oleracea var. capitata L. were investigated. No ultrastructural change was shown in mesophyll cell of the thermo-resistant cultivar. All membrane-bound structure remained intact. However, the cell ultrastructure of thermosensitive cultivar showed significant changes. One of the major effects of heat stress was the disruption of membrane structure. Chloroplasts and nucleus were extremely sensitive to heat stress. Chloroplasts rounded off in different extents and their outer membranes disappeared. Structural alteration of the thylakoid membrane were visualized. Large amount of plastoglobulis appeared within the chloroplast. Mitochondria were far more resistant to heat stress than chloroplasts. There was no distinct changes of mitochondria structure. Nucleus suffered from serious damage as heat caused disruption of nuclear envelope and condensation of nucleoplasm, showing, eventually, numerous fibrillar granulous material and irregularly shaped hollow spaces presented within the nucleus.     

An inductive pulse of hydrogen peroxide pretreatment restores redox-homeostasis and oxidative membrane damage under extremes of temperature in two rice cultivars

Imbibitional heat and chilling stress caused disruption of redox-homeostasis and oxidative damage to newly assembled membrane system by aggravating membrane lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation [measured in terms of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), free carbonyl content (C=O groups) and membrane protein thiol level (MPTL)] along with concomitant increase in accumulation of reactive oxygen species (superoxide and hydrogen peroxide) and significant reduction of antioxidative defense (assessed in terms of total thiol content and activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase and glutathione reductase) in both the salt sensitive (Ratna) and resistant (SR 26B) germinating tissues of rice cultivars. When compared, salt resistant cultivar SR 26B found to suffer significantly less oxidative membrane damage as compared to salt sensitive cultivar Ratna. Treatment with low titer of hydrogen peroxide caused significant reversal in oxidative damages to the newly assembled membrane system imposed by imbibitional heat and chilling stress (evident from the data of TBARS, C=O, MPTL, ROS accumulation, membrane permeability status, membrane injury index and oxidative stress index) in seedlings of both the cultivars of rice (Ratna and SR 26B). Imbibitional H₂O₂ pretreatment also caused up-regulation of antioxidative defense (activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione reductase and total thiol content) in the heat and chilling stress-raised seedlings of experimental rice cultivars. When the parameters of early growth performances were assessed (in terms of relative growth index, biomass accumulation and vigor index), it clearly exhibited significant improvement of early growth performances of both the rice cultivars. Better response towards H₂O₂-mediated acclamatory performances and restoration of redox- homeostasis under extremes of temperature were noticed in salt sensitive rice cultivar Ratna compared to salt resistant SR 26B. Taken as a whole, the result suggests the significance of the role of ‘inductive pulse’ of H₂O₂ in acclimatizing adverse temperature stress by restoration of redox-homeostasis and mitigation of oxidative membrane protein and lipid damages during the recovery phase of post-germination event.     

Salinity stress and cytoplasmic factors. A comparison of cell permeability and lipid partiality in salt sensitive and salt resistant cultivars and lines of Triticum aestivum and Hordeum vulgare

Salinity effects on the cell membranes of four lines of wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.). and two cultivars of barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.), differing in salt resistance were investigated. Plants were grown for 10 days in 1/4-strength Hoagland solution and then for 5 more days in 1/4-strength Hoagland with and without NaCl (100 m M ) or (for Hordeum only) polyethylene glycol (PEG). Permeability to three non-electrolytes (urea, methylurea and ethylurea) of subepidermal cells of leaf sheaths ( Triticum ) and coleoptiles ( Hordeum ) was determined and membrane partiality calculated, a parameter which numerically indicates the degree of lipophilicity of a membrane. Non-electrolyte permeability significantly increased and membrane partiality decreased in the salt sensitive cultivars or lines under salt stress. Neither parameter changed significantly in the salt resistant lines and cultivar in a saline environment. Osmotic stress in Hordeum by PEG 10000 had no significant effect on permeability and thus membrane partiality neither in sensitive nor in resistant cultivars.
The osmotic component of salinity stress did not seem to be a major factor causing injury, rather ion toxicity may be a cause of cell damage. The results indicate differences in the membrane between salt sensitive and salt resistant genotypes. Salt resistance seems to be controlled by genetic factors independent of external salinity levels.     

