不同采样时期渤海自由生活海洋线虫种类组成的比较

在渤海的3个典型站位B1、E5和E1,以3个不同采样时期的沉积物样品（1997年6月、1998年9-10月份和1999年4-5月份）,研究了渤海自由生活海洋线虫的种类组成变化。结果表明：自由生活海洋线虫的摄食类型比例在同一个站位3次不同采样均有变化,其中B1站和E5站3个采样时期表现为3种不同的摄食类型分布;将线虫分为3个时期所进行的年龄结构和雌雄比研究表明,在线虫群落中幼龄个体一般占到线虫群落总数的一半以上;对3个站位线虫群落的多样性研究表明,离黄河口最近的B1站,出现种类数量最少,位于渤海中部的E5站,出现种类数量较多;3个不同采样时期的比较,以1997年6月份群落中出现的种类数最多,1999年4-5月份出现的最少。对其群落结构的分析表明,同一个站位不同采样时期,优势种的类型基本相同,变化主要表现在优势种丰度大小的差异,其群落组成结构相对稳定。     

黄海海域海洋沉积物细菌多样性分析

【背景】海洋独特的环境造就了海洋生物的多样性,海洋沉积物中细菌对海洋环境具有至关重要的作用。【目的】研究陆地土壤和海洋沉积物间细菌群落相似性和差异性,以便更好地认识海洋细菌多样性,深入了解沉积物细菌在海洋环境中的潜在作用。【方法】从中国黄海海域及大连市大黑山脚下分别采集样品,以陆地土壤为对照,采用16SrRNA基因高通量测序技术分析海洋沉积物的细菌群落结构。【结果】海洋沉积物样品中芽孢杆菌纲(Bacilli)、鞘氨醇单胞菌属(Sphingomonas)和芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)丰度高于陆地土壤样品;海洋沉积物中亚硝化单胞菌(unculturedbacterium f. Nitrosomonadaceae)和厌氧绳菌(uncultured bacterium f. Anaerolineaceae)丰度虽低于陆地土壤,但丰度值也均高于1%;样品分类学统计显示酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)在海洋沉积物和陆地土壤样品中的序列丰度比例都较大,鞘氨醇单胞菌属(Sphingomonas)在海洋沉积物样品中的序列丰度大于陆地土壤样品。【结论】海洋沉积物细菌多样性可作为海洋环境恢复情况的重要指标,研究为合理开发和利用海洋资源提供理论依据。     

长江口及邻近海域小型底栖生物丰度和生物量

“东方红2号”调查船于2003年6月在长江口外(28°N°至32°N,121°E至123°E)陆架浅海水域进行了小型底栖生物的取样。研究表明,小型底栖生物的平均丰度为(1971±583.9)ind10cm-2,平均生物量为(1393±516.1)μgdwt10cm-2,平均生产量为(12543±4644.7)μgdwt10cm-2a-1。共鉴定出21个小型生物类群,其中自由生活海洋线虫为最优势的类群,占小型生物总丰度的91%和总生物量的51%。其他数量上较重要的类群还有底栖桡足类、多毛类、动吻类和双壳类等。相关分析表明,小型底栖生物的数量分布与沉积物叶绿素和脱镁叶绿酸的含量呈高度显著相关。台风前后8号站线虫群落的比较研究表明,台风后线虫群落在丰度,生物量及种类组成上均发生了一定的变化,对台风的响应较为显著。典型站位自由生活海洋线虫种类组成的分析表明,长江入海口向外线虫优势度降低,多样性增加。     

松嫩草原中度退化草地不同植被恢复方式下土壤线虫的群落特征

2005年5月～10月对松嫩草原中度退化草地不同植被恢复方式样地进行土壤线虫调查,淘洗-过筛-蔗糖离心法提取土壤线虫,应用类群属数、个体密度、多样性指数和功能类群指数等多个群落参数,研究中度退化草地不同植被恢复方式间土壤线虫群落特征的差异.研究共捕获线虫13 713条,分别隶属于线虫动物门2纲7目24科40属,个体密度平均113条/100g干土.研究结果表明,不同植被恢复方式间土壤线虫群落特征存在一定差异,围栏封育和种植苜蓿均能明显改善中度退化草地土壤线虫群落环境,但围栏封育较种植苜蓿更能显著提高土壤线虫的个体密度和群落多样性.土壤线虫个体密度垂直分布,围栏封育样地线虫表聚性最明显,种植苜蓿样地表聚性次之,过度放牧样地表聚性最差,其夏季和秋季土壤线虫向土壤下层移动明显.此外,研究结果还表明,功能类群指数能够指示中度退化草地植被恢复方式间的差异,其中∑MI指数和PPI指数对于不同植被恢复方式下土壤线虫群落变化反映最敏感,根据功能类群指数统计,与围栏封育相比,种植苜蓿和过度放牧显著改变了土壤线虫群落中r-和k-选择植物寄生线虫的比例.对于松嫩草原中度退化草地,选择围栏封育方式可能更利于草地土壤线虫群落的恢复与重建.     

象山港典型生境沉积物反硝化细菌群落丰度与结构多样性

通过高通量测序和qPCR技术对象山港4种典型生境(牡蛎养殖区OA、海带养殖区SA、自然岛礁区NR、人工鱼礁区AR)和对照区CK的沉积物反硝化细菌丰度和群落结构进行了测定分析,并探讨了反硝化细菌群落与环境因子之间的相关关系。结果表明:沉积物nirK型反硝化细菌丰度在5种生境间没有显著性差异,而沉积物nirS型反硝化细菌丰度排序为AR相似文献   

近岸海洋线虫与细菌、古菌的共现性及其对碳、氮循环的影响

【目的】初步探究海洋线虫与微生物的相互作用对碳、氮循环的影响。【方法】利用16S r RNA和18S r RNA基因高通量测序方法,对33个近岸沉积物样品中细菌、古菌和真核生物的多样性进行调查;对海洋线虫与细菌、海洋线虫与古菌的共现性进行网络分析,并采用Spearman统计学方法,识别出与海洋线虫共现性呈显著相关性的微生物种类。【结果】在夏季,红树林和潮间带泥滩样品中线虫OTU平均相对丰度基本呈随深度增加而递减趋势;冬季的红树林样品中发现相类似变化规律,只有在冬季潮间带泥滩样品中线虫OTU平均相对丰度在深层较高于表层。相对丰度最高的海洋线虫隶属于单宫目(47%)、色矛目(19%)、刺嘴目(16%)和垫刃目(9%),它们与热源体古菌、深古菌、γ-和δ-变形菌等微生物有显著正/负相关关系。【结论】在香港米埔湿地沉积物中,与相对丰度最高的5种线虫显著相关的几大类微生物均在碳、氮、硫等元素循环方面起十分重要的作用,暗示海洋线虫与微生物潜在的相互作用对元素地球化学循环具有重要影响。研究结果有助于深入了解线虫在生态系统中未被揭示的生态功能,有助于更清晰地认识海洋线虫在底栖生态系统中所扮演的角色。     

青藏高原淡水湖普莫雍错和盐水湖阿翁错湖底沉积物中细菌群落的垂直分布

【目的】湖泊沉积物中存储着大量独特的微生物,这些微生物在湖泊生态系统生物地球化学循环中扮演着非常重要的角色。然而,很少有研究报道微生物群落在湖泊沉积物中的垂直分布。本文比较研究青藏高原淡水湖普莫雍错和盐水湖阿翁错沉积物在不同深度下细菌的丰度和群落结构。【方法】利用定量PCR(q PCR)和变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)技术分别测定细菌群落的丰度与群落结构。【结果】定量PCR结果显示,湖泊沉积物中细菌丰度均随深度增加而降低,盐水湖阿翁错和淡水湖普莫雍错的细菌丰度分别从1011数量级降到108数量级,从1012数量级降到1010数量级。在相对应的沉积物层,淡水湖沉积物的细菌丰度比盐水湖高1-2个数量级。变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)指纹图谱的分析表明,淡水湖沉积物细菌群落的DGGE条带数(丰富度)显著高于盐水湖(P=0.014);淡水与盐水湖泊沉积物细菌群落结构明显不同,同时在同一湖泊沉积物中上层(0-6 cm)和下层(7-20 cm)细菌群落结构也呈明显分异。系统发育分析表明,盐水湖阿翁错沉积物特有菌门为Gamma-变形菌、拟杆菌门、蓝细菌和栖热菌门,而淡水湖普莫雍错沉积物中特有菌门为Delta-和Beta-变形菌、酸杆菌和绿弯菌门。【结论】青藏高原淡水与盐水湖泊沉积物细菌丰度与群落结构具有明显的差异;同时,细菌群落结构在沉积物的不同深度也表现出差异。这些结果可为进一步阐明青藏高原湖泊生态系统中微生物对气候环境变化的响应提供科学依据。     