Drought,high temperature,and their combination affect ultrastructure of chloroplasts and mitochondria in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) leaves

Plants experience a number of limiting factors, as drought and heat, which are often coinciding stress factors in natural environment. This study evaluated the changes in mesophyll cell ultrastructure in the leaves of two varieties of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), differing in their drought tolerance, under individual or combined drought and heat treatment. Although the individual stress factors affected leaf ultrastructure, the damaging effect of the combined drought and heat was more pronounced and manifested certain differences between genotypes. Chloroplasts and mitochondria were affected in a variety-specific manner under all adverse treatments. The organelles of the drought-tolerant Katya were better preserved than those in the sensitive variety Sadovo. Leaf ultrastructure can be considered as one of the important characteristics in the evaluation of the drought susceptibility of different wheat varieties.     

低温胁迫下董棕（Garyota urens L.）幼苗叶肉细胞内Ca2+水平及细胞超微结构的变化

用焦锑酸钙沉淀的电镜细胞化学方法,研究了低温胁迫下董棕（Garyota urensL.） 幼苗叶肉细胞内Ca2+水平的变化。研究结果表明,未经低温处理的董棕幼苗叶肉细胞,焦锑 酸钙沉淀颗粒大量出现在液泡和细胞间隙中,细胞壁中也可见少量沉淀,而细胞基质中则看 不到焦锑酸钙沉淀;经2 ℃ 48 h低温处理后,细胞基质和细胞膜上焦锑酸钙沉淀增加,而液泡和细胞间隙中的焦锑酸钙沉淀则显著减少,并且超微结构已初步显示出寒害的特征,叶绿体外膜部分破损,类囊体片层稀疏且排列不规则,光合速率明显下降等;经2℃ 120 h低温处理后,细胞间隙内的焦锑酸钙沉淀极少,有的也紧贴在细胞外壁上,而细胞基质和细胞膜上则分布有非常多的焦锑酸钙沉淀,在核基质和液泡中也可见到少量的焦锑酸钙沉淀,并且超微结构遭到了显著破坏,叶绿体结构完全被破坏,核膜与液泡膜严重破损,内部结构模糊,细胞只表现为呼吸作用,不进行光合作用。表明Ca2+的区域性分布的变化与植物抗寒性存在一定关系。     

Different classes of proteases are involved in the response to drought of Phaseolus vulgaris L. cultivars differing in sensitivity

Protein breakdown and recycling, which depend on the levels of proteolytic enzymes, are an essential part of the plant response to environmental stress. In order to study changes in the activity of proteases in Phaseolus vulgaris L. subjected to water deficit, three cultivars of European origin that exhibit different degrees of sensitivity to drought were chosen on the basis of changes in water potential, psiw, water and protein contents of leaves during progressive water deficit, and loss of membrane integrity after osmotic stress. Twenty-day-old plants were subjected to water deficit by withholding irrigation. Specific enzyme activities in leaf extracts were determined for plants under different degrees of drought stress using different substrates and protease inhibitors. Proteolytic activities were partially characterized by gel exclusion chromatography. Activities of two of the three identified serine proteinases changed under water deficit. The activity of the one with apparent molecular mass of approximately 65 kDa was observed to increase progressively with increasing withdrawal of water in the more sensitive cultivars, but to decrease in the more resistant cultivar. The same activity was elevated in senescent leaves. Under conditions of severe water deficit, the most sensitive cultivar exhibited a marked increase in the activity of two different aminopeptidases, while the more resistant cultivar showed a significant decrease in the activity of these aminopeptidases. These results point to complex and probably specific roles for different proteases in the plant response to drought.     

5-Aminolevulinic Acid Ameliorates the Growth, Photosynthetic Gas Exchange Capacity, and Ultrastructural Changes Under Cadmium Stress in Brassica napus L.