福建海坛岛长江澳沙滩自由生活海洋线虫群落研究

于2013—2014年间在海坛岛长江澳沙滩采样,对小型底栖动物的类群组成、丰度及分布,自由生活海洋线虫(简称海洋线虫)群落的优势属、摄食类型、年龄结构及性比、物种多样性等方面进行研究。结果表明:小型底栖动物年平均丰度为(810.87±696.75)个/10 cm~2。在鉴定出的16个类群中,海洋线虫的丰度占小型底栖动物总丰度的52.36%,其次为腹毛虫,占21.14%。海洋线虫的年平均丰度为(424.54±400.23)个/10 cm~2,季节变化总趋势为夏季((783.45±336.45)个/10 cm~2)春季((600.67±309.42)个/10 cm~2)秋季((298.26±424.57)个/10 cm~2)冬季((113.05±95.79)个/10 cm~2)。4个季度共鉴定出海洋线虫105种或分类实体,隶属于75个属,26个科。4个季度数量百分比超过5%的优势海洋线虫属有10个,分别是Axonolaimus、Theristus、Metachromadora、Mesacanthion、Rhynchonema、Epacanthion、Microlaimus、Viscosia、Lauratonema和Enoploides,不同季度的优势属存在差异。CLUSTER聚类表明,春、夏、秋季各潮带海洋线虫群落较为相似,与冬季差异较大。海洋线虫4种摄食类型年平均丰度百分比由高到低的顺序是1B (32.19%) 2A (31.32%) 2B (31.12%) 1A (5.37%);春夏季以2A和1B为主导,秋冬季以2B和1B为主导。海洋线虫群落的物种多样性最高值出现在秋季(d=8.45,H′=3.36),最低在冬季(d=7.36,H′=2.92),春季与夏季的多样性相当;周年幼体的数量所占比例为45.47%,成体中雌雄个体比例为1.10∶1。     

象山港国华宁海电厂附近海域小型底栖动物的群落结构

于2008年夏季(6月)和冬季(12月),在象山港国华宁海电厂沿排水口右侧、从近到远相隔500m设立三个断面A、B、C,并对小型底栖动物丰度及其群落结构变化进行调查研究,结果表明:共鉴定出10个小型底栖动物类群,平均丰度达9407.9inds/10cm².从类群上看,自由生活海洋线虫占总丰度的62.3%,介形类占第二位,为19.3%.ANOSIM分析结果显示小型底栖动物季节间的丰度存在明显差异(p<0.05),夏季平均丰度(8055.3±1282.9inds/10cm²)比冬季(2141.1±614.2inds/10cm²)约高出3倍.冬季不同断面间的丰度无显著差异,但夏季断面间差异显著(p<0.05),尤其在排水口附近的A断面丰度最低,为1002.8inds/10cm².SIMPER分析结果显示海洋线虫、介形类、腹足类、涡虫、桡足类是各断面之间非相似的关键类群,这些类群的迁移指示电厂温排水已导致排水口附近海域小型底栖群落结构不稳定,不仅水平分布有差异,垂直分布也明显不同.     

植被恢复方式对松嫩草原重度退化草地土壤线虫群落特征的影响

应用类群属数、个体密度、多样性指数和功能类群指数等群落参数,研究植被恢复方式对松嫩草原重度退化草地土壤线虫群落特征的影响．结果表明：围栏封育和种植碱茅均能明显改善重度退化草地土壤线虫群落环境,但种植碱茅较围栏封育更能显著提高土壤线虫的个体密度和群落多样性．各处理样地线虫个体密度和类群属数表聚性明显,其中碱茅样地个体密度表聚性更强．对功能类群指数的统计表明,种植碱茅和围栏封育均显著改变了土壤线虫群落中r-选择和k-选择植物寄生线虫的比例．与自由生活线虫相比,植物寄生线虫对重度退化草地植被恢复更敏感．种植碱茅更利于松嫩草原重度退化草地土壤线虫群落的恢复与重建．     

Laboratory experiments on the infaunal activity of intertidal nematodes

The impact of oxygen on the vertical distribution of an intertidal nematode community was investigated in a manipulation experiment with sediments collected from the Oosterschelde (The Netherlands). The vertical distribution of nematodes was examined in response to sediment inversion in perspex cores with or without the presence of an air-flushed silicone tube introducing oxygen to the bottom sediment layer. Following an incubation of 1 week, peak densities of nematodes were recorded in the deep layers of the sediment in cores with subsurface oxygenation. In contrast, this concentration of nematodes was absent in the cores that lacked bottom oxygenation and the majority of the total assemblage was still located in anoxic sediment layers. This suggests that oxidised sediments with traces of oxygen represent favourable conditions for nematodes and indicates that these nematodes are tolerant to short-term anoxia and burial. Observations on the species level suggest that oxygenation, primarily through its direct impact on geochemical properties of the sediment, may be an important factor governing the subsurface activity of nematodes.     

Responses of intertidal nematodes to short-term anoxic events

We investigated tolerance to, and activity of, nematodes in hypoxic and anoxic/partially sulphidic conditions and their ability for recovery after reoxygenation of anoxic sediment. To this end, sediments from an intertidal flat were incubated under oxic, suboxic and anoxic/partially sulphidic conditions for a 14-day period and the final density of nematodes, as a group, and of the most abundant species were assessed. In one treatment, oxygen was restored after anoxic incubation. The incorporation of ¹³C, originating from labeled algae added on top of the sediment, was taken as an indication of nematode activity.Short-term suboxic and anoxic/partially sulphidic conditions had similar structuring impact on the nematode community, reducing total densities by about one third. Survival in suboxic and anoxic/partially sulphidic conditions was species-specific. Daptonema setosum, D. tenuispiculum and Chromadora macrolaima, dominant in the oxic incubation, disappeared when the oxygen level was reduced. The density of the other dominant species was slightly reduced (Sabatieria pulchra), similar (Terschellingia communis) or even increased in the suboxic and anoxic conditions (Metachromadora vivipara). The activity level of these three species was, however, reduced under oxygen limitation. Our results are discussed in terms of the life-history strategies of these species.     

深圳河口福田泥滩海洋线虫的种类组成及季节变化

１９９７年４个季度在深圳河口福田泥滩３个取样站采到海洋线虫２８种,隶属于３目１３科２２属。优势种是微口线虫（Ｔｅｒｓｃｈｅｌｌｉｎｇｉａ ｓｐｌ．）、蚕咽线虫（Ｄａｐｔｏｎｅｍａ ｓｐ１．）、Ｍｅｔａｌｉｎｈｏｍｏｅｕｓ ｓｐ．和拟齿线虫（Ｐａｒａｄｏｎｔｏｐｈｏｒａ ｓｐ．）４种。春季海洋线虫密度最高,冬季次之,夏季第三,秋季最低。深圳河口福田泥滩的海洋线虫群落与大型底栖动物群落具有相似的特点,     

Small-scale heterogeneity in deep-sea nematode communities around biogenic structures

The unexpected high species richness of deep-sea sediments gives rise to the questions, which processes produce and maintain diversity in the deep sea, and at what spatial scales do these processes operate? The idea of a small-scale habitat structure at the deep-sea floor provides the background for this study. At small scales biogenic structures create a heterogeneous environment that influences the structure of the surrounding communities and the dynamics of the meiobenthic populations. As an example for biogenic structures, small deep-sea sponges (Tentorium semisuberites Schmidt 1870) and their sedimentary environment were investigated for small-scale distribution patterns of benthic deep-sea nematodes. Sampling was carried out with the remotely operated vehicle Victor 6000 at the Arctic deep-sea observatory HAUSGARTEN. In order to investigate nematode community patterns sediment cores around three small sponges and corresponding control cores were analysed. A total of approx. 5800 nematodes were identified. The comparison of the nematode communities from sponge and control samples indicated an influence of the biogenic structure “sponge” on diversity patterns and habitat heterogeneity. The increased number of nematode species and functional groups found in the sediments around the sponges suggest that on a small scale the sponge acts as a gradient and creates a more divers habitat structure. The nematode community from the sponge sediments shows a greater taxonomic variance and species richness together with lower relative abundances of the species compared to those from control sediments. Obviously, the more homogeneous habitat conditions of the control sediments offer less micro-habitats than the sediments around the sponges. This seems to reduce the number of functional groups and species coexisting in the control sediments.     