Heavy-metal toxicity in soil is one of the major constraints for oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) production. One of the best ways to overcome this constraint is the use of growth regulators to induce plant tolerance. Response to cadmium (Cd) toxicity in combination with a growth regulator, 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA), was investigated in oilseed rape grown hydroponically in greenhouse conditions under three levels of Cd (0, 100, and 500 μM) and three levels of foliar application of ALA (0, 12.5, and 25 mg l^?1). Cd decreased plant growth and the chlorophyll concentration in leaves. Foliar application of ALA improved plant growth and increased the chlorophyll concentration in the leaves of Cd-stressed plants. Significant reductions in photosynthetic parameters were observed by the addition of Cd alone. Application of ALA improved the net photosynthetic and gas exchange capacity of plants under Cd stress. ALA also reduced the Cd content in shoots and roots, which was elevated by high concentrations of Cd. The microscopic studies of leaf mesophyll cells under different Cd and ALA concentrations showed that foliar application of ALA significantly ameliorated the Cd effect and improved the structure of leaf mesophyll cells. However, the higher Cd concentration (500 μM) could totally damage leaf structure, and at this level the nucleus and intercellular spaces were not established as well; the cell membrane and cell wall were fused to each other. Chloroplasts were totally damaged and contained starch grains. However, foliar application of ALA improved cell structure under Cd stress and the visible cell structure had a nucleus, cell wall, and cell membrane. These results suggest that under 15-day Cd-induced stress, application of ALA helped improve plant growth, chlorophyll content, photosynthetic gas exchange capacity, and ultrastructural changes in leaf mesophyll cells of the rape plant.     

Mechanisms of acquired resistance to acute heat shock in cultured mammalian cells

A clonal strain of mammalian cells with increased resistance to acute heat shock at 46° was compared with the heat-sensitive parental line from which it was derived for possible differences that might account for this acquired resistance. Studies on synchronized populations of the two cell strains did not reveal any differential heat sensitivities in the various parts of the cell cycle (G₁, S, G₂) within either the sensitive or resistant populations. During thermal stress both cell types exhibited marked inhibition of ability to incorporate isotopically labeled precursors into macromolecular RNA, DNA, and protein. However, significant differences were observed between the sensitive and resistant cells in the amount of leakage of materials from the two cell types during heat stress and in their relative rates of recovery after stress. Sensitive cells pre-labeled with ³H-uridine released considerably more acid-soluble (cold, 5% TCA) label-containing materials during heat stress than did pre-labeled resistant cells. This differential release of uridine-containing materials was not paralleled by a generalized differential leakiness to other compounds. In addition, the resistant cells were found to regain the capacity to synthesize vital macromolecules sooner, and at initially faster rates, than the sensitive cells after stress. These results suggest that permeability changes causing decreased leakage of uridine-containing materials during heat stress combined with accelerated rates of recovery of synthesis of essential macromolecules after stress may be important cellular mechanisms in resistance to heat shock.     

Changes in growth,osmotic potential and cell permeability of wheat cultivars under salt stress

10-d-old wheat seedlings were grown hydroponically in presence and absence of 100 mM NaCl for 7 d. Salt stress decreased growth of shoots and roots of both cultivars; fresh mass of sensitive cultivar being more affected. NaCl increased membrane permeability to urea, methylurea and ethylurea and decreased membrane partiality in root cortex cells of sensitive cultivar. Neither parameter changed by NaCl in resistant cultivar. NaCl treatment decreased water permeability and osmotic potential in both cultivars; sensitive cultivar was more affected. The results extends our previous data that cell membrane properties are different in salt sensitive and resistant genotypes and so cell permeability could be a potential trait indicating salt tolerance.     

Cell membrane integrity,callose accumulation,and root growth in aluminum-stressed sorghum seedlings

Aluminum stress usually reduces plant root growth due to the accumulation of Al in specific zones of the root apex. The objectives of this study were to determine the localization of Al in the root apex of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moech. and its effects on membrane integrity, callose accumulation, and root growth in selected cultivars. Seedlings were grown in a nutrient solution containing 0, 27, or 39 μM Al³⁺ for 24, 48, and 120 h. The Al stress significantly reduced root growth, especially after 48 and 120 h of exposure. A higher Al accumulation, determined by fluorescence microscopy after staining with a Morin dye, occurred in the root extension zone of the sensitive cultivar than in the tolerant cultivar. The membrane damage and callose accumulation were also higher in the sensitive than resistant cultivar. It was concluded that the Al stress significantly reduced root growth through the accumulation of Al in the root extension zone, callose accumulation, and impairment of plasma membrane integrity.