Internal wave-induced redox shifts affect biogeochemistry and microbial activity in sediments: a simulation experiment

Internal waves (seiches) are well-studied physical processes in stratified lakes, but their effects on sediment porewater chemistry and microbiology are still largely unexplored. Due to pycnocline oscillations, sediments are exposed to recurrent changes between epilimnetic and hypolimnetic water. This results in strong differences of environmental conditions, which should be reflected in the responses of redox-sensitive biogeochemical processes at both, the sediment–water interface and deeper sediment layers. We tested in a series of mesocosm experiments the influence of seiche-induced redox changes on porewater chemistry and bacterial activity in the sediments under well controlled conditions. Thereby, we excluded effects of changes in current and temperature regimes. For a period of 10 days, intact sediment cores from oligotrophic Lake Stechlin were incubated under constant (either oxic or anoxic) or alternating redox conditions. Solute concentrations were measured as porewater profiles in the sediment, while microbial activity was determined in the upper 0.5 cm of sediment. Oxic and alternating redox conditions resulted in similar ammonium, phosphate, and methane porewater concentrations, while concentrations of each analyte were considerably higher in anoxic cores. Microbial activity was clearly lower in the anoxic cores than in the oxic and the alternating cores. In conclusion, cores with intermittent anoxic phases of up to 24 hours do not differ in biogeochemistry and microbial activities from static oxic sediments. However, due to various physical processes seiches cause oxygen to penetrate deeper into sediment layers, which affects sediment redox gradients and increase microbial activity in seiche-influenced sediments.     

Effects of leaf litter addition on meiofaunal colonization of azoic sediments in a subtropical mangrove in Hong Kong

The responses of major meiofaunal taxa and nematode species assemblage to the decaying leaf litter of the mangrove Kandelia candel were investigated through a field colonization experiment in subtropical Hong Kong. Sixty-four replicate azoic and organic-free sediment cores were treated with leaf litter additions of 0x, 0.5x, 1x and 2x natural sediment organic concentration, respectively, and retrieved 1, 10, 30 and 60 days post-placement. Replicate cores of ambient sediment were also taken at each sampling date to provide baseline information. Results of ANOVAs suggested that either different meiofaunal taxa responded to the leaf litter in different ways or the response of the same taxon changed over decomposition time. Multivariate ordination performed on nematodes revealed an alteration in community structure after 10, 30 and 60 days between controls and treatments. This alteration was attributed to some deposit feeding nematodes, particularly a bacterivorous species, Diplolaimella sp., which bloomed in all the cores treated with leaf litter, testifying to the important role such meiofauna plays in the process of detritus decomposition.     

Ecophysiological Evidence that Achromatium oxaliferum Is Responsible for the Oxidation of Reduced Sulfur Species to Sulfate in a Freshwater Sediment

Achromatium oxaliferum is a large, morphologically conspicuous, sediment-dwelling bacterium. The organism has yet to be cultured in the laboratory, and very little is known about its physiology. The presence of intracellular inclusions of calcite and sulfur have given rise to speculation that the bacterium is involved in the carbon and sulfur cycles in the sediments where it is found. Depth profiles of oxygen concentration and A. oxaliferum cell numbers in a freshwater sediment revealed that the A. oxaliferum population spanned the oxic-anoxic boundary in the top 3 to 4 cm of sediments. Some of the A. oxaliferum cells resided at depths where no oxygen was detectable, suggesting that these cells may be capable of anaerobic metabolism. The distributions of solid-phase and dissolved inorganic sulfur species in the sediment revealed that A. oxaliferum was most abundant where sulfur cycling was most intense. The sediment was characterized by low concentrations of free sulfide. However, a comparison of sulfate reduction rates in sediment cores incubated with either oxic or anoxic overlying water indicated that the oxidative and reductive components of the sulfur cycle were tightly coupled in the A. oxaliferum-bearing sediment. A positive correlation between pore water sulfate concentration and A. oxaliferum numbers was observed in field data collected over an 18-month period, suggesting a possible link between A. oxaliferum numbers and the oxidation of reduced sulfur species to sulfate. The field data were supported by laboratory incubation experiments in which sodium molybdate-treated sediment cores were augmented with highly purified suspensions of A. oxaliferum cells. Under oxic conditions, rates of sulfate production in the presence of sodium molybdate were found to correlate strongly with the number of cells added to sediment cores, providing further evidence for a role for A. oxaliferum in the oxidation of reduced sulfur.     

Estuarine nematodes as indicators of organic pollution; An example from the Ems estuary (The Netherlands)

A comparison is made of the structure and abundance of the nematode community of an intertidal, brackish-water mudflat in the Ems estuary under conditions of high (1980) and reduced (1987) organic waste input. Three stations, at different distances from the waste water inlet, were sampled monthly; nematodes were identified and counted in the upper 1 cm of the sediment. In 1987, numerical density of nematodes was lower, and species diversity was higher than in 1980. Diatom eating nematode species dominated in 1980, to decrease by 1987.Eudiplogaster pararmatus, an indicator of organic enrichment, also decreased strongly. The response of the nematode community to reduced organic waste input could be adequately described with the BONGERS' Maturity Index.     

Vertical distribution and abundance of gymnamoebae (Rhizopoda) in bottom sediments of the brackish water Nivå Bay (Baltic Sea,The Sound)

The sandy sediments of Niv? Bay (Baltic Sea, The Sound, Denmark) are often covered with the mats of sulphur bacteria and are temporarily anoxic. The vertical distribution and abundance of naked amoebae species in three sediment cores from this bay were studied. Amoebae were most abundant and diverse in the upper 1 cm of sediment, and their number and diversity decreased with increasing depth into the sediment. Amoebae were recovered from both upper oxygenated and deep anoxic layers of sediments. The species composition and abundance of amoebae was very heterogeneous, even at spatial scales of several centimeters, suggesting the existence of microhabitats selectively occupied by particular species. All species found were recorded from aerobic cultures and some of these amoebae occur in both the aerobic and anaerobic layers of the sediment. Minimal possible number of amoebae in the sediments, estimated for the first time as areal abundance integrated for depth was: core 1 -597 cm(-2); core 2 -1,110 cm(-2); core 3 -1,430 cm(-2). These abundances are probably best regarded as "potential" abundances of amoebae hidden in the sediments, as the question of the ratio between active and resting amoebae remains open.     

An insight into the feeding ecology of deep-sea canyon nematodes — Results from field observations and the first in-situC feeding experiment in the Nazaré Canyon

Submarine canyon systems provide a heterogeneous habitat for deep-sea benthos in terms of topography, hydrography, and the quality and quantity of organic matter present. Enhanced meiofauna densities as found in organically enriched canyon sediments suggest that nematodes, as the dominant metazoan meiobenthic taxon, may play an important role in the benthic food web of these sediments. Very little is known about the natural diets and trophic biology of deep-sea nematodes, but enrichment experiments can shed light on nematode feeding selectivity and trophic position. An in-situ pulse-chase experiment (Feedex) was performed in the Nazaré Canyon on the Portuguese margin in summer 2007 to study nematode feeding behaviour. ¹³C-labelled diatoms and bacteria were added to sediment cores which were then sampled over a 14-day period. There was differential uptake by the nematode community of the food sources provided, indicating selective feeding processes. ¹³C isotope results revealed that selective feeding was less pronounced at the surface, compared to the sediment subsurface. This was supported by a higher trophic diversity in surface sediments (Θ⁻¹ = 3.50 ± 0.2) compared to the subsurface (2.78 ± 0.6), implying that more food items may be used by the nematode community at the sediment surface. Predatory and scavenging nematodes contributed relatively more to biomass than other feeding types and can be seen as key contributors to the nematode food web at the canyon site. Non-selective deposit feeding nematodes were the dominant trophic group in terms of abundance and contributed substantially to total nematode biomass. The high levels of ‘fresh’ (bioavailable) organic matter input and moderate hydrodynamic disturbance of the canyon environment lead to a more complex trophic structure in canyon nematode communities than that found on the open continental slope, and favours predator/scavengers and non-selective deposit feeders.